Research Methods

It is actually way more exciting than it sounds

Why do we have to learn this stuff

Psychology is first and foremost a science

Thus it is based in researchBefore we delve into how to do research you should be aware

of at least two ldquohurdlesrdquo that tend to skew our thinking

Figure 41 How Do You Know What to BelieveBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

The Need for Psychological Science

Hindsight Bias we tend to believe after learning an

outcome that we would have foreseen it the ldquoI-knew-it-all-alongrdquo phenomenon

Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we

do WREAT WATER ETRYN ENTRY GRABE BARGE OCHSA

CHAOS

Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)

bullThe Case Study

bullThe Survey

bullNaturalistic Observation

Case Studiesbull An in-depth picture

of one or a few subjects

bull Tells us a great storyhellip but is just descriptive research

bull Could it be that the case is atypical

The ldquoidealrdquo case study is the Duggar family Really interesting but what does it tell us about families in general

Survey MethodbullCheap and Fast

bullEasy Sampling

bullLow Response Rate

bullPeople Lie

bullWording Effects

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Why do we have to learn this stuff

Psychology is first and foremost a science

Thus it is based in researchBefore we delve into how to do research you should be aware

of at least two ldquohurdlesrdquo that tend to skew our thinking

Figure 41 How Do You Know What to BelieveBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

The Need for Psychological Science

Hindsight Bias we tend to believe after learning an

outcome that we would have foreseen it the ldquoI-knew-it-all-alongrdquo phenomenon

Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we

do WREAT WATER ETRYN ENTRY GRABE BARGE OCHSA

CHAOS

Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)

bullThe Case Study

bullThe Survey

bullNaturalistic Observation

Case Studiesbull An in-depth picture

of one or a few subjects

bull Tells us a great storyhellip but is just descriptive research

bull Could it be that the case is atypical

The ldquoidealrdquo case study is the Duggar family Really interesting but what does it tell us about families in general

Survey MethodbullCheap and Fast

bullEasy Sampling

bullLow Response Rate

bullPeople Lie

bullWording Effects

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Figure 41 How Do You Know What to BelieveBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

The Need for Psychological Science

Hindsight Bias we tend to believe after learning an

outcome that we would have foreseen it the ldquoI-knew-it-all-alongrdquo phenomenon

Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we

do WREAT WATER ETRYN ENTRY GRABE BARGE OCHSA

CHAOS

Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)

bullThe Case Study

bullThe Survey

bullNaturalistic Observation

Case Studiesbull An in-depth picture

of one or a few subjects

bull Tells us a great storyhellip but is just descriptive research

bull Could it be that the case is atypical

The ldquoidealrdquo case study is the Duggar family Really interesting but what does it tell us about families in general

Survey MethodbullCheap and Fast

bullEasy Sampling

bullLow Response Rate

bullPeople Lie

bullWording Effects

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

The Need for Psychological Science

Hindsight Bias we tend to believe after learning an

outcome that we would have foreseen it the ldquoI-knew-it-all-alongrdquo phenomenon

Overconfidence we tend to think we know more than we

do WREAT WATER ETRYN ENTRY GRABE BARGE OCHSA

CHAOS

Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)

bullThe Case Study

bullThe Survey

bullNaturalistic Observation

Case Studiesbull An in-depth picture

of one or a few subjects

bull Tells us a great storyhellip but is just descriptive research

bull Could it be that the case is atypical

The ldquoidealrdquo case study is the Duggar family Really interesting but what does it tell us about families in general

Survey MethodbullCheap and Fast

bullEasy Sampling

bullLow Response Rate

bullPeople Lie

bullWording Effects

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)

bullThe Case Study

bullThe Survey

bullNaturalistic Observation

Case Studiesbull An in-depth picture

of one or a few subjects

bull Tells us a great storyhellip but is just descriptive research

bull Could it be that the case is atypical

The ldquoidealrdquo case study is the Duggar family Really interesting but what does it tell us about families in general

