a.p. microeconomics in class review #1 economic principles & systems
TRANSCRIPT
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A.P. Microeconomics
In Class Review #1
Economic Principles & Systems
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Micro vs. Macro
• Economics: study decisions and use of resources
• Micro: study decisions of small units (households & firms)
• Macro: study decisions of nation as whole (govts, banking system)
• Micro is a part of Macro
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Normative vs. Positive
• Positive:• Based on scientific
method• Hypotheses are
formulated and tested
• Normative:• Value judgments• Based on the way
someone believes things ought to be
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Ceteris Paribus
• “all others things remain unchanged”
• Used by economists to analyze economic choices when there is only one variable
• Assume nothing else changes.
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Efficiency, Equity, Growth & Stability
• Four Goals used to judge economic decisions
• Allocative Efficiency: P = MC; value of output equals value of resources went into it.
• Equity = Fair
• Growth = can expand?
• Stability = duh!
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Inputs or Factors of Production
• The resources available to manufacture into outputs (G&S)
• LAND– natural
• LABOR– Human ability
• CAPITAL– Tools, machines, $
• ENTREPRENEUR– Idea maker / risk taker
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Economics & Scarcity
• Resources are Limited, therefore economic systems are set up to determine:
• What to produce?
• How to produce?
• For Whom to produce?
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Trade-Off & Opportunity Cost
• T/O: choice made • O/C: sacrifice because a choice was
made• Used with PPF models!!
Study vs. working:– Working means more $– Studying means better grades– Studying now means opportunity of more
$ later
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Comparative Advantage, etc.
• Comp. Adv: the ability to produce something with a lower opp. cost.
• Absolute Adv: ability to produce something more efficiently
• Specialization: focus on comp. adv. And trade, hone skills leads to more efficiency
• Interdependence: working with/relying on others
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More Comparative• What is the best choice:
Output per Hour
Kristen Anna
Wristbands 15 12
Potholders 3 2
Kristen: 1 PH = 5 WB and 1 WB = 1/5 PH
Anna: 1 PH = 6 WB and 1 WB = 1/6 PH
Kristen has the comparative advantage in potholders, her O/C is least
Anna has the comp. adv. in wristbands, her O/C is least
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Production Possibilities Frontier
• (PPF)
• Combinations of 2 goods that can be produced if all resources are fully employed and used efficiently
• T/O and O/C are related, what do we choose and give up
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PPF, cont.
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PPF, cont.
a. Guns or ButterUsed by economists when studying gov’t
Guns = foreign (military) budget
Butter = domestic budget
b. Straight or Curved
Curved: Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost
when reallocating resources, some efficiency can be lost
Straight: all resources are perfectly versatile (transferable)
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PPF, cont.
c. Present consumption or future
choices today could foster faster growth tomorrow:
ex) capital investments can lead to more efficiency
ex) ovens & bread
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Comparing Economic Systems
a. Command: gov’t makes eco decisions
-communism, N. Korea, USSR, Cuba
b. Traditional: past/customs make decisions
-tribal communities
c. Market: households & firms make decisions
-U.S., Western Europe, etc.
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Circular Flow of Economic Activity
• Factor Market: market where inputs are bought and sold
• Product Market: market where G&S are bought and sold
Output[Product]
Market
Input[Factor]Market
HouseholdsConsumers
FirmsProducers
$
$
$
$
G&SG&S
ResourcesResources
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Consumers:
• The goal is to satisfy needs & wants• Households demand when they desire, and
are willing and able to buy g&s
a. Law of Demand: as the price increase the quantity demanded decreases (and conversely)
b. Demand Schedule & Curve
chart of numbers graph of p & q
p & q have an inverse relationship
p on vertical, q on horizontal axis
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Determinants of Demand
• Outside of price, what affects a consumer’s demand for g&s?
1. Tastes and preferences
2. Prices of related goods – complements & substitutes
3. Consumers’ income
4. Change in expectations
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Change vs. Shift
∆ in Q.D.1. Law of Demand2. Price change is
cause3. As price changes
quantity will vary inversely
4. Move from point to point along same curve
Shift in Demand1. Demand
Determinant2. Price change is
result of another factor
3. Move all quantities at same price (shift curve)
4. Increase = RightDecrease = Left
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Change vs. Shift
∆ in Q.D. Shift in Demand
Quantity Quantity
Price
Price
DemandD1D3 D2
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Producers
Role: make a profit
a. Law of Supply: as price increases the quantity supplied will increase (and conversely)
b. Supply Schedule & Curve
chart of #s positive graph
p and q have a direct relationship
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Determinants of Supply
• Outside of price, what can affect a firm’s ability to offer g&s to the market?
1. Costs of resources or production2. Prices of similar/related resources3. Technology/Method4. Government: regulation, taxes &
subsidies5. Number of sellers
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Equilibrium
• Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded; the market is cleared
• On graph: the intersection of the two curves
• Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand, guides the market to find this equilibrium w/o govt intervention
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a. Surplus
• Q.S. > Q.D.• Price was too high,
above equilibrium: consumers not willing or able
• Result: firms must either withhold supply, lower price, or stimulate demand
S
D
PX
Quantity
Price
QD QS
QS>QD = Surplus
PE
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b. Shortage
• Q.S. < Q.D.• Price was too low,
below equilibrium: consumers too eager and firms unable to meet it
• Result: firms must either increase supply or raise price
S
D
PX
Quantity
Price
QDQS
QS<QD = Shortage
PE
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c. Price Ceiling
• Maximum legal price that can be charged for a product
• Goal: equity• Ex) concert tix, rent control apts, NCAA tix
• Graph = Shortage• Result = permanent shortage leads to
black market, scalping, the market finds a way!!
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d. Price Floor
• Minimum legal price that can be charged for a g&s or even input.
• Goal: equity
• Ex) minimum wage
• Graph: Surplus (there are SL > DL)
• Result: surplus of labor leads to under-the-table wages, the market finds a way!!
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Increase in Demand
P ↑ Q ↑
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Decrease in Demand
P ↓ Q ↓
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Increase in Supply
P ↓ Q ↑
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Decrease in Supply
P ↑ Q ↓
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Increase in Supply & Demand
P unknown Q ↑
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Increase in Demand &
Decrease in Supply
P ↑ Q unknown
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Increase in supply &
Decrease in demand
P ↓ Q unknown
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Decrease in supply & demand
Q ↓ P unknown