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AP European HistoryTopic 4 Exam – Changing World Views: The Scientific Revolution & Age of EnlightenmentMultiple Choice (Weight 2)Points Possible: 200 pts

“I think, therefore I am.”

of 12Directions: Read the statement and choose the most correct answer.

“Once you can accept the universe as matter expanding into nothing that is something,

wearing stripes with plaid comes easy.”-Albert Einstein

1. Before the Scientific Revolution, Europeans accepted Aristotle’s view of the universe becauseA. it fit nicely with Christian doctrines.B. they respected Greek scientists.C. he had used the scientific method to prove his claims.D. it placed God at the center of the universe.

2. According to your textbook, all of the following helped set the Scientific Revolution in motion EXCEPT

A. inaccuracies in and inconsistencies among ancient authorities.B. magical beliefs that emphasized simple, comprehensive keys to nature.C. belief in the importance of observation and development of instruments.D. changes in Christianity that focused on its metaphorical rather than literal truth.E. inspiration provided by the ancient Greeks.

3. Which of the following were NOT critical developments in astronomy and physics?A. Galileo’s concept of inertia and his observations of the moons of Jupiter.B. The Tychonic model of the universe that hypothesized the rotation of universe around the

sun, which in turn orbited the earth-moon system.C. Descartes’s development of analytic geometry and distinction between weight and mass.D. Newton’s development of calculus and his three laws of motion.E. Galileo’s demonstration that only mathematical language could describe the underlying

principles of nature.

4. All of the following are parts of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion EXCEPT thatA. orbits of the planets are elliptical.B. planets do not move at uniform speed.C. the duration of a planet’s orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun.D. a body’s natural state is in motion.

5. Initially, Copernicus’s theory of the universeA. was supported by the Catholic church.B. was supported by the Protestants.C. was attacked by the Protestants.D. went unnoticed.

6. The key feature of Newton’s synthesis was the law ofA. planetary motion.B. universal gravitation.C. reciprocity.D. constant acceleration.E. the moon’s gravitational pull and its affect on tide patterns.


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7. Newton’s work was the culmination of the Scientific Revolution becauseA. it rendered the ancients irrelevant in all fields of scientific endeavor.B. it refuted Descartes’s theoretical approach to scientific knowledge.C. it reconciled science with Christianity as it was then understood.D. it made further work unnecessary for the next 150 years.E. it resolved the outstanding problems in both physics and astronomy.

8. The new epistemology of science involved all of the following EXCEPTA. reliance on experience and reason.B. testing of a hypothesis by observation, generalization, and experimentation.C. use of numerical data to develop mathematical laws.D. a rejection of any unsubstantiated authority.E. reliance upon previous hypotheses about nature.

9. The modern scientific method is based onA. Kepler’s laws of planetary motion.B. Copernican theory.C. Bacon’s empiricism and Descartes’ mathematical rationalism.D. Aristotelian theory.E. Newtonian quantum mechanics.

10. Wider acceptance of scientific thought came when the educated publicA. became convinced that science offered certainty.B. accepted that science cannot promise certainty.C. made the effort to follow the intricacies of scientific debate.D. became enamored of the charismatic figures of science.E. when the Church voiced its support of scientists.

11. Cervantes and Shakespeare had in common that they bothA. were Englishmen.B. had essentially optimistic outlooks.C. reflected the stresses of their times.D. rejected the hierarchy of society.E. fought in major military campaigns.

12. The Baroque style was found particularly in Catholic countries becauseA. it supported the Counter Reformation.B. only they had the wealth to support it.C. Protestants preferred the flamboyant styles.D. only there were artists with necessary skills found.E. there was more church-building there.


of 1213. The inductive reasoning of Francis Bacon

A. viewed science and research as a method of moving from general universal truths to specific theoretical assumptions.

B. viewed science as a collective enterprise which equates specific theoretical assumptions with general universal truths.

C. assumed that the only way to conduct scientific research is through mathematical principles as proof of hypotheses.

D. maintained that science, although important for research purposes, has no real importance for the improvement of society.

14. The literary style known as the essay began with the writings ofA. Francis Bacon.B. Renes Descartes.C. Miguel de Cervantes.D. Michel de Montaigne.E. Baron de Montesquieu.

