ap bio ecology review chap 51-55
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AP BIO Ecology Review Chap 51-55. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html. List the 6 levels of organization that ecologists study from smallest to largest. Organisms →. Populations →. Ecosystems →. Communities →. BIOSPHERE . Biomes →. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AP BIO Ecology Review
Chap 51-55
http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html
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List the 6 levels of organization that ecologists study from smallest to largest
Organisms → Populations →
Communities → Ecosystems →
Biomes → BIOSPHERE
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All the organisms that live in a placePLUS their non-living environment
ecosystem
Another name for autotrophs
producers
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The portion of the Earth in which all life exists
biosphere
Make a food chain out of the following:
herbivore omnivore autotroph
autotroph → herbivore → omnivore
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WHICH ORGANISMS are responsible for removing nitrogen from and returning nitrogen to the atmosphere?
BACTERIA in soil
The process of taking nitrogen from the atmosphere and changing it into a form plants can use is called ______________________
The process of converting soil nitrogen back into atmospheric form is called _______________________
NITROGEN FIXATION
DENITRIFICATION
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Energy moves through ecosystemsin ______________
food chains/webs biogeochemical cycles
Food chains
Which of these is a decomposer?
↑ Fungi and SOME bacteria are decomposers
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Organism that eats both plants andmeat omnivore
Process in which water from plant leaves evaporates into the atmosphere
transpiration
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How does the way matter flows through an ecosystem differ from the way that energy flows?
Energy is passed in one-way direction through the biotic (living organisms) in an ecosystem.
Matter cycles within and between biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem.
Which biogeochemical cycle does NOT involve a stage where the chemical enters the atmosphere? phosphorus
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Denitrification changes________________ into ______________Nitrates in soil nitrogen gas
Nutrient which is scare or cycles slowlythat controls population growth
Limiting nutrient
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Give an example of a decomposer
Bacteria or fungi
Which group of organisms is alwaysfound in the first trophic level of every food chain or web?
Autotrophs or producers
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Primary consumers are eaten by__________________Secondary consumers
Camouflage is called ____________ colorationcryptic
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Why is only about 10% of the energy in an organism transferred in a food chain?
Some is used by organism for life processes such as movement, transport, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and rest is lost as HEAT
Give an example of an ABIOTIC factorClimate, temperature, precipitation, wind, soil type, water availability, sunlight
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Who is it? Heterotroph that obtains energy by
eating only plants ___________________
Heterotroph that eats both plants andanimals _____________________
Heterotroph that breaks down organicmatter (Ex: Fungi & bacteria) __________________
Heterotroph that feed on dead plants and animal remains (EX:Crabs & worms) ___________________
Heterotroph that eats only meat ___________________
DECOMPOSER
HERBIVORE
OMNIVORE
DETRITIVORE
CARNIVORE
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Primary producers are eaten by________________Primary consumers
Which of these is an herbivore?
↑ Zebras are herbivores
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How is a symbiosis DIFFERENT from cooperation?
Cooperation is between organisms of same species;Symbiosis is between different species of organisms that live in close association with another
Tell two ways water returns to the atmosphere in the water cycle.
Evaporation and transpiration
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An organism that eats both meat and plants omnivore
Name a limiting factor that could cause a population to decrease
Competition- for food, shelter, territoryPredationDisease/ParasitismDrought/climate changeHuman disturbance
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PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY
________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________
COMMUNITYORGANISM POPULATION
ECOSYSTEM BIOME BIOSPHERE
ORGANISM ECOSYSTEM POPULATION
COMMUNITY BIOSPHERE BIOME
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The portion of the Earth in which all life exists
biosphere
Organism that captures and eats another
predator
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What is the difference between aBIOTIC and ABIOTIC factor?Biotic factors are living;Abiotic factors are the non-living
parts of an ecosystem
Which organisms are responsible fornitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle?
Bacteria in soil
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BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
This diagram shows a ____________
Which of the organisms above is:a primary producer ? ___________
How many trophic levels are shown?
food chain
algae
5
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Symbiotic relationship in whichboth organisms benefit from their closeassociation
mutualism
An “organism’s job” that includes what it eats, what eats it, where in the habitat it lives, how it acts, and when & how it reproduces?
niche
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Tell one way chemosynthesis is different from photosynthsis.
Photosynthesis ChemosynthesisRequires light Happens without lightGets energy from Gets energy from sunlight chemical bonds
In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixing bacteria living on the roots of plants turn nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into _________.ammonia
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Tell one way chemosynthesis and photosynthesis are ALIKE.
Both: Ways organisms get energy Use energy to make carbohydrates Happen in autotrophs
Matter moves through ecosystems in________________.
biogeochemical cycles food chains/webs
Biogeochemical cycles
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A group of individuals that belong to thesame species that live together in an area
population
Another name for heterotrophs
consumers
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Organisms that are able to take in energy from their environment and make their own carbohydrates are called ___________________________autotrophs
Which of these is a carnivore?
