AP EURO

Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation

Lesson #9Religious Violence

(FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION)

Essential Questions

• What caused, and what ended the French Wars of Religion?

• What caused, and what ended the Dutch Rebellion?

French Religious Wars 1. Habsburg-Valois Wars

1. 40 years of French-German antagonism2. Four wars (1521-1559)3. France went into debt

2. Formation of Calvinism1. Caught on by 1550s2. 15% of society by 1570s3. Nearly half of the nobles

click

Why would Protestantism be popular among Nobles?

Why would Protestantism NOT be popular among peasants?

Henry II of France1. Son of Francis I

1. Francis was a contemporary of Henry VIII2. Was king for only 10 years3. Died in a jousting tournament (end of 8th Italian War)

2. Henry’s wife, Catherine de Medici1. Mother to three more kings2. She directed French policy for next generation3. Tried to maintain power of monarchy with opposing

“sides” (Guise Catholics vs. Bourbon Huguenots)

3. His son, Henry III tried to hold nation together

2m

Pico della Mirandola

• The Oration on the Dignity of Man• Called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance".• Spoke to hostile clerics of the dignity of the

liberal arts • The Oration served as an introduction to Pico's

900 theses, which he believed provided a basis for the discovery of all knowledge

• Pico combined Platonism, Neoplatonism, Aristoteliansm, Hermeticism and Kabbalah.

• Also included 72 theses describing what Pico believed to be a complete system of physics.

Pico’s Oration on the Dignity of Man

• These are the reasons why I decided to study philosophy. And I'm not going to explain them to anyone except those who condemn philosophy. Philosophy is not something to be used scornfully or as insult, but for honor and glory.

• We have reduced philosophy to only being useful when being used for profit.

• I've never philosophized except for the sake of philosophy, and have never desired it for my own cultivation. I have been able to lose myself in philosophy and not be influenced by others who try to pull me away from it.

Henry IV• Leader of Huguenots• Huguenot nobles challenged power of monarch• Henry of Navarre (Henry Bourbon)• Married sister of Henry III• Horrible wedding day• St. Bartholemew’s Day Massacre• Crazy MIL• Catherine de Medici

Henry IV• Catherine de Medici – queen mum – politique• Tried to neutralize Huguenots• She arranged for daughter, Margo to marry him• Neither liked each other– He had lots of mistresses– 27 years of unhappiness– He had lots of mistresses

• Among the most popular of all French kings • Murdered by a fanatical catholic as carriage sat

in traffic

Henry IV• Key Dates• 1553: Born• 1572: Married to Margo (age 19)• 1587: War of the Three Henrys • 1594: Coronated (age 41) • 1598: Edict of Nantes• 1599: Marriage Annulled• 1600: Married to Marie (age 47) • 1610: Died (age 57) - assassinated

12m

Henry IV• Beloved by his people• Kind, compassion, good humor, charming• Highly concerned for welfare of France• Promoted agriculture; drained swamps• Renewed Paris as a great city; added wings to

Louvre• Public works• Bridges and canals• Promoted the arts• Education for all• Prevented deforestation; ordered plantings

Edict of Nantes• Religious tolerance for Huguenots• Henry – a man of vision & courage

• Married Marie de Medici• Six kids (3 lived)• Louis XIII• Henrietta Maria (married Charles I of England)– Maryland

• Marie coronated the day before he was killed

Dutch Rebellion (1560s – 1640)

• Part of the Spanish Empire– SPANISH NETHERLANDS– WILL ONE DAY BE THE AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS

• Charles V was born there – kept close watch• Philip II (r:1555-1598) let it fester – grew to

different and independent – Calvinist influence• Spanish sent Duke of Alba (20,000 mercenaries)– Council of Troubles (1568-1573)

• William of Orange• Spanish Fury (The sack of Antwerp)• Pacification of Ghent – UNITED PROVINCES born

William of Orange vs. Duke of Alba

William of Orange vs. Duke of AlbaTHE SPANISH FURY

Philip II vs. Elizabeth I

Philip II vs. Elizabeth ITHE INVINCIBLE ARMADA

9M

The Great Witch Hunt

• 100,000 – 200,000 accusations and trials• 40,000 – 60,000 executions• Witches – sabbats; magical• Satan, goats and groups• 80% accused were poor single women over 45– Often midwives

• Women thought to be weaker• Accusation led to a hunt – coven has members• Likely it was the Renaissance and Reformation

that started… and ended the craze