CHEMISTRYCourse DescriptionM A Y 2 0 0 7 , M A Y 2 0 0 82005-06 Development Committee and Chief ReaderJames Spencer, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Chair Carol Brown, Saint Marys Hall, San Antonio, Texas Margaret Hansen, Orange Park High School, Florida James Larrabee, Middlebury College, Vermont Maureen Scharberg, San Jose State University, California Alexander Vazquez, West Leyden High School, Northlake, Illinois Chief Reader: Eleanor Siebert, Mount St. Marys College, Los Angeles, California ETS Consultants: Thomas Corley, Irene Kijakapcentral.collegeboard.comI.N. 05008174106-1282.AP.CrseDescCHEM.Cvr.indd2-3 2-3 4/19/06 12:06:29 PMThe College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-prot membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,000 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, nancial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT, the PSAT/NMSQT, and the Advanced Placement Program (AP). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns.For further information, visit www.collegeboard.com. The College Board and the Advanced Placement Program encourage teachers, AP Coordinators, and school administrators to make equitable access a guiding principle for their AP programs. The College Board is committed to the principle that all students deserve an opportunity to participate in rigorous and academically challenging courses and programs. All students who are willing to accept the challenge of a rigorous academic curriculum should be considered for admission to AP courses. The Board encourages the elimination of barriers that restrict access to AP courses for students from ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups that have been traditionally underrepresented in the AP Program. Schools should make every effort to ensure that their AP classes reect the diversity of their student population. 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, APCD, AP Central, AP Vertical Teams, Pre-AP, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. connect to college success is a trademark owned by the College Board. PSAT/NMSQT is a registered trademark of the College Board and National Merit Scholarship Corporation. All other products and services may be trademarks of their respective owners.Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com. National OfceAdvanced Placement Program 45 Columbus Avenue New York, NY 10023-6992 212 713-8066 E-mail: ap@collegeboard.orgAP ServicesP.O. Box 6671 Princeton, NJ 08541-6671 609 771-7300 877 274-6474 (toll free in the U.S. and Canada) E-mail: apexams@info.collegeboard.orgAP Canada Ofce2950 Douglas Street, Suite 550 Victoria, BC, Canada V8T 4N4 250 472-8561 800 667-4548 (toll free in Canada only) E-mail: gewonus@ap.caAP International OfceServing all countries outside the U.S. and Canada45 Columbus Avenue New York, NY 10023-6992 212 373-8738 E-mail: apintl@collegeboard.orgMiddle States Regional OfceServing Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland,New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin IslandsTwo Bala Plaza, Suite 900 Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004-1501 866 392-3019 E-mail: msro@collegeboard.orgMidwestern Regional OfceServing Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri,Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,West Virginia, and Wisconsin6111 N. River Road, Suite 550 Rosemont, IL 60018-5158 866 392-4086 E-mail: mro@collegeboard.orgNew England Regional OfceServing Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont470 Totten Pond Road Waltham, MA 02451-1982 866 392-4089 E-mail: nero@collegeboard.orgSouthern Regional OfceServing Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia3700 Crestwood Parkway NW, Suite 700 Duluth, GA 30096-7155 866 392-4088 E-mail: sro@collegeboard.orgSouthwestern Regional OfceServing Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas4330 South MoPac Expressway, Suite 200 Austin, TX 78735-6735 866 392-3017 E-mail: swro@collegeboard.orgWestern Regional OfceServing Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming2099 Gateway Place, Suite 550 San Jose, CA 95110-1051 866 392-4078 E-mail: wro@collegeboard.orgContact Us06-1282.AP.CrseDescCHEM.Cvr.indd4-5 4-5 4/19/06 12:06:29 PMi52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 4/11/06 RI58233Dear Colleagues:In 2005, more than 15,000 schools offered high school students the opportunity to take AP courses, and over 1.2 million students then took the challenging AP Exams. These students felt the power of learning come alive in the classroom, and many earned college credit and placement while still in high school. Behind these students were talented, hardworking teachers who are the heart and soul of the Advanced Placement Program.This AP Course Description summarizes the variety of approaches and curricula used in college courses corresponding to the AP course. Teachers have the exibility to develop their own syllabi and lesson plans, and to bring their individual creativity to the AP classroom. In fact, AP Exams are designed around this exibility and allow students whose courses vary signicantly equal opportunities to demonstrate college-level achievement. Finally, this curricular exibility is reected in the AP Course Audit, which identies elements considered by higher education as essential to a college-level course, providing a consistent standard for disparate AP classes across the world, while not setting forth a mandated AP curriculum.The College Board is committed to supporting the work of AP teachers. AP workshops and Summer Institutes, held around the globe, provide stimulating professional development for tens of thousands of teachers each year. The College Board Fellows stipends provide funds to support many teachers attendance at these Institutes. Teachers and administrators can also visit AP Central, the College Boards online home for AP professionals, at apcentral.collegeboard.com. Here, teachers have access to a growing set of resources, information, and tools, from textbook reviews and lesson plans to electronic discussion groups (EDGs) and the most up-to-date exam information. I invite all teachers, particularly those who are new to the AP Program, to take advantage of these resources.As we look to the future, the College Boards goal is to broaden access to AP classes while maintaining high academic standards. Reaching this goal will require a lot of hard work. We encourage you to connect students to college and opportunity not only by providing them with the challenges and rewards of rigorous academic programs like AP but also by preparing them in the years leading up to AP courses.Sincerely,Gaston CapertonPresidentThe College Board52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 4/11/06 RI58233Blank Page ii52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/20/06 RI58233iii 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).ContentsWelcome to the AP Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1AP Courses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1AP Exams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1AP Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Important Changes to This Course Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3The Course. