ap psychology: unit iii introductory psychology: developmental psychology topic: prenatal...
TRANSCRIPT
AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT III
Introductory PsychologyIntroductory Psychology: : Developmental Developmental
PsychologyPsychology
Topic: Prenatal Development
PART ONE
Developmental Developmental PsychologyPsychology: : Prenatal Prenatal
DevelopmentDevelopment
“I felt like a man trapped inside of a woman’s body…and then I was born…”
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : ConceptionConception
Conception A single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating
of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell, otherwise known as a zygote Your most fortunate of moments… Out of the 200 million sperm & 5,000 eggs, yours
won the race!!
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : ConceptionConception
The first known photo of Michael Phelps…
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages
Prenatal DevelopmentThe period that extends from conception to
birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
General Overview Zygote: conception to 2 weeks Embryo: 2 weeks to 8 weeks Fetus: 9 weeks to birth
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages
The Germinal Stage (#1) The phase encompassing the
two weeks following conception During this period…
The zygote moves towards the uterus; begins to implant in the lining
Placenta & umbilical cord begin to form Cells begin to differentiate
***Less than half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks…
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages
The Embryonic Stage (#2) The phase lasting from two weeks until the end
of the second month Once the developing organism firmly attaches to
the uterus, it is called an embryo During this period…
Major organs & structures begin to develop By the end of this period…
Embryo is 1-inch long Has primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, arms & legs Heart beat
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages
The Fetal Stage (#3) The phase lasting from two months through
birth Eight weeks after fertilization the embryo
becomes a fetus During this period…
The fetus experiences tremendous growth The muscles begin to contract The baby moves into position
Prenatal FactorsPrenatal Factors: : Critical PeriodsCritical Periods
Critical Periods Times during which certain environmental
influences can have an impact on the development of the infant In terms of STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, most
critical periods occur during the embryonic stage
Prenatal FactorsPrenatal Factors: : Critical PeriodsCritical Periods
Teratogens Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can
reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Teratogenic Agent Effect on Development
Rubella Blindness; deafness; heart defects; brain damage
Marijuana Irritability; nervousness; tremors
Cocaine Decreased height; low birth weight; respiratory problems; learning difficulties; seizures
Alcohol FAS (mental retardation, delayed growth, facial malformation); learning difficulties; smaller than normal head size
Nicotine Miscarriage; low birth weight; stillbirth; short stature; mental retardation; learning disabilities
Mercury Mental retardation; blindness
Syphilis Mental retardation; deafness; meningitis
Caffeine Miscarriage; low birth weight
Radiation Higher incidence of cancers; physical deformities
Water Temperature Increased chance of neural tube defects
The NewbornThe Newborn: : AssessmentAssessment
Assessment Scoring System Activity (muscle tone dealing with spontaneous
movement) Pulse (heart rate) Grimace (reflex irritability; cries, pulls away, coughs,
etc.) Appearance (skin color) Respiration (breathing – a good, healthy cry)
Score between 0-10
The NewbornThe Newborn: : ReflexesReflexes
Rooting Reflex A newborn’s tendency, when touched on the
cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth & search for the nipple
Sucking Reflex A newborn’s tendency to suck on objects that are
placed in mouth
The NewbornThe Newborn: : ReflexesReflexes
Grasping Reflex A newborn’s tendency to close fist
around anything placed in their hand
Stepping Reflex A newborn’s tendency to make
stepping motions when held upright
Startle (Moro) Reflex A newborn’s tendency to throw
head back, extend arms/legs, cry & bring arms/legs back in when startled
The NewbornThe Newborn: : Sensory Sensory DevelopmentDevelopment
Well-to-fully developed at birth Touch (skin-to-womb contact) Smell (mother’s milk v. imposter’s milk) Taste (preference for sweet)
Less developed at birth Hearing (fluids; most responsive to high & low-
pitches) Vision (rods are well-developed, cones are not)
Depth Perception (The “Visual Cliff”)
The NewbornThe Newborn: : Cognitive Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment
Habituation Decreasing responsiveness with repeated
stimulation As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure
to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they will look away sooner
Infants pay more attention to new objects than habituated ones
Demonstrates learning