ap psychology: unit iii introductory psychology: developmental psychology topic: prenatal...

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AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT III Introductory Introductory Psychology Psychology : : Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology Topic : Prenatal Development

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AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT III

Introductory PsychologyIntroductory Psychology: : Developmental Developmental

PsychologyPsychology

Topic: Prenatal Development

PART ONE

Developmental Developmental PsychologyPsychology: : Prenatal Prenatal

DevelopmentDevelopment

“I felt like a man trapped inside of a woman’s body…and then I was born…”

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : ConceptionConception

Conception A single sperm cell penetrates the outer coating

of the egg and fuses to form one fertilized cell, otherwise known as a zygote Your most fortunate of moments… Out of the 200 million sperm & 5,000 eggs, yours

won the race!!

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : ConceptionConception

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : ConceptionConception

The first known photo of Michael Phelps…

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages

Prenatal DevelopmentThe period that extends from conception to

birth, usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy

General Overview Zygote: conception to 2 weeks Embryo: 2 weeks to 8 weeks Fetus: 9 weeks to birth

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages

The Germinal Stage (#1) The phase encompassing the

two weeks following conception During this period…

The zygote moves towards the uterus; begins to implant in the lining

Placenta & umbilical cord begin to form Cells begin to differentiate

***Less than half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks…

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages

The Embryonic Stage (#2) The phase lasting from two weeks until the end

of the second month Once the developing organism firmly attaches to

the uterus, it is called an embryo During this period…

Major organs & structures begin to develop By the end of this period…

Embryo is 1-inch long Has primitive eyes, nose, lips, teeth, arms & legs Heart beat

Embryo at 40 days (approximately 6

weeks)

Embryo at 45 days (approximately 7

weeks)

Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development: : StagesStages

The Fetal Stage (#3) The phase lasting from two months through

birth Eight weeks after fertilization the embryo

becomes a fetus During this period…

The fetus experiences tremendous growth The muscles begin to contract The baby moves into position

PART TWO

Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology: : Prenatal FactorsPrenatal Factors

Prenatal FactorsPrenatal Factors: : Critical PeriodsCritical Periods

Critical Periods Times during which certain environmental

influences can have an impact on the development of the infant In terms of STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, most

critical periods occur during the embryonic stage

Prenatal FactorsPrenatal Factors: : Critical PeriodsCritical Periods

Teratogens Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can

reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Teratogenic Agent Effect on Development

Rubella Blindness; deafness; heart defects; brain damage

Marijuana Irritability; nervousness; tremors

Cocaine Decreased height; low birth weight; respiratory problems; learning difficulties; seizures

Alcohol FAS (mental retardation, delayed growth, facial malformation); learning difficulties; smaller than normal head size

Nicotine Miscarriage; low birth weight; stillbirth; short stature; mental retardation; learning disabilities

Mercury Mental retardation; blindness

Syphilis Mental retardation; deafness; meningitis

Caffeine Miscarriage; low birth weight

Radiation Higher incidence of cancers; physical deformities

Water Temperature Increased chance of neural tube defects

Prenatal FactorsPrenatal Factors: : Critical PeriodsCritical Periods

PART THREE

Developmental Developmental PsychologyPsychology: : The The

NewbornNewborn

The Newborn Baby aka

NEONATE

I WANT BACK IN!

The NewbornThe Newborn: : AssessmentAssessment

Assessment Scoring System Activity (muscle tone dealing with spontaneous

movement) Pulse (heart rate) Grimace (reflex irritability; cries, pulls away, coughs,

etc.) Appearance (skin color) Respiration (breathing – a good, healthy cry)

Score between 0-10

The NewbornThe Newborn: : ReflexesReflexes

Rooting Reflex A newborn’s tendency, when touched on the

cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth & search for the nipple

Sucking Reflex A newborn’s tendency to suck on objects that are

placed in mouth

The NewbornThe Newborn: : ReflexesReflexes

Grasping Reflex A newborn’s tendency to close fist

around anything placed in their hand

Stepping Reflex A newborn’s tendency to make

stepping motions when held upright

Startle (Moro) Reflex A newborn’s tendency to throw

head back, extend arms/legs, cry & bring arms/legs back in when startled

The NewbornThe Newborn: : Sensory Sensory DevelopmentDevelopment

Well-to-fully developed at birth Touch (skin-to-womb contact) Smell (mother’s milk v. imposter’s milk) Taste (preference for sweet)

Less developed at birth Hearing (fluids; most responsive to high & low-

pitches) Vision (rods are well-developed, cones are not)

Depth Perception (The “Visual Cliff”)

The NewbornThe Newborn: : Sensory Sensory DevelopmentDevelopment

The NewbornThe Newborn: : Cognitive Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment

Habituation Decreasing responsiveness with repeated

stimulation As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure

to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they will look away sooner

Infants pay more attention to new objects than habituated ones

Demonstrates learning