AP BIOLOGYFirst Semester

Biochemistry

Water

• Chemical structure

• Importance of

Bonds

• Covalent

• Ionic

• Hydrogen

• Hydrophobic interactions

Carbon Chemistry

• Importance of Carbon

• Chemical reactions with carbon– Synthesis– Cleavage (Hydrolysis)– Oxidation– Reduction– Isomerization

Carbohydrates

• Basic structure

• Importance of

Lipids

• Basic structure

• Importance of

Nucleic Acids

• Basic structure

• Importance of

Proteins

• Basic structure

• Importance of

Enzymes

• How they function

• How they are regulated

• Enzyme Catalysis Lab

Cell Membranes

Main Parts

• Nucleus

• Membrane Organelles– ER– Golgi– Mitochondria– Chloroplast

• Ribosomes

• Cytoskeleton

Membrane

• Important Structures

Movement across the Membrane

• Diffusion and Osmosis Lab

• Active Transport

• Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Cell communication

• Types of primary messengers:– Hormones (lipid or peptide/amides)– Neurotransmitters (peptides/amides)

• Secondary messengers (propagate a message inside the cell)

• Signal transduction– G-linked– Kinase– Ion transport

Cellular Energetics

Oxidation and Reduction

• Reducing Agents

• Oxidizing Agents

Photosynthesis

• Overall reaction

• Light Reaction

• Dark Reaction

• Lab

Cell Respiration

• Overall reaction

• Glycolysis and Fermentation

• Krebs Cycle

• Respiratory Chain

• Lab

Heredity

Chromosomes

• Structure

• Gene

• Allele

• Diploid

• Haploid

Mitosis

• Stages

• Importance of

• Lab

Meiosis

• Stages

• Importance of– Crossing over– Nondisjunction

Basic Heredity

• Mendelian Gene (1 Gene 1 Chromosome)

• Law of Segregation

• Single Factor– AA X aa (P)– Aa x Aa (F1)

Basic Heredity, con’d

• Incomplete Dominance

• Codominance (Blood Type)

Basic Heredity, con’d

• Double Factor Cross– AABB x aabb (P)– AaBb x AaBb (F1)

• Independent Assortment

Modern Heredity

• Sex Linked (XX, XY)

• Linked Genes (2+ Genes 1 Chromosome)

• Recombination Frequency / Chromosome Mapping

Molecular Genetics

DNA Replication

• Semiconservative

• Basic Steps

• DNA Polymerase

RNA

• mRNA

• tRNA

• rRNA

Protein Synthesis

• Transcription

• Translation

DNA Technology

• Restriction Enzymes

• DNA Fingerprint Lab

• Gene cloning using plasmids

• Transformation Lab