Survey MethodbullCheap and Fast

bullEasy Sampling

bullLow Response Rate

bullPeople Lie

bullWording Effects

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Case Studiesbull An in-depth picture

of one or a few subjects

bull Tells us a great storyhellip but is just descriptive research

bull Could it be that the case is atypical

The ldquoidealrdquo case study is the Duggar family Really interesting but what does it tell us about families in general

Survey MethodbullCheap and Fast

bullEasy Sampling

bullLow Response Rate

bullPeople Lie

bullWording Effects

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Survey MethodbullCheap and Fast

bullEasy Sampling

bullLow Response Rate

bullPeople Lie

bullWording Effects

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

The Problem with Surveys

(examples of the wording effect)bull ldquoignorantrdquo of what is being asked

(from the Louis Harris Poll taken at New Yorkrsquos American Museum of Natural History)

ndash77 interested in plantstrees 39 botany

ndash48 fossils 39 in paleontology

ndash42 rocksminerals 53 geology

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Naturalistic Observationbull ldquoWatchingrdquo subjects in

their natural environment

bull No manipulation of the environment

bull Negative ndash can never really show cause and effect

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Correlational Methodbull correlation

expresses a relationship between two variables

bull does NOT show causation

As more ice cream is eaten more people are murdered

Does ice cream cause murder or murder cause people to eat ice cream

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Correlative Research ndash More ProblemsIllusory Correlations

bull When we believe there is a relationship we tend to recall and notice instances that confirm our belief

bull ie ndash sugar = hyperactive children cold + wet = cold weather change = arthritis pain

bull related to Hindsight Bias

Perceiving Order in Random Events

bull assuming that certain random outcomes are morely likely than other random outcomes

bull ie ndash flipping coins hands of cards being dealt choosing lottery numbers etc

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Types of CorrelationPositive Correlationbull The variables go in

the SAME direction

Negative Correlationbull The variables go in

opposite directions

Studying and grades hopefully have a positive correlation

Heroin use and grades probably have a negative correlation

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Positive CorrelationbullAs the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variablebullA perfect positive correlation is +10bullThe closer the correlation is to +10 the stronger the relationship

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Negative Correlation

bullAs the value of one variable increases the value of the other variable decreasesbullA perfect negative correlation is -10bullThe closer the correlation is to -10 the stronger the relationship

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

How to Read a Correlation Coefficient

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Correlation Coefficientbull A number that

measures the strength of a relationship

bull Range is from -1 to +1

bull The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero

Which is a stronger correlation

HINT remember ldquoabsolute valuerdquo)

bull -13 or +38bull -72 or +59bull -91 or +04

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Figure 42 Positive and Negative CorrelationsBlair-Broeker and Ernst Thinking About Psychology Second EditionCopyright copy 2008 by Worth Publishers

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Correlation Practice

bullIQacademic successbullSelf esteemdepressionbullStresshealthbullShoe size grade on next exambullEducationincomebullPrice of gassales of SUVrsquos

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Experimental Methodbull Looking to prove

causal relationships

bull Cause Effectbull Laboratory v Field

Experiments Smoking causes health issues

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Research Vocabulary

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Hypothesisbull Expresses a

relationship between two variables

bull A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study

bull Participating in class leads to better grades than not participating

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Independent Variableaka the ldquocauserdquo

bull Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment

bull Hopefully the independent variable brings about change If there is a drug in

an experiment the drug is almost always the independent variable

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Dependent Variablethe ldquoeffectrdquo

The dependent variable would be the effect of the drug

bull Whatever is being measured in the experiment

bull It is dependent on the independent variable

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Identifying Independent and Dependent Variables

1 Developmental psychologists want to know if exposing children to public television improves their reading skills

2 Behavioral psychologists want to know whether reinforcing comments will make people work harder on an assembly line

3 A clinical psychologist wants to know whether people who have psychotherapy are more or less likely to have problems in the future