15. The Ecstasy of St. Teresa (seen right) by Bernini is an example ofA. Bachinalien art.B. Neoclassical art.C. Romantic art.D. Baroque art.E. Neostoic art.

16. The author who used differential calculus to prove the unresolvedquestions about the system of the universe in Principia Mathematica (1687) was

A. Walter Scott.B. Nicolas Copernicus.C. Andreas Vesalius.D. Sir Isaac Newton.E. Galileo Galilei.

17. The author of The Structure of the Human Body who revolutionized the study of anatomical research was

A. Johannes Kepler.B. Francis Bacon.C. Andreas Vesalius.D. Sir Isaac Newton.E. William Harvey.

18. The author who first published theories on the heliocentric view of the universe rather than the geocentric theory in the book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was

A. Walter Scott.B. Nicolas Copernicus.C. Andreas Vesalius.D. Sir Isaac Newton.E. Galileo Galilei.


of 1219. The most persistent problem with the old, open-field system of agriculture was

A. the scarcity of labor.B. bad weather.C. soil depletion.D. unreliable markets.E. overgrazing by farm animals.

20. The key to the agricultural revolution wasA. the elimination of fallow lands.B. increased animal husbandry.C. the expropriation of noble and church lands.D. the introduction of the three-field system.E. the elimination of the commons for peasant use.

21. The key feature of Galileo’s theories of the universe wasA. the principle of universal gravitation.B. the existence of moons orbiting Jupiter.C. elliptical epicycles.D. the principle of inertia.

22. Rene Descartes’ application of the scientific method and deductive reasoning to all of knowledge and human understanding

A. was an ineffective attempt to popularize science.B. allowed him to study knowledge on a scientific basis.C. laid the foundations for modern philosophy.D. Both A and BE. Both B and C

23. After 1750, marriages tended to beA. based on financial considerations.B. arranged by parents.C. based on love.D. more closely regulated by church officials.

24. The increase in illegitimate births in the second half of the 18th century was probably the product of A. early sexual emancipation.B. less parental and village pressure.C. less reliable birth control.D. more accurate record keeping.

25. The attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were generallyA. uncaring and frequently negligent.B. loving.C. positive.D. cruel and abusive.


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26. The Supper at Emmaus (seen right) by Caravaggiocan be seen as

A. indicative of the Romantic characteristicof elevating and instructing.

B. indicative of the Baroque characteristic ofthe use of emotional intensity to awe andinspire a revitalization of Protestantism.

C. controversial, because Caravaggio usedeveryday character representations of Jesusand the apostles.

D. a feeble attempt to mimic classical styles.

27. In general, foundling hospitals wereA. well run.B. legalized infanticide.C. reserved only for illegitimate infants.D. clearly preferable to church orphanages.

28. The most important factor influencing increased life expectancy of preindustrial Europeans wasA. better wet-nursing techniques.B. more and better food.C. improved medical care.D. fewer wars.

29. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaas Tulp (seen right) byRembrandt is

A. demonstrative of popularizations of scientific advances.B. demonstrative of old practices of anatomical research.C. indicative of the Baroque influence on science.D. All of the above

30. Bacon and Descartes complemented each other becauseA. they had long been ardent admirers of each other.B. Bacon emphasized experiment and inductive reasoning while Descartes emphasized

conclusions via deduction.C. they both were able to refute Newton’s work by approaching it from opposite points of view.D. they both had powerful animosities towards Newton and his work.E. Bacon was able to influence his fellow Englishmen, while Descartes worked on the French.


of 1231. Blaise Pascal is important because

A. he promoted a reconciliation of Catholic faith with the new science.B. he kept European civilization from accepting the mechanical world view.C. he was the first accomplished scientist to focus on the limitations of science.D. he was able to undercut some of the extreme claims of science on a scientific basis.E. he led the Church’s attack on the new science.

32. All of the following were examples of popular enthusiasm for science in the late seventeenth century EXCEPT

A. royal patronage of scientific societies.B. the use of science as an aristocratic amusement.C. popular attendance at autopsies.D. the application of new scientific ideas to methods of fortification and warfare.E. the widespread practice of charivaris.