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Time Allocations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Textbooks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Topic Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Chemical Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8The Exam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Calculators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Equation Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Sample Multiple-Choice Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Sample Free-Response Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Part A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Part B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Guide for the Recommended Laboratory Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Skills and Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Recommended Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Microscale Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39AP Program Essentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40The AP Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40AP Grades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Grade Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Why Colleges Grant Credit, Placement, or Both for AP Grades. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Guidelines on Setting Credit and Placement Policies for AP Grades. . . . . . . . . 41College and University AP Credit and Placement Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41AP Scholar Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42AP Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Exam Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Teacher Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43AP Central (apcentral.collegeboard.com) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Online Workshops and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Pre-AP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Pre-AP Professional Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4452434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/20/06 RI58233iv 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).AP Publications and Other Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45Free Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Priced Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Multimedia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Electronic Publications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48152434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 4/11/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Welcome to the AP ProgramThe Advanced Placement Program (AP) is a collaborative effort between motivated students; dedicated teachers; and committed high schools, colleges, and universities. Since its inception in 1955, the Program has enabled millions of students to take college-level courses and exams, and to earn college credit or placement, while still in high school. Most colleges and universities in the United States, as well as colleges and universities in more than 30 other countries, have an AP policy granting incoming students credit, placement, or both on the basis of their AP Exam grades. Many of these institutions grant up to a full year of college credit (sophomore standing) to students who earn a sufcient number of qualifying AP grades. Each year, an increasing number of parents, students, teachers, high schools, and colleges and universities turn to the AP Program as a model of educational excellence. More information about the AP Program is available at the back of this Course Description and at AP Central, the College Boards online home for AP professionals (apcentral.collegeboard.com). Students can nd more information at the AP student site (www.collegeboard.com/apstudents). AP CoursesThirty-eight AP courses in a wide variety of subject areas are available now or are under development. A committee of college faculty and master AP teachers designs each AP course to cover the information, skills, and assignments found in the corresponding college course. See page 2 for a complete list of AP courses and exams.AP ExamsEach AP course has a corresponding exam that participating schools worldwide administer in May (except for AP Studio Art, which is a portfolio assessment). AP Exams contain multiple-choice questions and a free-response section (either essay or problem solving). AP Exams are a culminating assessment in all AP courses and are thus an integral part of the Program. As a result, many schools foster the expectation that students who enroll in an AP course will take the corresponding AP Exam. Because the College Board is committed to providing access to AP Exams for homeschooled students and students whose schools do not offer AP courses, it does not require students to take an AP course prior to taking an AP Exam.252434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 4/11/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).AP Courses and ExamsArtArt HistoryStudio Art: 2-D DesignStudio Art: 3-D DesignStudio Art: DrawingBiologyCalculusCalculus ABCalculus BCChemistryChinese Language and Culture (First offered 2006-07)Computer ScienceComputer Science AComputer Science ABEconomicsMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsEnglishEnglish Language and CompositionEnglish Literature and CompositionEnvironmental ScienceFrenchFrench LanguageFrench LiteratureGerman LanguageGovernment and PoliticsComparative Government and PoliticsUnited States Government and PoliticsHistoryEuropean HistoryUnited States HistoryWorld HistoryHuman GeographyItalian Language and CultureJapanese Language and Culture (First offered 2006-07)LatinLatin LiteratureLatin: VergilMusic TheoryPhysicsPhysics BPhysics C: Electricity and MagnetismPhysics C: MechanicsPsychologyRussian Language and Culture (First offered: date to be determined)SpanishSpanish LanguageSpanish LiteratureStatistics352434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).AP ChemistryImportant Changes to This Course DescriptionChanges to the exam starting in May 2007, pages 89New sample free-response questions, pages 2028T H E C O U R S EThe AP Chemistry course is designed to be the equivalent of the general chemistry course usually taken during the rst college year. For some students, this course enables them to undertake, in their rst year, second-year work in the chemistry sequence at their institution or to register in courses in other elds where general chemistry is a prerequisite. For other students, the AP Chemistry course fullls the laboratory science requirement and frees time for other courses.AP Chemistry should meet the objectives of a good college general chemistry course. Students in such a course should attain a depth of understanding of fundamentals and a reasonable competence in dealing with chemical problems. The course should contribute to the development of the students abilities to think clearly and to express their ideas, orally and in writing, with clarity and logic. The college course in general chemistry differs qualitatively from the usual rst secondary school course in chemistry with respect to the kind of textbook used, the topics covered, the emphasis on chemical calculations and the mathematical formulation of principles, and the kind of laboratory work done by students. Quantitative differences appear in the number of topics treated, the time spent on the course by students, and the nature and the variety of experiments done in the laboratory. Secondary schools that wish to of fer an AP Chemistry course must be prepared to provide a laboratory experience equivalent to that of a typical college course.PrerequisitesThe AP Chemistry course is designed to be taken only after the successful completion of a rst course in high school chemistry. Surveys of students who take the AP Chemistry Exam indicate that the probability of achieving a grade of 3 or higher is signicantly greater for students who successfully complete a rst course in high school chemistry prior to undertaking the AP course. Thus it is strongly recommended that credit in a rst-year high school chemistry course