4 A social psychologist wants to know whether being polite or rude to people tends to make them more cooperative

5 A personality psychologist explores whether extroverted people have more fun at parties

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Experimental VocabularybullPopulation the group from which your participants were drawn from

bullExperimental Group Group exposed to IV

bullControl Group Group not exposed to IV

bullReplication to repeat an experiment usually with different participants in different situations

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Operational Definitionsbull Explain what you

mean in your hypothesis

bull How will the variables be measured in ldquoreal liferdquo terms

bull How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is replicable

Letrsquos say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior

bull What do you mean by chocolate

bull What do you mean by violent behavior

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

1The teacher wants to find a way to help make Billy act more friendly toward the other children

2 A psychologist wants to know if his new form of psychotherapy will make people less depressed

3 College athletes are not as smart as regular students

4 Overall senior girls are prettier than junior girls

5 The school spirit is at an all-time low

How might we operationally define the following

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Samplingbull Identify the

population you want to study

bull The sample must be representative of the population you want to study

bull GET A RANDOM SAMPLE

bull Stratified Sampling

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Beware ofConfounding Variables

If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues what are some confounding variables

bull The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B

bull A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B that is not A

Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Experimenter Biasbull Another

confounding variable

bull Not a ldquoconsciousrdquo act

bull Double-blind procedure can be used to minimizeeliminate it

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Another Confounding Variable

bull Placebo EffectndashParticipantsrsquo

expectations that the ldquotreatmentrdquo will cause the hypothesized effect

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Random Selectionamp Random Assignment

bull Once you have a random sample randomly assigning them into two groups helps control for confounding variables

bull Experimental Group v Control Group

bull Group Matching

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Blind procedurebullAn experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experimentbullSometimes called single blind procedure

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Double Blind ProcedurebullA research procedure in which

both the data collectors and the research participants do not

know the expected outcome of the experiment

bullBoth groups are ignorant (blind) to the experimentrsquos purpose or

expected results

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Statisticsbull Recording the

results from our studies

bull Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Descriptive Statisticsbull Just describes sets

of databull You might create a

frequency distribution

bull Frequency polygons or histograms

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Analyze Results

bullUse measures of central tendency

mean ndash aka ldquothe averagerdquo median ndash aka ldquothe middlerdquo mode ndash aka ldquothe most commonrdquo

bullUse measures of variation (range and standard deviation)

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Central Tendency Measures

$25000-Pam $25000- Kevin

$25000- Angela$100000- Andy

$100000- Dwight

$200000- Jim$300000- Michael

Letrsquos look at the salaries of the employees at Dunder Mifflen Paper in Scranton

Median Salary - $100000Mean Salary - $110000Mode Salary - $25000

Maybe not the best place to work

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Normal Distributionbull In a normal

distribution the mean median and mode are all the same

Normal Distribution

go back

Normal Distribution

go back

A Skewed Distribution

Are the results positively or negatively skewed

Distributionsbull Outliers skew

distributionsbull If group has one

high score the curve has a positive skew (contains more low scores)

bull If a group has a low outlier the curve has a negative skew (contains more high scores)

Measures of Variancebull Range distance from

highest to lowest scores

bull Standard Deviation the average variance of scores from the mean

bull The higher the variance or SD the more spread out the distribution is

bull Do scientists want a big or small SD

Shaq and Kobe may both score 30 ppg (same mean)

Their SDs are very different

What does Standard Deviation tell us

Inferential Statisticsbull The purpose is to

discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected

bull P-value= 05 for statistical significance

bull 5 likely the results are due to chance

APA (American Psychological Association)

Ethical Guidelines for Researchbull IRB - Internal Review Boardbull For Humans and Animals

Animal Research

bull Clear Purpose Needed

bull Treat in a Humane Way

bull Acquire Animals Legally

bull Least Amount of Suffering Possible

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research

Distributionsbull Outliers skew

distributionsbull If group has one

high score the curve has a positive skew (contains more low scores)

bull If a group has a low outlier the curve has a negative skew (contains more high scores)

Measures of Variancebull Range distance from

highest to lowest scores

bull Standard Deviation the average variance of scores from the mean

bull The higher the variance or SD the more spread out the distribution is

bull Do scientists want a big or small SD

Shaq and Kobe may both score 30 ppg (same mean)

