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AP Biology Name __________________________ Guided Reading Chapter 26

1. Define the following

a. Protobionts - b. Ribozymes - c. Radiometric Dating - d. Half-life - e. Magnetic Reversals – just listen f. Geologic Record - g. Stromatolites - h. Serial Endosymbiosis - k. Pangea - l. Three Domain System -

2. How old is the Earth? 3. Use the diagram below describe and explain Urey and Miller’s 1953 experiment.

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4. Where were the first organic compounds on Earth probably formed? 5. Explain why RNA developed before DNA 6. What did the atmosphere of early Earth primarily consist of? 7. Use the following diagram to help explain serial endosymbiosis. Page 549

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8. List the periods in which there were mass extinctions, and if possible explain why they occurred for each extinction 9. During which period are we currently living? 10. How did early prokaryotes evolve and change early Earth? 11. Name several traits of the first prokaryotes.

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12. When did the first prokaryotes exist on Earth? 13. Contrast the five kingdom system with the three domain system. 14. Mitochondria and plastids likely formed in eukaryotes in what way? 15. How, and by whom, was the first concept of taxonomy set-up?

AP Biology Name __________________________ Guided Reading Chapter 25 This chapter can be a bit difficult as we are extending and learning new ways to view classification. There are those who see the future of taxonomy abandoning the kingdom – phylum – class, etc. system altogether. This chapter introduces classifications with a greater understanding of molecular biology. A study help is in learning the vocabulary at the inception of the unit.

1. Define the following terms: a. Phylogeny

b. Systematics

c. Molecular systematics

d. Taxonomy

e. Binomial nomenclature

f. Phylogenetic trees

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g. Cladogram

h. Clade

i. Cladistics

j. Shared primitive character

k. Shared derived character

2. Use the following blank diagram to compare and explain monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic – include the definition of each term in your diagram

3. What is the relationship between the ingroup and the outgroup in classification?

4. Look up the term parsimony in the dictionary and write its definition here:

5. How is this applied to understanding evolution – what is the principle of maximum parsimony and the principle of maximum likelihood?

6. What is the concept of a molecular clock and how is it useful?

7. What domains have been agreed upon?

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Chapter 18 – Genetics of Virus and Bacteria

- Virus Structure

o Not a cell

o Consists of:

o Genome

o Capsid →

Subunit = _____________________ (protein)

o Envelopes →

Not all have this

Some have proteins and glycoproteins from virus

o Bacteriophage →

o Label the diagrams below

o

- Viral Reproduction

o Reproduces in _________ cell

o Obligate ________________ _____________________

o Host range →

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Lock and key:

o Viruses attack specific tissues

o Virus reprograms host cell to …

o Lytic cycle →

__________________ phages

Defense against these viruses = ______________________

________________ → cut up foreign DNA

HOWEVER, natural selection = mutants resistant to enzymes

Label the following diagram

o Lysogenic cycle →

_____________________ phage

Prophage →

Gets copied during replication

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What is an example of the interaction between a prophage and a

bacterium?

When viral genome exits bacterial chromosome it is free in the cell →

lytic cycle

“exit” can be caused by ______________

Label the diagram below

- RNA Viruses

o Diverse!

o Class IV →

o Class V →

1. Class VI → RETROVIRUS

o What are retroviruses and how do they use reverse transcriptase?

Complicated

Reverse transcriptase →

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Ex.

See pg. 336

- Cause/ Prevention of Viral Disease

o Some viruses can damage/ kill cells = enzymes (lyse)

o Cause infected cell to produce _______________

o Vaccines

Definition →

Edward Jenner→

o Hard to cure viral infections once they occur (antibiotic = bacterial only)

AZT→

- Emergent Viruses

o Due to 3 things:

1.

2.

3.

o Emergent viruses are not usually “new”; just evolving and spreading from old

ones

- Infectious Agents smaller than viruses:

o Viroids →

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Infects _________________

Can’t encode proteins, but disrupts metabolism of plant → stunts growth

o Prions →

Ex.

Label the diagram

- Virus Evolution

o Evolved after 1st cells

o Evolved from …

- BACTERIA

o Bacterial Structure/ Adaptation

Binary fission →

o Genetic Recombination:

Creates _____________________ within a bacterial colony

3 ways to bring together DNA from 2 individuals –

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1. Transformation →

o

o

o Bacterial cells may have special surface proteins to take in

DNA

o Griffith Experiment

2. Transduction →

3. Conjugation → Define

o

o Plasmids

Separate from chromosomes

1. What are the three most common shapes of prokaryotes? Define, Draw and label them

2. How does a cell wall help a prokaryote survive? (three ways)

3. Define the following terms:

a. Peptidoglycan

b. Gram stain

c. Gram-positive

d. Gram-negative

Bacteria Chapter 27

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e. Capsule

f. Pili

4. Explain the movement of prokaryotes. (Be sure to include taxis)

5. Describe the process of the creation of an endospore and why this helps the prokaryote.

6. Discuss a few ways in which prokaryotes adapt to their environment.

7. Explain in detail the different modes of nutrition in a prokaryote. Be sure to include energy

sources, carbon sources, and an example of the organism that uses this mode.

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8. Compare and contrast the three metabolic relationships to oxygen.

9. How does nitrogen fixation help prokaryotes become mostly self-sufficient?

10. Compare and contrast the three domains, bacteria, archaea and eukarya.

11. Define the following terms

a. Extremophiles

b. Extreme thermophiles

c. Extreme haplophiles

d. Methanogens

e. decomposers

12. Describe, all symbiotic relationships.

13. Compare and contrast exotoxins and endotoxins.

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14. Explain bioremediation and how it helps nature by using prokaryotes.