ap biology discussion notes wednesday 11/12/2014
TRANSCRIPT
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AP Biology Discussion Notes
Wednesday 11/12/2014
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Goals for the Chapter1. Learn about the Theory of Evolution and
evidence that is used to support this theory
2. Understand the development of this theory in the context of a historical timeline
3. Develop critical thinking skills that help us examine evidence for ALL theories.
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Question of the Day• Draw the phylogeny that relates all living
things
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• What other “intermediate forms” exist
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Giant Salamander & Lungfish
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Investigating the Tree of Life
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Figure 26.1
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Investigating the Tree of Life
• Legless lizards have evolved independently in several different groups
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• Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
• The discipline of systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships
• Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer evolutionary relationships
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Figure 26.2a
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Figure 26.2
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Hierarchical Classification
• Linnaeus introduced a system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories
• The taxonomic groups from broad to narrow are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
• A taxonomic unit at any level of hierarchy is called a taxon
• The broader taxa are not comparable between lineages
– For example, an order of snails has less genetic diversity than an order of mammals
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Figure 26.3
Species:Panthera pardus
Genus:Panthera
Family:Felidae
Order:Carnivora
Class:Mammalia
Phylum:Chordata
Domain:Bacteria
Kingdom:Animalia Domain:
ArchaeaDomain:Eukarya
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Linking Classification and Phylogeny
• Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees
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Figure 26.4 Order Family
Pantherapardus(leopard)
Genus Species
Canislatrans(coyote)
Taxideataxus(Americanbadger)
Lutra lutra(Europeanotter)
Canislupus(gray wolf)
Felid
ae
Carn
ivora
Pan
thera
Taxid
ea
Mu
stelidae
Lu
tra
Can
idae
Can
is
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• Linnaean classification and phylogeny can differ from each other
• Systematists have proposed the PhyloCode, which recognizes only groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants
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• A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
• Each branch point represents the divergence of two species
• Sister taxa are groups that share an immediate common ancestor
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• A rooted tree includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree
• A basal taxon diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group
• A polytomy is a branch from which more than two groups emerge
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Figure 26.5
Branch point:where lineages diverge
ANCESTRALLINEAGE
This branch pointrepresents thecommon ancestor oftaxa A–G.
This branch point forms apolytomy: an unresolvedpattern of divergence.
Sistertaxa
Basaltaxon
Taxon A
Taxon B
Taxon C
Taxon D
Taxon E
Taxon F
Taxon G
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What We Can and Cannot Learn from Phylogenetic Trees• Phylogenetic trees show patterns of descent, not
phenotypic similarity
• Phylogenetic trees do not indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage
• It should not be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it
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Origin of Species
• Two Main Ideas– Descent with Modification– Natural Selection
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Evidence for EvolutionThe Tree of Life
• Is this theory saying that everything can be traced back to one common ancestor?
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What drives that diversification (change/evolution)?
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Applying Phylogenies
• Phylogeny provides important information about similar characteristics in closely related species
• A phylogeny was used to identify the species of whale from which “whale meat” originated
• Whaling Regulations
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Minke (Southern Hemisphere)
Unknowns #1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Minke (North Atlantic)
Humpback (North Atlantic)
Humpback (North Pacific)
Gray
Blue
Unknowns #10, 11, 12
Unknown #13
Unknown #1b
Unknown #9
Fin (Mediterranean)
Fin (Iceland)
RESULTSFigure 26.6
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Reading Assignment
• Chapter 26– 26.1– 26.2– 26.3
• 26.4 &26.5 – Not responsible for but might find interesting
– 26.6
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Species of the Day – 11/12
Spider Plant- Chlorophytum
• Compare roots to roots on our paper whites.
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