be a prerequisite for enrollment in an AP Chemistry class. In addition, the recommended mathematics prerequisite for an AP Chemistry class is the successful completion of a second-year algebra course.The advanced work in chemistry should not displace any other part of the students science curriculum. It is highly desirable that a student have a course in secondary school physics and a four-year college-preparatory program in mathematics.52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI582334 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Time AllocationsDeveloping the requisite intellectual and laboratory skills required of anAP Chemistry student demands that adequate classroom and laboratory time be scheduled. Surveys of students taking the AP Chemistry Exam indicate thatperformance improved as both total instructional time and time devoted to laboratory work increased.At least six class periods or the equivalent per week should be scheduled for anAP Chemistry course. Of the total allocated time, a minimum of one double period per week or the equivalent, preferably in a single session, should be spent engaged in laboratory work. Time devoted to class and laboratory demonstrations should not be counted as part of the laboratory period. Students in an AP Chemistry course should spend at least ve hours a week in individual study outside of the classroom.TextbooksCurrent college textbooks are probably the best indicators of the level of thecollege general chemistry course that AP Chemistry is designed to represent. Acontemporary college chemistry text that stresses principles and concepts and their relation to the descriptive chemistry on which they are based should be selected. Even the more advanced secondary school texts cannot serve adequately as texts for an AP course that aims to achieve its objectives. A list of example textbooks appropriate for use in this course is available on the AP Chemistry Course Home Page at AP Central (apcentral.collegeboard.com/chemistry).The Teachers Resources section of AP Central (apcentral.collegeboard.com) has a searchable database of chemistry resources. Many of these resources have been reviewed and rated by experienced AP Chemistry teachers.Topic OutlineThe importance of the theoretical aspects of chemistry has brought about anincreasing emphasis on these aspects of the content of general chemistry courses. Topics such as the structure of matter, kinetic theory of gases, chemical equilibria, chemical kinetics, and the basic concepts of thermodynamics are now beingpresented in considerable depth.If the objectives of a college-level general chemistry course are to be achieved,instruction should be done by a teacher who has completed an undergraduate majorprogram in chemistry including at least a years work in physical chemistry. Teachers with such training are best able to present a course with adequate breadth and depth and to develop students abilities to use the fundamental facts of the science in their reasoning. Because of the nature of the AP course, the teacher needs time for extra preparation for both class and laboratory and should have a teaching load that is adjusted accordingly.Chemistry is broad enough to permit exibility in its teaching, and collegeteachers exercise considerable freedom in methods and arrangements of topics inthe effort to reach the objectives of their courses. The AP Chemistry Development Committee has no desire to impose greater uniformity on secondary schools than now exists in colleges.552434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).The following list of topics for an AP course is intended to be a guide to the level and breadth of treatment expected rather than to be a syllabus. The percentage after each major topic indicates the approximate proportion of multiple-choice questions on the exam that pertain to the topic.I. Structure of Matter (20%)A.Atomic theory and atomic structure1.Evidence for the atomic theory2.Atomic masses; determination by chemical and physical means3.Atomic number and mass number; isotopes4.Electron energy levels: atomic spectra, quantum numbers, atomic orbitals5.Periodic relationships including, for example, atomic radii, ionization energies, electron affinities, oxidation statesB.Chemical bonding1.Binding forcesa.Types: ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals (including London dispersion forces)b.Relationships to states, structure, and properties of matterc.Polarity of bonds, electronegativities2.Molecular modelsa.Lewis structuresb.Valence bond: hybridization of orbitals, resonance, sigma and pi bondsc.VSEPR3.Geometry of molecules and ions, structural isomerism of simple organicmolecules and coordination complexes; dipole moments of molecules; relation of properties to structureC.Nuclear chemistry: nuclear equations, half-lives, and radioactivity; chemicalapplicationsII. States of Matter (20%)A.Gases1.Laws of ideal gasesa.Equation of state for an ideal gasb.Partial pressures2.Kinetic molecular theorya.Interpretation of ideal gas laws on the basis of this theoryb.Avogadros hypothesis and the mole conceptc.Dependence of kinetic energy of molecules on temperatured.Deviations from ideal gas lawsB.Liquids and solids1.Liquids and solids from the kinetic-molecular viewpoint2.Phase diagrams of one-component systems3.Changes of state, including critical points and triple points4.Structure of solids; lattice energiesC.Solutions1.Types of solutions and factors affecting solubility2.Methods of expressing concentration (use of normalities is not tested)52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI582336 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).3.Raoults law and colligative properties (nonvolatile solutes); osmosis4.Nonideal behavior (qualitative aspects)III. Reactions (3540%)A.Reaction types1. Acid-base reactions; concepts of Arrhenius, Brnsted-Lowry, and Lewis;coordination complexes; amphoterism2.Precipitation reactions3.Oxidation-reduction reactionsa.Oxidation numberb.The role of the electron in oxidation-reductionc.Electrochemistry: electrolytic and galvanic cells; Faradays laws; standardhalf-cell potentials; Nernst equation; prediction of the direction of redoxreactionsB.Stoichiometry1.Ionic and molecular species present in chemical systems: net ionic equations2.Balancing of equations including those for redox reactions3. Mass and volume relations with emphasis on the mole concept, includingempirical formulas and limiting reactantsC.Equilibrium1.Concept of dynamic equilibrium, physical and chemical; Le Chateliers principle; equilibrium constants2.Quantitative treatmenta.Equilibrium constants for gaseous reactions: Kp, Kcb.Equilibrium constants for reactions in solution(1)Constants for acids and bases; pK; pH(2)Solubility product constants and their application to precipitation and the dissolution of slightly soluble compounds(3)Common ion effect; buffers; hydrolysisD.Kinetics1.Concept of rate of reaction2.Use of experimental data and graphical analysis to determine reactant order, rate constants, and reaction rate laws3.Effect of temperature change on rates4.Energy of activation; the role of catalysts5.The relationship between the rate-determining step and a mechanismE.Thermodynamics1.State functions2.First law: change in enthalpy; heat of formation; heat of reaction; Hesss law; heats of vaporization and fusion; calorimetry3.Second law: entropy; free energy of formation; free energy of reaction;dependence of change in free energy on enthalpy and entropy changes4.Relationship of change in free energy to equilibrium constants and electrode potentials752434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).IV. Descriptive Chemistry (1015%)Knowledge of specic facts of chemistry is essential for an understanding ofprinciples and concepts. These descriptive facts, including the chemistry involved in environmental and societal issues, should not be isolated from the principles being studied but should be taught throughout the course to illustrate and illuminate the principles. The following areas should be covered:1.Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions2.Relationships in the periodic table: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal with examples from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, and the first series of transition elements3. Introduction to organic chemistry: hydrocarbons and functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties)V. Laboratory (510%)The differences between college chemistry and the usual secondary schoolchemistry course are especially evident in the laboratory work. The AP Chemistry Exam includes some questions based on experiences and skills students acquire in the laboratory:making observations of chemical reactions and substancesrecording datacalculating and interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtainedcommunicating effectively the results of experimental workFor information on the requirements for an AP Chemistry laboratory program, the Guide for the Recommended Laboratory Program is included on pages 2939 of this book. The guide describes the general requirements for an AP Chemistry laboratoryprogram and contains a list of recommended experiments. Also included in the guide are resources that AP Chemistry teachers should nd helpful in developing asuccessful laboratory program.Colleges have reported that some AP students, while doing well on the exam,have been at a serious disadvantage because of inadequate laboratory experience. Meaningful laboratory work is important in fullling the requirements of a college-level course of a laboratory science and in preparing a student for sophomore-level chemistry courses in college.Because chemistry professors at some institutions ask to see a record of the laboratory work done by an AP student before making a decision about granting credit, placement, or both, in the chemistry program, students should keep a laboratory notebook that includes reports of their laboratory work in such a fashion that the reports can be readily reviewed.52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI582338 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Chemical CalculationsThe following list summarizes types of problems either explicitly or implicitly included in the preceding material. Attention should be given to signicant gures, precision of measured values, and the use of logarithmic and exponential relationships. Critical analysis of the reasonableness of results is to be encouraged.1.Percentage composition2.Empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data3.Molar masses from gas density, freezing-point, and boiling-point measurements4.Gas laws, including the ideal gas law, Daltons law, and Grahams law5.Stoichiometric relations using the concept of the mole; titration calculations6.Mole fractions; molar and molal solutions7.Faradays laws of electrolysis8.Equilibrium constants and their applications, including their use for simultaneous equilibria9.Standard electrode potentials and their use; Nernst equation 10.Thermodynamic and thermochemical calculations 11.Kinetics calculationsT H E E X A MStarting in May 2007, the AP Chemistry Exam will have a new format. The two main parts of the exam, Section I and Section II, will contribute equally (50 percent each) toward the nal grade. Section I (90 minutes) will still consist of 75 multiple-choice questions with broad coverage of topics. Teachers should not try to prepare students to answer every question in Section I of the exam. To be broad enough in scope to give every student who has coveredan adequate amount of material an opportunity to make a good showing, the exam must be so comprehensive that no student should be expected to make a perfector near-perfect score. There will be several changes in Section II of the exam starting in May 2007. The rst change is that students will no longer choose between alternative questions. All students will answer the same six free-response questions. A second change relates to Question 4 of the exam, in which students are asked to write chemical equations for ve reactions chosen from eight given sets of reactants. In the new Question 4 format, all students will write balanced chemical equations for several different sets ofreactants. In addition, students will answer a short question about each reaction.A third change in Section II relates to the timing of Part A (calculators permitted) and Part B (no calculators permitted). In Part A students will have 55 minutes to answer three problemsone problem involving chemical equilibrium and two other problems, one of which may involve quantitative analysis of data in a laboratory-based problem. In Part B students will have 40 minutes to answer a reactions question (Question 4, described above) and two essay questions, one of which will be based on laboratory in the case that no laboratory-based problem appears in Part A.952434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).CalculatorsThe policy regarding the use of calculators on the AP Chemistry Exam was developed to address the rapid expansion of the capabilities of scientic calculators, which include not only programming and graphing functions but also the availability of stored equations and other data. For the section of the exam in which calculators are permitted, students should be allowed to use the calculators to which they areaccustomed, except as noted below.* On the other hand, they should not have access to information in their calculators that is not available to other students, if thatinformation is needed to answer the questions.Therefore, calculators are not permitted on the multiple-choice section of the AP Chemistry Exam. The purpose of the multiple-choice section is to assess the breadth of students knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts of chemistry. The multiple-choice questions emphasize conceptual understanding as well as qualitative and simple quantitative applications of principles. Many chemical and physical principles and relationships are quantitative by nature and can be expressed as equations. Knowledge of the underlying basic denitions and principles, expressed as equations, is a part of the content of chemistry that should be learned by chemistry students and will continue to be assessed in the multiple-choice section. However, any numeric calculations that require use of these equations in the multiple-choice section will be limited to simple arithmetic so that they can be done quickly, either mentally or with paper and pencil. Also, in some questions the answer choices differ by several orders of magnitude so that the questions can be answered by estimation. Refer to sample questions on pages 1416 (#6, 8, 11, 12, 16, and 17), which can be answered using simple arithmetic or by estimation. Students should be encouraged to develop their skills not only in estimating answers but also in recognizing answers that are physically unreasonable or unlikely.Calculators (with the exceptions previously noted) will be allowed only during the rst 55 minutes (Part A) of the free-response section of the exam. During this time, students will work on three problems. Any programmable or graphing calculator may be used, and students will NOT be required to erase their calculator memories before or after the exam. Students will not be allowed to move on to the last portion of the free-response section until time is called and all calculators are put away. For the last 40 minutes (Part B) of the exam, students