AP Review Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Food WebsProducerPrimary ConsumerSecondary ConsumerTertiary ConsumerDecomposers/ detrivores

10% rule (possible calculation question)

Indicator SpeciesKeystone SpeciesFoundation SpeciesK-strategistR-strategist

A: Represents the biotic potential of the species

B: Shows how the population overshoots the carrying capacity

C: Represents the logistic growth

D: Represents linear growth

E: Carrying capacity- the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem.

Human Impacts on the Hydrologic CycleWithdrawal

◦Water cannot recharge at same rate (Ogallala Aquifer)

◦Salinization (Aral Sea)Increased Flooding

◦Urbanization “concrete jungle”Deforestation

◦More runoff

CyclesCarbonNitrogenSulfurPhosphorus

Which does not have an atmospheric component to it’s cycle?

Carbon Cycle

Human Impacts on the Carbon CycleIncrease of CO2 into the

atmosphere by burning fossil fuels

Clear cutting

Nitrogen Cycle

Human Impacts on the Nitrogen CycleAgriculture

◦Increased Nitrogen from fertilizers◦Increased Nitrogen from animal

waste

◦Air Pollution NO2

Sulfur Cycle

Human Impacts on the Sulfur cycleMining!!!

Phosphorus Cycle

Human Impacts on the Phosphorus CycleRemove Phosphorus from the

Earth (fertilizer production)Add Phosphorus to the water

(fertilizer runoff)Reduce tropical forest

phosphorus by clear cutting

BiodiversityTypes of Biodiversity

◦Genetic Diversity◦Species Diversity

Natural selectionAdaptationsEvolution

ExtinctionMass Extinctions causes

◦Climate change◦Major events such as volcanoes or

asteroids◦Humans!!

Steps to ExtinctionRareThreatenedEndangered Extinct (local, ecological &

global)

Ways that Humans contribute to extinctionsHabitat DestructionInvasive SpeciesPollutionPopulationOverharvestingClimate Change

Invasive SpeciesZebra MusselsCane Toads

BiomesTropical RainforestDecidious ForestConiferous ForestTaiga (Boreal) ForestSavannahTundraDesert

Chaparral (temperate grassland)These are coastal areas. Winters are mild & wet, w/ summers being long, hot, & dry.

Chaparral

Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires.

Figure 5-18

Lentic zones

Loetic Zones

Aquifers

Human Impacts on AquifersWithdrawing too much water –

doesn’t allow adequate rechargeBuilding cities over recharge

areas

Fig. 14-13a, p. 317

Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people

Large losses of water through evaporation

Provides water for drinking Downstream

cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt

Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing

Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding

Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)

Downstream flooding is reduced

Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

The Colorado RiverSo many diversions, water often

does not reach the ocean

WetlandsSwamps, marshes, peat bogs, prairie

potholes

Filter and degrade pollutants. Reduce flooding and erosion by

absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Help replenish stream flows during dry

periods. Help recharge ground aquifers. Provide economic resources and

recreation.

Tragedy of the CommonsOver-use of public landsOften seen with fishing, but can

apply to grazing, hunting and other public uses of land

This is a HUGE concept on the test◦Many previous multiple choices◦A few FRQs have been on this

Measurements of BiodiversitySpecies DiversitySpecies EvennessSpecies Richness

Higher species diversity leads to higher sustainability of an ecosystem

LawsEndangered Species Act