a&p exam 2 review
TRANSCRIPT
8/17/2019 A&P Exam 2 Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-exam-2-review 1/7
EXAM 2 SHORT ANSWER REVIEW
1. Describe the factors that control blood pressure.
• Vessel diameter
• Total Cross Sectional Areas: Blood pressre and t!e speed o" #lood "lo$ are
proportional to t!e cross%sectional area o" t!e &essels in&ol&ed'
• (ressres: As arteries #ranc!) t!eir total cross%sectional area increases and #lood
pressre "alls rapidl*'
• Velocit* o" Blood +lo$: As t!e total cross sectional area o" t!e &essels increases "romt!e aorta to$ard t!e capillaries) t!e &elocit* o" #lood "lo$ decreases'
8/17/2019 A&P Exam 2 Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-exam-2-review 2/7
2. Discuss the mechanisms that regulate filtration in capillaries.
+iltration is t!e remo&al o" soltes as a soltion "lo$s across a poros mem#rane' Soltes
too lar,e to pass t!ro,! t!e pores are "iltered ot o" t!e soltion' T!e dri&in, "orce "or"iltration is !*drostatic pressre -ps!es $ater "rom an area o" !i,!er pressre to an area o"
lo$er pressre.' In capillar* "iltration) $ater and small soltes are "orced across a capillar*
$all) lea&in, lar,er soltes and sspended proteins in t!e #loodstream' T!e solte
molecles t!at lea&e t!e #loodstream are small eno,! to pass #et$een ad/acent endot!elial
cells or t!ro,! t!e pores in a "enestrated capillar*' +iltration ta0es place primaril* at t!e
arterial end o" t!e capillar*) $!ere !*drostatic pressre -CH(. is !i,!est'
3. Describe the structure and function of lymph nodes.
• 1*mp! nodes are small l*mp!oid or,ans ran,in, in diameter "rom mmt to 23mm'
• A t*pical l*mp! node is s!aped li0e a 0idne*'
8/17/2019 A&P Exam 2 Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-exam-2-review 3/7
• Strctre:
o Tra#eclae: #ndles o" colla,en "i#ers t!at e4tend "rom t!e capsle into t!e
interior o" t!e node o" t!e dense connecti&e tisse t!at co&ers eac! l*mp!
node
o Hilm: #lood &essels and ner&es reac! t!e l*mp! node at t!is s!allo$
indentation
o A""erent l*mp!atics: is attac!ed to t!e l*mp! node tp #rin, l*mp! to t!e
l*mp! node "rom perip!eral tisses
o E""ererent l*mp!atics: is attac!ed to t!e l*mp! nodes5 lea&e t!e l*mp! node
at t!e !ilm5 t!ese &essels carr* l*mp! a$a* "rom t!e l*mp! node and to$ard
t!e &enos circlation'
• 1*mp! +lo$
o 1*mp! "rom t!e a""erent l*mp!atics "lo$s t!ro,! t!e l*mp! node $it!in a
net$or0 o" sinses) open passa,e$a*s $it! incomplete $alls'
o 1*mp! "irst enters a s#capslar space' It contains a mes!$or0 o" #ranc!in,
reticlar "i#ers) macrop!a,es) and dendritic cells' 6endritic cells are in&ol&ed
in startin, t!e immne response' 1*mp! passes t!ro,! t!e s#capslar
space and t!en "lo$s t!ro,! t!e oter corte4 o" t!e node' T!e oter corte4
contains B cells $it!in ,erminal centers similar to t!ose o" l*mp!oidmodles'
o 1*mp! t!en contines t!ro,! l*mp! sinses in t!e deep corte4) $!ic! is
dominated #* T cells' Here l*mp!oc*tes lea&e t!e #loodstream and enter t!e
l*mp! node #* crossin, t!e $alls o" #lood &essels'
o A"ter "lo$in, t!ro,! t!e sinses o" t!e deep corte4) l*mp! contines into t!e
core) or medlla) o" t!e l*mp! node' T!e medlla contains B cells and plasma
cells or,ani7ed into elon,ate masses 0no$n as medllar* cords' 1*mp!
passes t!ro,! a net$or0 o" sinses in t!e medlla and t!en enters t!ee""erent l*mp!atics at t!e !ilm'
• +nction
o +ilterin,: T!e l*mp! node pri"ies l*mp! #e"ore it reac!es t!e &eins' +i4ed
macrop!a,es in t!e $alls o" t!e l*mp!atic sinses en,l" de#ris or pat!o,ens
8/17/2019 A&P Exam 2 Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-exam-2-review 4/7
in t!e l*mp! as it "lo$s #*' Anti,ens remo&ed in t!is $a* are t!en processed
and #* t!e macrop!a,es and presented to near#* l*mp!oc*tes' Ot!er
anti,ens #ind to receptors on t!e sr"aces o" dendritic cells) $!ere t!e* can
stimlate l*mp!oc*te acti&it*' Antigen presentation is ,enerall* t!e "irst step
in t!e acti&ation o" t!e immne response'
o Earl* Warnin, s*stem: An* in"ection or ot!er a#normalit* in a perip!eral
tisse pts anti,ens into t!e interstitial "lid ) and t!s into t!e l*mp! lea&in,
t!e area' T!ese anti,ens t!en stimlate macrop!a,es and l*mp!oc*tes in
near#* l*mp! nodes'
o 8ards Entrances: 1*mp! is monitored in t!e l*mp! ,lands to detect
potential pro#lems #e"ore t!e* e""ect &ital or,ans o" t!e trn0'
o 1*mp!odenopat!*: c!ronic or e4cessi&e enlar,ement o" t!e l*mp! nodes
8/17/2019 A&P Exam 2 Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-exam-2-review 5/7
9' E4plain t!e si,ni"icance o" in"lammator* #od* response' 1ist steps in in"lammator*
process'
In"lammation !as se&eral e""ects:
• T!e in/r* is temporaril* repaired) and additional pat!o,ens are pre&ented "romenterin, t!e $ond'
• T!e spread o" pat!o,ens a$a* "rom t!e in/r* is slo$ed'
• 1ocal) re,ional) and s*stemic de"enses are mo#ili7ed to o&ercome t!e pat!o,ens and
"acilitate permanent repairs' T!is repair process is called re,eneration'
8/17/2019 A&P Exam 2 Review
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ap-exam-2-review 6/7
3' W!at are t!e most important c!emical re,lators o" respiration E4plain !o$ t!e s$itc!
"rom "etal to adlt #lood circlation; t*pe does occr'