ap biology wed. 9/5/12 agenda start chp.4&5 with chp.4 notes macromolecules...
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AP Biology
Wed. 9/5/12 Agenda
Start Chp.4&5 with Chp.4 Notes Macromolecules Synthesis/Degradation
Video Clip Start Biomolecules group poster
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AP Biology
Chapter 4.
The Chemistry of Carbon
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AP Biology
Why study Carbon? All living things are made of cells Cells
~72% H2O ~3% salts (Na, Cl, K…) ~25% carbon (organic) compounds
carbohydrateslipidsproteins nucleic acids
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AP Biology
Could organic compounds have been synthesized abiotically on the early Earth?
Stanley Miller’s Experiment: (1953) Simulated what was thought to be
environmental conditions on the lifeless, primordial Earth. Used electrical charges (simulated lightning) to trigger reactions in the primitive “atmosphere” of H2O, H2, NH3 (ammonia), and CH4 (methane) – some of the gases re;eased by volcanoes
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AP Biology
Conclusion: Organic compounds may have been
synthesized abiotically on the early Earth, setting the stage for the origin of life
Results: a variety of organic compounds that play key roles in living cells were synthesized in Miller’s apparatus
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AP Biology
Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of
carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks
bonding properties 4 stable covalent bonds
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AP Biology
Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys
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AP Biology
Hydrocarbons Simplest C molecules = hydrocarbons
combinations of C & H Simplest HC molecule = methane
1 carbon bound to 4 H atoms non-polar not soluble in H2O hydrophobic stable very little attraction between molecules a gas at room temperature
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AP Biology
Hydrocarbons can grow adding C-C bonds
straight line ethane hexane
branching isohexane
ring cyclohexane
ethane
hexane
cyclohexaneisohexane
methane
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AP Biology
Diversity of organic molecules
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AP Biology 2003-2004
Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula
but different structures different chemical properties
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AP Biology
Structural isomers Molecules differ in structural
arrangement of atoms
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AP Biology
Geometric isomers Molecules differ in arrangement around
C=C double bond same covalent partnerships
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AP Biology
Enantiomers Molecules which are mirror images of
each other C bonded to 4 different atoms or groups
asymmetric left-handed & right-handed versions
“L” versions are biologically active
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AP Biology
Form affects function Structural differences create important
functional significance amino acid alanine
L-alanine used in proteins but not D-alanine
medicines L-version active but not D-version
sometimes withtragic results…
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AP Biology 2003-2004
Form affects function Thalidomide
prescribed to pregnant women in 50’s & 60’s
reduced morning sickness, but… stereoisomer caused severe birth defects
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AP Biology
Diversity of molecules
Substitute other atoms or groups around the C ethane vs. ethanol
H replaced by a hydroxyl group (–OH) nonpolar vs. polar gas vs. liquid biological effects!
ethanolethane
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AP Biology
Functional Groups
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AP Biology
Functional groups Components of organic molecules that
are involved in chemical reactions give organic molecules distinctive
properties ex: male & female hormones…
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AP Biology
Viva la difference! Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identical identical C skeleton attachment of different functional groups interact with different targets in the body
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AP Biology
Types of functional groups 6 functional groups most important to
chemistry of life: hydroxyl amino carbonyl sulfhydryl carboxyl phosphate
Affect reactivity hydrophilic increase solubility in water
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AP Biology
Hydroxyl (Go to Activity #4) –OH
organic compounds with OH = alcohols names typically end in -ol
ethanol
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AP Biology
Carbonyl C=O
O double bonded to C if C=O at end molecule = aldelhyde if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
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AP Biology
Carboxyl –COOH
C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group compounds with COOH = acids
fatty acidsamino acids
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AP Biology
Amino -NH2
N attached to 2 H compounds with NH2 = amines
amino acids
NH2 acts as base
ammonia picks up H+ from solution
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AP Biology
Sulfhydryl –SH
S bonded to H compounds with SH = thiols SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins
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AP Biology
Phosphate –PO4
P bound to 4 O connects to C through an O PO4 are anions with 2 negative charges function of PO4 is to transfer energy
between organic molecules (ATP)
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AP Biology
Why study Functional Groups? These are the building blocks for
biological molecules
…and that comes next!
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AP Biology
Polymers: made of monomers
A. Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis):
• Joins monomers to make polymers
• One monomer provides a hydroxyl group while the other provides a hydrogen to form a water molecule
B. Hydrolysis:• Digests (breaks down)
polymers• bonds between monomers
are broken by adding water
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Any Questions??
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AP Biology
Thursday 9/6/12 Agenda
Finish Biomolecules group posters Present Posters HW – Organic Compounds Concept
Map
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AP Biology
Friday, 9/7/12 Agenda
Biomolecule Match-Up HW – Enzyme Reading (Chp.8) Lab next week – make sure your safety
contract is turned in