will work withoutcalculators on the remaining portion of the free-response section.Equation TablesTables containing equations commonly used in chemistry are printed both in thefree-response (Section II) exam booklet and in the inserts provided with each exam for students to use when taking the free-response section. The equation tables are NOT permitted for use with the multiple-choice section. In general, the equations for each * Exceptions to calculator use. Calculators that are not permitted are PowerBooks and portable/handheld computers; electronic writing pads or pen-input/stylus-driven devices (e.g., Palm, PDAs, Casio ClassPad 300); pocket organizers; models with QWERTY (i.e., typewriter) keypads (e.g., TI-92 Plus, Voyage 200); models with paper tapes; models that make noise or talk; models that require an electrical outlet; cell phone calculators. Students may not share calculators.52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823310 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).years exam are printed and distributed with the Course Description at least a year in advance so that students can become accustomed to using them throughout the year. However, because the equation tables will be provided with the exam, students will NOT be allowed to bring their own copies to the exam room. The latest version of the equation tables is shown on pages 1112 of this booklet.One of the purposes of providing the tables of commonly used equations for use with the free-response section is to address the issue of equity for those students who do not have access to equations stored in their calculators. The availability of these equations to all students means that in the scoring of the free-response sections, little or no credit will be awarded for simply writing down equations or for answersunsupported by explanations or logical development.The equations in the tables express relationships that are encountered mostfrequently in an AP Chemistry course and exam. However, they do not include all equations that might possibly be used. For example, they do not include manyequations that can be derived by combining others in the tables. Nor do they include equations that are simply special cases of any that are in the tables. Students are responsible for understanding the physical principles that underlie each equation and for knowing the conditions for which each equation is applicable.The equations are grouped in tables according to major content category. Within each table, the symbols used for the variables in that table are dened. However, in some cases the same symbol is used to represent different quantities in different tables. It should be noted that there is no uniform convention among textbooks for the symbols used in writing equations. The equation tables follow many commonconventions, but in some cases consistency was sacriced for the sake of clarity.In summary, the purpose of minimizing numerical calculations in both sections of the exam and providing equations with the free-response section is to place greater emphasis on the understanding and application of fundamental chemical principles and concepts. For solving problems and writing essays, a sophisticated programmable or graphing calculator, or the availability of stored equations, is no substitute for a thorough grasp of the chemistry involved.1152434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).-1- ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS Ev nmp energy velocityfrequency principal quantum numberwavelength massmomentumulSpeed of light, 3.0 10 m sPlancks constant, 6.63 10 J sBoltzmanns constant, 1.38 10 J KAvogadros number6.022 10 molElectron charge, 1.602 10 coulomb1 electron volt per atom 96.5 kJ mo8 13423 123 1191lchke Equilibrium Constants(weak acid)(weak base)(water)(gas pressure)(molar concentrations)KKKKKabwpcSHGETnmqcCEkApastandard entropystandard enthalpystandard free energystandard reduction potentialtemperaturemolesmassheatspecific heat capacitymolar heat capacity at constant pressureactivation energy= rate constant= frequency factorFaraday's constant, coulombs per mole of electronsGas constant,J mol K L atm mol K volt coulomb mol K 96 5008 310 08218 311 11 11 1,...RATOMIC STRUCTURE E hv c vp mEnn lluu =hm2 178 10182.jouleEQUILIBRIUM KKKabb===+ + + + += = = == += += += === [ ] [ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ][ ] [ ] .log [ ], log [ ]log[ ][ ]log[ ][ ]log , log( ) ,H AHAOH HBBOH H @ 25 CpH HpOH OHpH pOHpH pAHApOH pHBBppwheremoles product gas moles reactant gasKKKKK K K KK K RTnwaaba a b bp cn1 0 101414 DDTHERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS DD D DD D DD D DD D DDDDS S SH H HG G GG H T SRT K RT Kn EG G RT Q G RT Qq mc TCHTf ff fp products reactantsproducts reactantsproducts reactantsln . logln . log2 3032 303ln ln A AA Attktkt 001 1ln ln kER TAa1e j52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823312 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).-2- GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS 1 1 2 21 21 22 1222,( )moles Awheretotal moles...K C 2733 31 per molecule23 per mole2molarity, moles soluu MMMMA total A Atotal A B CrmsP PPV nRTnaP V nb nRTVX XP P P PmnPV PVT TmDVkT RTumKE mKE RTrrM te per liter solutionmolalitymoles solute per kilogram solventmolalitymolalityDDp f fb bT iKT iKiMRTA abcOXIDATION-REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY Q a b c dIqtE ERTnQ EnQKnEc d [ ] [ ][ ] [ ]ln.log @log.,C DA BwhereA B C DCcell cell cella b 0 0592250 0592PVTnDmpressurevolumetemperaturenumber of molesdensitymassvelocity uuKEriKKQIqtEKrmsfbAabcroot-mean-square speedkinetic energyrate of effusionmolar massosmotic pressurevan't Hoff factormolal freezing-point depression constantmolal boiling-point elevation constantreaction quotientcurrent (amperes)charge (coulombs)time (seconds)standard reduction potentialequilibrium constantabsorbancemolar absorptivitypath lengthconcentrationMpGas constant,J mol K L atm mol K volt coulomb mol KBoltzmann' s constant, J Kfor H OK kg molfor H OK kg molSTP C and atmFaraday' s constant, coulombs per mole of electronsatm mm HgtorrRkKKfb 8 310 08218 31138 101860 5120 000 1 00096 5001 11 11 123 121211 760760....... .,1352434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Sample Multiple-Choice QuestionsThe following multiple-choice questions provide a representative subset of those used in previous AP Chemistry Exams. There are two types of multiple-choice questions. The rst type consists of ve lettered headings followed by a list of numbered phrases. For each numbered phrase, the student is instructed to select the one heading thatis most closely related to it. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or notat all in each group.Questions 1-3 refer to atoms of the following elements.(A)Lithium(B)Carbon(C)Nitrogen(D)Oxygen(E)Fluorine1.In the ground state, have only 1 electron in each of the three p orbitals2.Have the smallest atomic radius3.Have the smallest value for first ionization energyThe majority of the multiple-choice questions consist of questions or incompletestatements followed by ve suggested answers or completions. The student is instructed to select the one that is best in each case.4.Which of the following species is NOT planar?(A)CO32 (B)NO3(C)ClF3(D)BF3(E)PCl35.The hybridization of the carbon atoms in the molecule represented above can be described as(A)sp(B)sp2(C)sp3(D)dsp2(E)d2spH HH HH HC C52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823314Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).6.The half-life of 55Cr is about 2.0 hours. The delivery of a sample of this isotope from the reactor to a certain laboratory requires 12 hours. About what mass of such material should be shipped in order that 1.0 mg of 55Cr is delivered to the laboratory?