33. The Classical style was differentiated from the Baroque becauseA. it was characterized by restraint and discipline.B. it aimed at grandiose effects.C. it was found mainly in Protestant countries.D. it included art forms beyond painting.E. it emphasized experimentation and innovation.

34. According to Chambers, the number of Europeans rose only slightly in the seventeenth century for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A. economic pressures caused people to marry late, which reduced the number of children they could have.

B. the Thirty Years’ War killed millions of Germans and disrupted the European economy.C. plagues drove the number of Spaniards down from 10 million in 1600 to 6 million in 1700.D. the English and Dutch populations could hardly recover their populations losses until after

1680, which accounted for the little increase.E. high infant mortality rates continued to limit population growth.

35. The agricultural revolution originated in which of the following countries?A. The Low Countries/Holland.B. England.C. France.D. Spain.E. Scandinavia.

36. Enclosure lagged on the Continent becauseA. the nobility was unwilling to pour forth the additional investment for experimentation on and

enclosing of the land.B. peasants valued their independence.C. governments were slow in enforcing the acts.D. village and manor tradition overrode scientific advancement.E. All of the above


of 1237. The key to eliminated fallow lands during the agricultural revolution lay in

A. regular crop rotation every seven to eight years.B. legumes.C. better usage of the common pastureland.D. removal of the glebe land.E. increased husbandry in order to promote more manure to fertilize the soil.

38. The main problem facing Tycho Brahe’s analysis of the universe was thatA. he lacked the proper equipment and instrumentation.B. he could only observe the stars at certain times of the year and for only short periods of time

because of the weather patterns around Denmark.C. he did not have the financial backing.D. he didn’t have the math to prove his theories.

39. Galileo overturned the Aristotelian theory of motion by stating that an object’s natural state isA. in motion.B. at rest.C. voluntary.D. only in motion if acted upon by an outside force.

40. Which of the following was NOT a reason that the Dutch gained an early lead in the agricultural revolution in the seventeenth century?

A. They had the most densely populated country in Europe.B. They first tested their new methods in the their colonies in the New World before utilizing

the same tactics in Holland.C. Their agricultural methods became highly specialized.D. They were willing to experiment with methods in order to maximize yield.E. They had a major increase in urban population, which provided a large market for

agricultural production.

41. The emergence of modern agriculture in England was helped byA. Jean Baptiste Colbert.B. Oliver Cromwell.C. Charles Townsend.D. Josiah Child.

42. Jethro Tull’s contributions to English agriculture were the product ofA. good luck.B. empirical research and the development of better techniques.C. reasoning of how natural laws govern all things.D. his reliance on ancient techniques.

43. Science was important to the Enlightenment asA. the focus of the philosophes’ original thought.B. a source of theoretical justifications for the philosophes’ programs.C. an inspiring example of the success of reason and experience.D. the major recruiting ground for new philosophes.E. a justification for military adventurism.


of 1244. One important reason the philosophes championed intellectual freedom was

A. they felt that all points of view must be treated as equally valid and correct in their very essence.

B. because the beliefs they opposed were supported by the official powers (monarchs, govt., Church, etc.)

C. their beliefs rested not on assumption but on facts.D. they wanted to mobilize the masses.E. they believed they could convince government officials of the rightness of their ideas.

45. The Encyclopedia advanced the Enlightenment by all of the following EXCEPTA. conveying the philosophes’ concept of useful knowledge.B. forcing opponents of the Enlightenment to concede by the weight of evidence.C. stressing the social utility of science and social science.D. overcoming official censorship in the process of satisfying the demand for works of the

Enlightenment.E. applying rational standards to religion.

46. Rousseau advocated all of the following EXCEPTA. the founding of morals on the basis of conscience rather than reason.B. education through the cultivation of natural talents rather than imposition of dry information.C. a social and political system in which individual desires are subordinate to group consensus.D. the creation of a new academy that would bring together scientists and humanists to create

new intellectual treatises and laws.E. a return to simplicity to shrug off the trappings of a materialistic culture.

47. The novel, romantic poetry, and symphonic music had in common that theyA. celebrated the structure that classical forms gave to human structure.B. rebelled against the constraints of classical forms by abandoning structure.C. opened up artistic experience to peasants and the urban working classes.D. emphasized emotional experience as the focus of artistic endeavor.

