AP US HISTORY- UNIT VAP US HISTORY- UNIT VAP US HISTORY- UNIT VAP US HISTORY- UNIT V

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”

3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860 * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.

6.6. Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”

[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack FreemenBlack FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population Total US Population 33,000,000 33,000,000[9,450,000 in the South = 40%][9,450,000 in the South = 40%]

Southern Southern PopulationPopulationSouthern Southern

PopulationPopulation

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in

Richmond, VA

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling

House, 1823House, 1823

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling

House, 1823House, 1823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)

Scarlet and MammieScarlet and Mammie(Hollywood Again!)(Hollywood Again!)

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”

A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00

Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy

Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00

Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00

Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

1. U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * fugitive slave clause [IV.2]

2. 1793 Fugitive Slave Act.

3. 1850 stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration?

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?Aberration? 1780s: 1st antislavery society created in

Phila.

By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state.

1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.

1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.

1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.

1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.

1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient

in the U. S. than in the U. S. than ElsewhereElsewhere

Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient

in the U. S. than in the U. S. than ElsewhereElsewhere

High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.

GOAL raise the “exit cost.”u Slave patrols.

u Southern Black Codes.

u Cut off a toe or a foot.

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance1. “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used

as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance2. Refusal to work hard.

3. Isolated acts of sabotage.

4. Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas

Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

1822

Gabriel Prosser

1800

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or

Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.

4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

AP US HISTORY – UNIT VAP US HISTORY – UNIT V

Election of 1848Election of 1848Polk didn't run (as promised)Polk didn't run (as promised)

CANDIDATESCANDIDATES

Lewis Cass (Dem.) Lewis Cass (Dem.)

vs. vs.

Zachary Taylor (Whig) Zachary Taylor (Whig)

vs. vs.

Martin Van Buren (Free-Soil)Martin Van Buren (Free-Soil) Free-Soil wanted Wilmont Proviso Free-Soil wanted Wilmont Proviso

Taylor was elected Taylor was elected

1848 - Gold Rush1848 - Gold Rush

• Gold discovered at Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill in California Sutter's Mill in California (will add sectional (will add sectional Differences).Differences).

• Debate over how to Debate over how to handle slavery in newhandle slavery in new statesstates

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

ISSUES…..ISSUES…..

• Missouri Compromise endedMissouri Compromise ended

at Louisiana Purchase at Louisiana Purchase

boundaries.  boundaries. 

• Taylor ~ new states should be allowed to Taylor ~ new states should be allowed to decide (slave or free).decide (slave or free).

• South blocks admission of California & South blocks admission of California & New MexicoNew Mexico

Problems of Sectional Balancein 1850

Problems of Sectional Balancein 1850ß California statehood.

ß Southern states threateningsecession.

ß Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:

Personal liberty laws

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

ß California statehood.

ß Southern states threateningsecession.

ß Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:

Personal liberty laws

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852 Sold 300,000

copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]

ß Nativists.

ß Anti-Catholics.

ß Anti-immigrants.

ß Nativists.

ß Anti-Catholics.

ß Anti-immigrants.1849 Secret Order of the

Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

1852 Presidential 1852 Presidential ElectionElection

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

Compromise of 1850 ~ Great Compromise of 1850 ~ Great Compromiser Clay Compromiser Clay

1. California admitted as a free state1. California admitted as a free state

2. Popular Sovereignty for the rest2. Popular Sovereignty for the rest

3. Texas would agree to border New Mexico3. Texas would agree to border New Mexico

4. Slave trade outlawed in District of Columbia4. Slave trade outlawed in District of Columbia

5. More effective Fugitive Slave Law5. More effective Fugitive Slave Law

Clay, Calhoun, & Webster Clay, Calhoun, & Webster debatedebate

OBSTACLES:OBSTACLES:• Clay got sickClay got sick• Webster became Webster became

Sec. of StateSec. of State• Calhoun died.Calhoun died.• More debate More debate

between Jeff Davis between Jeff Davis (So.) & Stephen (So.) & Stephen Douglas (No.)Douglas (No.)

• Taylor planned to Taylor planned to veto because it veto because it gave in to gave in to sectional sectional arguments.arguments.

• Taylor died (1850) Taylor died (1850) before he could before he could veto it.veto it.

• Fillmore tookFillmore took over over & passed bill& passed bill

1852Electi

on Resul

ts

1852Electi

on Resul

ts

Election of 1852Election of 1852

• Franklin Pierce (Dem.) vs. Franklin Pierce (Dem.) vs. Whig vs. Free-SoilWhig vs. Free-Soil

        Split vote = Pierce victorySplit vote = Pierce victory

North was against Fugitive North was against Fugitive Slave Law, Wisconsin Slave Law, Wisconsin

declared it declared it unconstitutional (1857)unconstitutional (1857)

Pierce's planPierce's plan: end sectionalism : end sectionalism by focusing on West, nationalism, by focusing on West, nationalism,

and EXPANSIONand EXPANSION

– Ostend Manifesto (1848)Ostend Manifesto (1848)• Pierce advocated annexing Sugar Rich CubaPierce advocated annexing Sugar Rich Cuba• North was afraid that he would add it as a slave North was afraid that he would add it as a slave

state, so idea dies.state, so idea dies.