(A)130 mg(B)64 mg(C)32 mg(D)11 mg(E)1.0 mg7.At constant temperature, the behavior of a sample of a real gas more closely approximates that of an ideal gas as its volume is increased because the(A)collisions with the walls of the container become less frequent(B)average molecular speed decreases(C)molecules have expanded(D)average distance between molecules becomes greater(E)average molecular kinetic energy decreases8.A sealed vessel contains 0.200 mol of oxygen gas, 0.100 mol of nitrogen gas, and 0.200 mol of argon gas. The total pressure of the gas mixture is 5.00 atm. The partial pressure of the argon is(A)0.200 atm(B)0.500 atm(C)1.00 atm(D)2.00 atm(E)5.00 atm9.Which of the following accounts for the fact that liquid CO2 is not observed when a piece of solid CO2 (dry ice) is placed on a lab bench?(A)The phase diagram for CO2 has no triple point.(B)The normal boiling point of CO2 is lower than its normal freezing point.(C)CO2(s) is a molecular solid.(D)The critical pressure for CO2 is approximately 1 atm.(E)The triple point for CO2 is above 1 atm. 10.If G for a certain reaction has a negative value at 298 K, which of the following must be true?I.The reaction is exothermic. II.The reaction occurs spontaneously at 298 K. III.The rate of the reaction is fast at 298 K.(A)I only(B)II only(C)I and II only(D)II and III only(E)I, II, and III1552434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) 11.A mixture of gases containing 0.20 mol of SO2 and 0.20 mol of O2 in a 4.0 L flask reacts to form SO3. If the temperature is 25C, what is the pressure in the flask after reaction is complete?(A) 0.4(0.082)(298)4 atm(B) 0.3(0.082)(298)4 atm(C)0.2(0.082)(298)4 atm(D)0.2(0.082)(25)4 atm(E) 0.3(0.082)(25)4 atm 12.A solution prepared by mixing 10 mL of 1 M HCl and 10 mL of 1.2 M NaOH hasa pH of(A)0(B)1(C)7(D)13(E)14 13. All of the following reactions can be defined as Lewis acid-base reactions EXCEPT(A)Al(OH)3(s) + OH(aq) Al(OH)4(aq)(B)Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HOCl(aq) + H+(aq) + Cl(aq)(C)SnCl4(s) + 2 Cl(aq) SnCl62(aq)(D)NH4+(g) + NH2(g) 2 NH3(g)(E)H+(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4+(aq) 14.Which of the following represents a process in which a species is reduced?(A)Ca(s) Ca2+(aq)(B)Hg(l) Hg22+(aq)(C)Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq)(D)NO3(aq) NO(g)(E)SO32(aq) SO42(aq)Cd2+(aq) + 2 e Cd(s)E = 0.41 VCu+(aq) + e Cu(s)E = +0.52 VAg+(aq) + e Ag(s)E = +0.80 V 15.Based on the standard electrode potentials given above, which of the following is the strongest reducing agent?(A)Cd(s)(B)Cd2+(aq)(C)Cu(s)(D)Ag(s)(E)Ag+(aq)52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823316Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents). 16.A sample of CaCO3 (molar mass 100. g) was reported as being 30. percent Ca. Assuming no calcium was present in any impurities, the percent of CaCO3 in the sample is(A)30%(B)40%(C)70%(D)75%(E)100%2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2(g) 17.According to the reaction represented above, about how many grams of aluminum (atomic mass 27 g) are necessary to produce 0.50 mol of hydrogen gas at 25C and 1.00 atm?(A)1.0 g(B)9.0 g(C)14 g(D)27 g(E)56 gCr2O72(aq) + HNO2(aq) + H+(aq) Cr3+(aq) + NO3(aq) + H2O(l) 18.When the equation for the redox reaction represented above is balanced and all coefficients are reduced to lowest whole-number terms, the coefficient for H2O(l) is(A)3(B)4(C)5(D)6(E)8 19.Which of the following equations represents the net reaction that occurs when gaseous hydrofluoric acid reacts with solid silicon dioxide?(A)2 H+(aq) + 2 F(aq) + SiO2(s) SiOF2(s) + H2O(l)(B)4 F(aq) + SiO2(s) SiF4(g) + 2 O2(aq)(C)4 HF(g) + SiO2(s) SiF4(g) + 2 H2O(l)(D)4 HF(g) + SiO2(s) Si(s) + 2 F2(g)+ 2 H2O(l)(E)2 H2F(g) + Si2O2(s) 2 SiF(g) + 2 H2O(l) 20.The ionization constant for acetic acid is 1.8 105; that for hydrocyanic acid is4 1010. In 0.1 M solutions of sodium acetate and sodium cyanide, it is true that(A)[H+] equals [OH] in each solution(B)[H+] exceeds [OH] in each solution(C)[H+] of the sodium acetate solution is less than that of the sodium cyanide solution(D)[OH] of the sodium acetate solution is less than that of the sodium cyanide solution(E)[OH] for the two solutions is the same1752434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).HCl > HC2H3O2 > HCN > H2O > NH3 21. Five acids are listed above in the order of decreasing acid strength. Which of the following reactions must have an equilibrium constant with a value less than 1?(A)HCl(aq) + CN(aq) HCN(aq) + Cl(aq)(B)HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + Cl(aq)(C)HC2H3O2(aq) + OH (aq) C2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)(D)H2O(aq) + NH2(aq) NH3(aq) + OH(aq)(E)HCN(aq) + C2H3O2(aq) HC2H3O2(aq) + CN(aq)Initial [X]Initial [Y]Initial Rate of Formulation of Z Experiment(mol L1)(mol L1)(mol L1 min1)10.100.304.0 10420.200.601.6 10330.200.304.0 104 22.The data in the table above were obtained for the reaction X + Y Z. Which of the following is the rate law for the reaction?(A)Rate = k[X]2(B)Rate = k[Y]2(C)Rate = k[X][Y](D)Rate = k[X]2[Y](E)Rate = k[X][Y]2A X 23.The enthalpy change for the reaction represented above is HT. This reaction can be broken down into a series of steps as shown in the diagram:A relationship that must exist among the various enthalpy changes is(A)HT H1 H2 H3 = 0(B)HT + H1 + H2 + H3 = 0(C)H3 (H1 + H2) = HT(D)H2 (H3 + H1) = HT(E)HT + H2 = H1 + H3 24.What formula would be expected for a binary compound of barium and nitrogen?(A)Ba3N2(B)Ba2N3(C)Ba2N(D)BaN2(E)BaNA XB CH2HTH3H152434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823318Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents). 25.All of the following statements about the nitrogen family of elements are true EXCEPT:(A)It contains both metals and nonmetals.(B)The electronic configuration of the valence shell of the atom is ns2np3.(C)The only oxidation states exhibited by members of this family are 3, 0, +3, +5.(D)The atomic radii increase with increasing atomic number.(E)The boiling points increase with increasing atomic number.26.Of the following organic compounds, which is LEAST soluble in water at 298 K?(A)CH3OH, methanol(B)CH3CH2CH2OH, l-propanol(C)C6H14, hexane(D)C6H12O6, glucose(E)CH3COOH, ethanoic (acetic) acid 27.Which of the following salts forms a basic solution when dissolved in water?(A)NaCl(B)(NH4)2SO4(C)CuSO4(D)K2CO3(E)NH4NO3 28.The molecular mass of a substance can be determined by measuring which of the following?I.Osmotic pressure of a solution of the substance II.Freezing point depression of a solution of the substance III.Density of the gas (vapor) phase of the substance(A)I only(B)III only(C)I and II only(D)II and III only(E)I, II, and III1952434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).1 C 2 E 3 A 4 E 5 C 6 B7 D 8 D 9 E 10 B 11 B 12 D 13 B 14 D 15 A 16 D 17 B 18 B 19 C 20 D 21 E 22 B 23 A 24 A 25 C 26 C 27 D 28 E 29 D 29.The table below summarizes the reactions of a certain unknown solution when treated with bases.ResultsLimited Amount SampleReagentof ReagentExcess Reagent INaOH (aq)White precipitatePrecipitate dissolves IINH3(aq)White precipitateWhite precipitateWhich of the following metallic ions could be present in the unknown solution?