Their SDs are very different

What does Standard Deviation tell us

Inferential Statisticsbull The purpose is to

discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected

bull P-value= 05 for statistical significance

bull 5 likely the results are due to chance

APA (American Psychological Association)

Ethical Guidelines for Researchbull IRB - Internal Review Boardbull For Humans and Animals

Animal Research

bull Clear Purpose Needed

bull Treat in a Humane Way

bull Acquire Animals Legally

bull Least Amount of Suffering Possible

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research

Measures of Variancebull Range distance from

highest to lowest scores

bull Standard Deviation the average variance of scores from the mean

bull The higher the variance or SD the more spread out the distribution is

bull Do scientists want a big or small SD

Shaq and Kobe may both score 30 ppg (same mean)

Their SDs are very different

What does Standard Deviation tell us

Inferential Statisticsbull The purpose is to

discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected

bull P-value= 05 for statistical significance

bull 5 likely the results are due to chance

APA (American Psychological Association)

Ethical Guidelines for Researchbull IRB - Internal Review Boardbull For Humans and Animals

Animal Research

bull Clear Purpose Needed

bull Treat in a Humane Way

bull Acquire Animals Legally

bull Least Amount of Suffering Possible

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research

What does Standard Deviation tell us

Inferential Statisticsbull The purpose is to

discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected

bull P-value= 05 for statistical significance

bull 5 likely the results are due to chance

APA (American Psychological Association)

Ethical Guidelines for Researchbull IRB - Internal Review Boardbull For Humans and Animals

Animal Research

bull Clear Purpose Needed

bull Treat in a Humane Way

bull Acquire Animals Legally

bull Least Amount of Suffering Possible

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research

Inferential Statisticsbull The purpose is to

discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected

bull P-value= 05 for statistical significance

bull 5 likely the results are due to chance

APA (American Psychological Association)

Ethical Guidelines for Researchbull IRB - Internal Review Boardbull For Humans and Animals

Animal Research

bull Clear Purpose Needed

bull Treat in a Humane Way

bull Acquire Animals Legally

bull Least Amount of Suffering Possible

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research

APA (American Psychological Association)

Ethical Guidelines for Researchbull IRB - Internal Review Boardbull For Humans and Animals

Animal Research

bull Clear Purpose Needed

bull Treat in a Humane Way

bull Acquire Animals Legally

bull Least Amount of Suffering Possible

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research

Animal Research

bull Clear Purpose Needed

bull Treat in a Humane Way

bull Acquire Animals Legally

bull Least Amount of Suffering Possible

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research

Human Researchbull Informed Consentbull Protect from Harm

and Discomfortbull Confidentialitybull Must Debrief

• Research Methods
• Why do we have to learn this stuff
• Slide 3
• The Need for Psychological Science
• Types of Descriptive Research (aka Non-Experimental)
• Case Studies
• Survey Method
• The Problem with Surveys (examples of the wording effect)
• Naturalistic Observation
• Correlational Method
• Correlative Research ndash More Problems
• Types of Correlation
• Positive Correlation
• Negative Correlation
• Slide 15
• Correlation Coefficient
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Correlation Practice
• Experimental Method
• Research Vocabulary
• Hypothesis
• Independent Variable aka the ldquocauserdquo
• Dependent Variable the ldquoeffectrdquo
• Slide 25
• Experimental Vocabulary
• Operational Definitions
• How might we operationally define the following
• Sampling
• Beware of Confounding Variables
• Experimenter Bias
• Another Confounding Variable
• Random Selection amp Random Assignment
• Blind procedure
• Double Blind Procedure
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
• Analyze Results
• Central Tendency Measures
• Normal Distribution
• Slide 43
• Slide 44
• Distributions
• Measures of Variance
• What does Standard Deviation tell us
• Inferential Statistics
• Slide 49
• APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research
• Animal Research
• Human Research