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854

– Repealed Missouri Compromise Repealed Missouri Compromise (could make Kansas and (could make Kansas and Nebraska free states)Nebraska free states)

– Kansas and Nebraska to vote Kansas and Nebraska to vote over slaveryover slavery

– OOutraged the North and utraged the North and destroyed Whig partydestroyed Whig party

             

 

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Kansas Civil WarKansas Civil War• People poured in to try to influence votePeople poured in to try to influence vote• Territorial elections, Kansas, 1855Territorial elections, Kansas, 1855• Slavery won by 6,000 votes (only 15,000 Slavery won by 6,000 votes (only 15,000

registered voters…. Missourians voted registered voters…. Missourians voted illegallyillegally

• Free-Soilers held another vote & declared it a Free-Soilers held another vote & declared it a free statefree state

• Pierce recognized the pro-slavery vote, Pierce recognized the pro-slavery vote, touched off civil war….touched off civil war….BLEEDING KANSASBLEEDING KANSAS

– Pro-slavery marshal arrested Free Soil leadersPro-slavery marshal arrested Free Soil leaders– John Brown killed pro-slavers & murdered their John Brown killed pro-slavers & murdered their

families, hacked up the bodies and left them in families, hacked up the bodies and left them in street as a warningstreet as a warning

– Cassius Clay - 1830s, published an anti-slavery Cassius Clay - 1830s, published an anti-slavery newspaper in Kentucky (border state)newspaper in Kentucky (border state)

– Anti-abolitionists increased racism in argumentsAnti-abolitionists increased racism in arguments

“The Crime Against Kansas”

“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Brooks-Sumner AffairSumner (Northern senator) gave speech against Brooks (Southern senator) Brooks beat Sumner with cane, crippling him

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

ß Northern Whigs.

ß Northern Democrats.

ß Free-Soilers.

ß Know-Nothings.

ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

ß Northern Whigs.

ß Northern Democrats.

ß Free-Soilers.

ß Know-Nothings.

ß Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

1856Electi

on Resul

ts

1856Electi

on Resul

ts

Election of 1856Election of 1856

• John Buchanan (Dem) v. John Freemont John Buchanan (Dem) v. John Freemont (Rep)(Rep)– Buchanan's platform - no strong opinions on Buchanan's platform - no strong opinions on

issuesissues– Freemont was guy who had declared CA Freemont was guy who had declared CA

independent during Mexican-American Warindependent during Mexican-American War–     Whigs don’t support Freemont, Buchanan wonWhigs don’t support Freemont, Buchanan won

(weak president who tried not to offend anyone)(weak president who tried not to offend anyone)

Dred Scott decision - Supreme Dred Scott decision - Supreme CourtCourt

• Slave did not become free just by Slave did not become free just by entering free state. entering free state.

• Overruled all Northern laws that made Overruled all Northern laws that made escaped slaves freeescaped slaves free

Kansas ConstitutionKansas Constitution

Buchanan supported Kansas as slave stateKansas constitution was pro-slave

People voted AGAINST the constitution

Pro-slavers claimed vote fraud

With no constitution, Kansas couldn't become a state

Buchanan supported Kansas as slave stateKansas constitution was pro-slave

People voted AGAINST the constitution

Pro-slavers claimed vote fraud

With no constitution, Kansas couldn't become a state

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Stephen Douglas

& the

Freeport Doctrine

Stephen Douglas

& the

Freeport DoctrineHis take

on PopularSovereig

nty

His take on

PopularSovereig

nty

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

• Robert E. Lee put Robert E. Lee put

down raiddown raid

• Convinced Southerners Convinced Southerners

they weren't safe in the Union they weren't safe in the Union

1859 - John Brown & Harper's 1859 - John Brown & Harper's Ferry RaidFerry Raid

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectioElectio

nn

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860Republican Party Platform in 1860ß Non-extension of slavery (for the

Free-Soilers).

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

ß Non-extension of slavery (for the Free-Soilers).

ß Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

ß No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

ß Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

ß Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

ß Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Crittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Crittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

•Constitutional Amendment would preserve slavery in slave states.

•Extend Missouri Compromise Line to the Pacific.

•Wasn't accepted by Republicans

Senator John J. Crittenden

(Know-Nothing-KY)

•Constitutional Amendment would preserve slavery in slave states.

•Extend Missouri Compromise Line to the Pacific.

•Wasn't accepted by Republicans

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

• Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas joined ConfederacyArkansas joined Confederacy

• Border statesBorder states::Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri (later W. VA.)    (later W. VA.)   

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

1861 - Fort Sumter (in 1861 - Fort Sumter (in Charlestown)Charlestown)

• South Carolina demanded its surrender South Carolina demanded its surrender • US refused & sent reinforcementsUS refused & sent reinforcements• South Carolina fired on supply ships & South Carolina fired on supply ships &

took forttook fort

• Lincoln prepared for war!Lincoln prepared for war!