(A)Ca2+ (aq) (B)Zn2+ (aq) (C)Ni2+ (aq) (D)Al3+ (aq) (E)Ag+ (aq) Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823320Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Sample Free-Response QuestionsIMPORTANTPlease note that starting in May 2007, Section II of the AP Chemistry Exam will have a DIFFERENT FORMAT than that of the May 2005 exam, which appears below. However, with the exception of Question 4, the questions in the 2005 exam are representative of the content and level of depth of the questions that will appear on the May 2007 exam.For Section II of the exam, students are provided with a periodic table, a table ofstandard reduction potentials, and a table containing various equations and constants. Additional free-response questions (and scoring guidelines) are available at AP Central.Part ATime40 minutesYOU MAY USE YOUR CALCULATOR FOR PART A.CLEARLY SHOW THE METHOD USED AND THE STEPS INVOLVED IN ARRIVING AT YOUR ANSWERS. It is to your advantage to do this, since you may obtain partial credit if you do and you will receive little or no credit if you do not. Attention should be paid to signicant gures.Be sure to write all your answers to the questions on the lined pages following each question in the booklet with the pink cover. Do NOT write your answers on thegreen insert.Answer Question 1 below. The Section II score weighting for this question is20 percent.HC3H5O2(aq) C3H5O2(aq)+H+(aq)Ka=1.34 1051.Propanoic acid, HC3H5O2 , ionizes in water according to the equation above.(a)Write the equilibrium-constant expression for the reaction.(b)Calculate the pH of a 0.265 M solution of propanoic acid.(c)A 0.496 g sample of sodium propanoate, NaC3H5O2 , is added to a 50.0 mL sample of a 0.265 M solution of propanoic acid. Assuming that no change in the volume of the solution occurs, calculate each of the following. (i)The concentration of the propanoate ion, C3H5O2(aq), in the solution (ii)The concentration of the H+(aq) ion in the solutionThe methanoate ion, HCO2(aq), reacts with water to form methanoic acid and hydroxide ion, as shown in the following equation.HCO2(aq)+H2O(l) HCO2H(aq)+OH(aq)(d)Given that [OH] is 4.18 106 M in a 0.309 M solution of sodium methanoate, calculate each of the following. (i)The value of Kb for the methanoate ion, HCO2(aq) (ii)The value of Ka for methanoic acid, HCO2H(e)Which acid is stronger, propanoic acid or methanoic acid? Justify your answer.2152434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Answer EITHER Question 2 below OR Question 3 printed on pages 22-23. Only one of these two questions will be scored. If you start both questions, be sure to cross out the question you do not want scored. The Section II score weighting for the question you choose is 20 percent.2.Answer the following questions about a pure compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.(a)A 0.7549 g sample of the compound burns in O2(g) to produce 1.9061 g ofCO2(g) and 0.3370 g of H2O(g). (i)Calculate the individual masses of C, H, and O in the 0.7549 g sample. (ii)Determine the empirical formula for the compound.(b)A 0.5246 g sample of the compound was dissolved in 10.0012 g of lauric acid, and it was determined that the freezing point of the lauric acid was lowered by 1.68C. The value ofKfof lauric acid is 3.90C m1. Assume that the compound does not dissociate in lauric acid. (i)Calculate the molality of the compound dissolved in the lauric acid. (ii)Calculate the molar mass of the compound from the information provided.(c)Without doing any calculations, explain how to determine the molecularformula of the compound based on the answers to parts (a)(ii) and (b)(ii).(d)Further tests indicate that a 0.10 M aqueous solution of the compound has a pH of 2.6. Identify the organic functional group that accounts for this pH.52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823322Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).3.Answer the following questions related to the kinetics of chemical reactions.I(aq)+ClO(aq) IO(aq)+Cl(aq)Iodide ion, I, is oxidized to hypoiodite ion, IO, by hypochlorite, ClO, in basic solution according to the equation above. Three initial-rate experiments were conducted; the results are shown in the following table.(a)Determine the order of the reaction with respect to each reactant listed below. Show your work. (i)I(aq) (ii)ClO(aq)(b)For the reaction, (i)write the rate law that is consistent with the calculations in part (a); (ii)calculate the value of the specific rate constant, k, and specify units.The catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq), is represented by thefollowing equation.2 H2O2(aq) 2 H2O(l)+O2(g) catalyst2352434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).The kinetics of the decomposition reaction were studied and the analysis of the results show that it is a first-order reaction. Some of the experimental data are shown in the table below.(c)During the analysis of the data, the graph below was produced.(i)Label the vertical axis of the graph. (ii) What are the units of the rate constant, k, for the decompositionofH2O2(aq)? (iii) On the graph, draw the line that represents the plot of the uncatalyzedfirst-order decomposition of 1.00 M H2O2(aq).52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823324Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents). Part BTime50 minutesNO CALCULATORS MAY BE USED FOR PART B.Answer Question 4 below. The Section II score weighting for this question is15 percent.4.Write the formulas to show the reactants and the products for any FIVE of the laboratory situations described below. Answers to more than five choices will not be graded. In all cases, a reaction occurs. Assume that solutions are aqueous unless otherwise indicated. Represent substances in solution as ions if the substances are extensively ionized. Omit formulas for any ions or molecules that are unchanged by the reaction. You need not balance the equations.Example:A strip of magnesium is added to a solution of silver nitrate. (a)A strip of zinc is placed in a solution of nickel(II) nitrate.(b)Solid aluminum hydroxide is added to a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide.(c)Ethyne (acetylene) is burned in air.(d)Solid calcium carbonate is added to a solution of ethanoic (acetic) acid.(e)Lithium metal is strongly heated in nitrogen gas.(f)Boron trifluoride gas is added to ammonia gas.(g)Sulfur trioxide gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium hydroxide.(h)Equal volumes of 0.1 M solutions of lead(II) nitrate and magnesium iodide are combined.2552434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Your responses to the rest of the questions in this part of the exam will be scored on the basis of the accuracy and relevance of the information cited. Explanationsshould be clear and well organized. Examples and equations may be included inyour responses where appropriate. Specic answers are preferable to broad,diffuse responses.Answer BOTH Question 5 below AND Question 6 printed on page 26. Both ofthese questions will be scored. The Section II score weighting for these questions is30 percent (15 percent each).5. Answer the following questions that relate to laboratory observations andprocedures.(a)An unknown gas is one of three possible gases: nitrogen, hydrogen, or oxygen. For each of the three possibilities, describe the result expected when the gas is tested using a glowing splint (a wooden stick with one end that has been ignited and extinguished, but still contains hot, glowing, partially burned wood).(b)The following three mixtures have been prepared: CaO plus water, SiO2 plus water, and CO2 plus water. For each mixture, predict whether the pH is less than 7, equal to 7, or greater than 7. Justify your answers.(c)Each of three beakers contains a 0.1 M solution of one of the following solutes: potassium chloride, silver nitrate, or sodium sulfide. The three beakers are labeled randomly as solution 1, solution 2, and solution 3. Shown below is a partially completed table of observations made of the results of combining small amounts of different pairs of the solutions.