48. The elite’s cosmopolitan culture, the “republic of letters,” was held together by all of the following EXCEPT

A. a lecture circuit that paid philosophes to give public talks throughout Europe.B. travel, and in particular the “grand tour” of modern capitals and ancient ruins.C. the use of French as a common language.D. learned academies that served as conduits for advanced scientific and philosophical ideas.E. salons that brought aristocrats, philosophes, and well-to-do commoners together.

49. The Enlightenment eroded the authority of established religion through all of the following EXCEPTA. toleration, which demanded the coexistence of competing revealed truths.B. deism, which stripped religion of its mystical and supernatural trappings.C. atheism, which had become popular amongst most enlightened philosophes.D. criticism, which subjected Christianity to rationalist analysis.E. liberal theology, which opposed religious superstition or “enthusiasm.”


of 1250. The growth of publishing in the 18th century was evidenced by all of the following EXCEPT

A. the proliferation of journals for specialized interests.B. the disappearance of oral traditions in popular culture.C. the appearance of regular newspapers.D. the increasing number and profitability of booksellers.E. the growth of traveling circulating libraries.

51. Rousseau’s EmileA. advocated experiential learning and the stimulation of interests and knowledge.B. changed European’s perceptions of children and childrearing.C. advocated greater government support of foundling hospitals.D. None of the aboveE. Both A and B

52. The author of The Wealth of Nations (1776) and the father of modern capitalism isA. Jacques Turgot.B. Adam Smith.C. Montesquieu.D. G. L. Buffon.E. John Locke.

53. The first author to stipulate the theory of natural history wasA. Charles Darwin.B. Jacues Turgot.C. John Locke.D. G. L. Buffon.E. Pierre Bayle.

54. During the 18th century, refined cultural tastes came to beA. essential at all levels of society.B. seen by all to be hollow pretense.C. the sign of membership in the elite.D. linked to a democratic view of society.E. a measure of one’s arrogance.

55. The Enlightenment thinker who authored Elements of the Philosophy of Newton wasA. Locke.B. Hobbes.C. Rousseau.D. Voltaire.E. Diderot.

56. Voltaire’s best-selling masterpiece that was burned by authorities in Switzerland, France, and the Netherlands was

A. Candide.B. The Philosophical Dictionary.C. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.D. Emile.E. The Spirit of Laws.


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57. In his book The Social Contract, Rousseau described the ideal polity asA. a theocracy.B. a government that has returned to a state of nature.C. government in which individuals have a role in the law in which they submit.D. one led by a natural aristocracy of the educated and wealthy.E. a military autocracy with a professional bureaucracy.

58. The term laissez-faire, as it applies to capitalism, meansA. government intervention in the economy should be encouraged in a regulatory role.B. government intervention in the economy should be limited in order to allow the free market

to thrive.C. government intervention in the economy should encourage welfare capitalism, in order to use

the economy to benefit the entire populace.D. government intervention in the economy should be non-existent, even in times of war.

59. The author of The Spirit of Laws, a comparative study of governments and societies, wasA. Voltaire.B. Hobbes.C. Montesquieu.D. Kant.E. Rousseau.

60. The author/editor of the Encyclopedia wasA. d’Holbach.B. Voltaire.C. Montesquieu.D. Diderot.E. Turgot.

61. The author of the first vernacular Dictionary wasA. William Wordsworth.B. Samuel Coleridge.C. Samuel Johnson.D. William Blake.E. Denis Diderot.

62. Voltaire’s ideal government would be one whichA. allowed the civil polity to participate.B. provided a constitution to protect citizens’ rights.C. had an enlightened despot.D. had checks and balances to prevent absolute power.E. was French.


of 1263. The Baron d’Holbach can be seen as the first prominent European thinker to propose the idea of

A. moral relativism.B. cultural relativism.C. romanticism.D. atheism.E. deism.

64. David Hume and Immanuel Kant’s theories in the Enlightenment stressedA. questioning of concepts of absolute morality.B. extreme optimism.C. the idea that religion accurately emphasizes belief in things unseen.D. atheism.E. that religion and science were not incompatible.

65. In terms of his ideals about politics, the most radical Enlightenment thinker wasA. Voltaire.B. Montesquieu.C. John Locke.D. Rousseau.E. Benjamin Franklin.


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