(i)Write the chemical formula of the black precipitate. (ii)Describe the expected results of mixing solution 1 with solution 3. (iii)Identify each of the solutions 1, 2, and 3.Solution 1Solution 2Solution 3 Solution 1black precipitate Solution 2no reaction Solution 3 52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823326Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).6. Answer the following questions that relate to chemical bonding.(a)In the boxes provided, draw the complete Lewis structure (electron-dot diagram) for each of the three molecules represented below.(b)On the basis of the Lewis structures drawn above, answer the following questions about the particular molecule indicated.(i)What is theFCFbond angle inCF4 ? (ii)What is the hybridization of the valence orbitals ofPinPF5 ?(iii)What is the geometric shape formed by the atoms in SF4 ?(c)Two Lewis structures can be drawn for the OPF3 molecule, as shown below.PStructure 1OPStructure 2OF F FF FF (i)How many sigma bonds and how many pi bonds are in structure 1 ? (ii) Which one of the two structures best represents a molecule of OPF3? Justify your answer in terms of formal charge.CF4PF5SF4 2752434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).Answer EITHER Question 7 below OR Question 8 printed on page 28. Only one of these two questions will be scored. If you start both questions, be sure to cross out the question you do not want scored. The Section II score weighting for the question you choose is15 percent.7. Use principles of atomic structure, bonding, and/or intermolecular forces to respond to each of the following. Your responses must include specific information about all substances referred to in each question.(a)At a pressure of 1 atm, the boiling point of NH3(l) is 240 K, whereas the boiling point of NF3(l) is 144 K. (i)Identify the intermolecular force(s) in each substance.(ii)Account for the difference in the boiling points of the substances.(b)The melting point of KCl(s) is 776C, whereas the melting point of NaCl(s) is 801C. (i)Identify the type of bonding in each substance.(ii)Account for the difference in the melting points of the substances.(c)As shown in the table below, the first ionization energies of Si, P, and Cl show a trend.ElementFirst Ionization Energy (kJ mol1)Si 786P 1,012 Cl 1,251 (i)For each of the three elements, identify the quantum level (e.g., n = 1,n = 2, etc.) of the valence electrons in the atom. (ii)Explain the reasons for the trend in first ionization energies.(d)A certain element has two stable isotopes. The mass of one of the isotopes is 62.93 amu and the mass of the other isotope is 64.93 amu. (i)Identify the element. Justify your answer. (ii)Which isotope is more abundant? Justify your answer.52434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI5823328Sample Questions for Chemistry 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) and www.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).AgNO3(s)Ag+(aq)+NO3-(aq)8.The dissolving of AgNO3(s) in pure water is represented by the equation above.(a)Is G for the dissolving of AgNO3(s) positive, negative, or zero? Justify your answer.(b)Is S for the dissolving of AgNO3(s) positive, negative, or zero? Justify your answer.(c)The solubility of AgNO3(s) increases with increasing temperature. (i)What is the sign of H for the dissolving process? Justify your answer. (ii)Is the answer you gave in part (a) consistent with your answers to parts(b) and (c) (i) ? Explain.The compound NaI dissolves in pure water according to the equationNaI(s) Na+(aq)+I-(aq). Some of the information in the table of standard reduction potentials given below may be useful in answering the questions that follow.Half-reactionE (V) O2(g)+4 H++4 e2 H2O(l) 1.23I2(s)+2 e2 I0.532 H2O(l)+2 eH2(g)+2 OH0.83Na++eNa(s) 2.71(d)An electric current is applied to a 1.0 M NaI solution.(i)Write the balanced oxidation half-reaction for the reaction that takes place. (ii)Write the balanced reduction half-reaction for the reaction that takes place. (iii) Which reaction takes place at the anode, the oxidation reaction or the reduction reaction? (iv) All electrolysis reactions have the same sign for G. Is the sign positive or negative? Justify your answer.2952434 00356 AP Chemistry Course Description 2007-08 Indd.cs mac Century Old Style Std Bold/Italic/Regular, Helvetica Medium, Serifa Std 65 Bold/75 Black, ITC Century Bold/Bold Italic/Book/Book Italic, Mathematical Pi 1, Symbol M Draft01 1.30.06 MEK Draft01 1.31.06 Draft01 revs 2.6.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.7.06 MEK Draft01 revs 2.9.06 MEK Draft01revs 2.10.06 MEK PDF 2.10.06 MEK Draft 02 3/2/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/7/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/8/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/9/06 RI58233 Draft 02 revs 3/29/06 RI58233 Draft 03 3/31/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/3/06 RI58233 Draft 03rev 4/11/06 RI58233 Draft 04 4/13/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/20/06 RI58233 Draft 04revs 4/21/06 RI58233 Draft 06 5/15/06 RI58233 2006 The College Board. All rights reserved. Visit apcentral.collegeboard.com (for AP professionals) andwww.collegeboard.com/apstudents (for students and parents).G U I D E F O R T H E R E C O M M E N D E DL A B O R A T O R Y P R O G R A MThe authors of this laboratory guide are the following former members of the AP Chemistry Development Committee.Peter Demmin, Amherst Central High School, New YorkPaula Herron, Whitney M. Young Magnet School, Chicago, IllinoisGeorge Miller, University of California, IrvineJerry Mullins, Plano Senior High School, TexasArden Zipp, State University College at Cortland, New YorkThe College Board gratefully acknowledges their contribution.IntroductionTo qualify for accreditation by the American Chemical Society, college chemistry departments typically schedule a weekly laboratory period of three hours. Therefore, it is critical that laboratory work be an important part of an AP Chemistry course so that the course is comparable to a college general chemistry course. Analysis of data from AP Chemistry examinees regarding the length of time they spent per week in the laboratory shows that increased laboratory time is correlated with higher AP grades. The AP Chemistry Development Committee has produced this guide to help teachers and administrators understand the role that laboratory work should play in every AP Chemistry course. This information supplements the guidance provided by the topic outline, which should also be consulted for the most up-to-date information on expectations.This document does not attempt to provide detailed instructions for experiments,as committee members believe that these are readily available in a number ofstandard laboratory manuals. Furthermore, it is important that the AP Chemistrylaboratory program be adapted to local conditions, even while it aims to offer thestudents a well-rounded experience with experimental chemistry.Models showing how several instructors in widely different circumstances havetackled the problems inherent in establishing a high-quality program in AP Chemistry, including laboratory work, are described in considerable detail in the AP Chemistry Teachers Guide, published by the College Board (go to AP Central or see pages 4647 for ordering information).General RequirementsThe school faculty and administration must make an appropriate commitment forsuccessful implementation of an AP Chemistry course that is designed to be the equivalent of the rst-year college course in laboratory chemistry. There are anumber of facets to this commitment that must be present for a quality program, including facilities, teacher preparation and training, scheduling, and supplies. A brief review of these items is included in this section. Teachers and administrators must work together to achieve these goals.52434 00356 AP Che