↑ Lions are carnivores
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Group of different populations that live together in an area
community
All the living things an ecosystem that an organism might interact with
Biotic factors
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Which of the organisms above is:a secondary consumer? BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
Small fish
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Principle that states no two organisms can share the same niche at the same time in the same place
Animals that display bright warning colorslike yellow and black stripes on wasps are examples of _____________ colorationaposematic
Competitive exclusion principle
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How is a detritivore different from a decomposer?
Detritivores EAT dead organisms;Decomposers break them down and absorb their nutrients
Name one of the biogeochemical cycles you learned aboutCarbon, nitrogen, Water (hydrogen & oxygen); phosphorus
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Which of the organisms above is:a tertiary consumer? _____________
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
squid
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Which of the following is TRUE?Burning fossil fuels is depleting our ozone layer
Burning fossil fuels causes acid rain.
Burning fossil fuels is the major cause of global warming.
Conserving electricity, using renewable energy sources (like biofuels , solar, and wind), riding a bike, recycling
waste, making products more energy efficient are all waysto help the global warming problem
TRUE
FALSE: Burning fossil fuels causes many environmental problems… but the ozone hole is caused by CFC’s
TRUE
TRUE
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Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
species
An organism that is captured and eaten by another
prey
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Symbiotic relationship in which oneorganism benefits but the other isneither harmed nor helped
commensalism
The scientific study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment
ecology
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Any necessity for life such as water, food, light, or space
resource
Relationship in which organismsattempt to use the same resource at the same time and place
competition
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_____________ mimicry is when aharmless species displays similarcoloration as a harmful one.
Batesian
Each step in a food chain or web
trophic level
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Which of the organisms above is: a quaternary consumer? __________
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
shark
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The maximum population size anenvironment can support is called
Carrying capacity
?
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_____________ mimicry is when atwo unpalatable/dangerous species look alike, like bees and wasps orMonarch and Viceroy butterflies
Müllerian
parasitism
A tick sucking a dog’s blood is an example of which kind of symbiosis?
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Tell something living things use nitrogen for.Making proteins
(amino part of amino acids)Making nucleic acids (nitrogen bases)Part of ATP molecule (nitrogen base)
How is movement of matter in an ecosystem different than the movement of energy?
Energy flows one direction through food chains; matter recycles continuously in biogeochemical cycles
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Groups of different species that live together in an area make up a
__________________community
Which of these is an omnivore?
↑ Most humans are omnivores
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Cycle which includes an underground reservoir in the form of fossil fuels
Carbon cycle
Another name for the water cycle
Hydrologic cycle
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Process in which green plants useenergy from sunlight to producecarbohydrates
photosynthesis
Another name for a living thingorganism
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Tell the group of organisms that all the cycles have in common which keeps matter cycling between living (organic) and nonliving (inorganic) parts of the ecosystem.
decomposers
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Organism such as mites, snail,earthworms, or crabs that eat deadplants or animals
detritivore
_________ bacteria in soil turnammonia into nitrates Nitrifying
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Keystone
Process seen in lakes by which nutrients (especially phosphorus & nitrogen) become highly concentrated in body of water causing increased growth of organisms such as algae which block sunlight and kill off organisms below eutrofication
_____________ species are not necessarily abundant, yet exert a strong control on community structure
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The concentration of a toxin at higher and higher concentrations as it passes up a food chain is called
Ammonifying
Biological magnification
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A _____________ species is the one that is most abundant or has the most biomass in the community
dominant
___________ bacteria in soil turnorganic material in soil into ammonia
Ammonifying
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An organism that eats ONLY meat
carnivore
Tell how a detritovore is different froma decomposer.
Both get nutrients from dead organisms; detritivores eat dead stuff; decomposersAbsorb energy from dead stuff, but DON’T actually EAT it.
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Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits by living on or inside another which is harmed
parasitism
Principle that states no 2 organisms can occupy the same niche in the samehabitat at the same time.
Competitive exclusion principle
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Which level is it? Group of individuals that belong to the same
species and live in the same area. ___________________
Group of ecosystems that have the same climateand communities _____________________
Organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring __________________
Populations that live together in an area ____________________
Portion of the planet in which all life exists ___________________
Collection of all the organisms that live in an area together with their physical environment ___________________
SPECIES
POPULATION
BIOME
COMMUNITY
BIOSPHERE
ECOSYSTEM
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Organisms that can make their own foodusing energy from sunlight or chemicalbonds in inorganic compounds
autotrophs or producers
All the non-living things such as climate, temperature, weather, soil type, or sunlight in an ecosystem that impact an organism
Abiotic factors
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Another name for the water cycle
Hydrologic cycle
Cycle in which photosynthesis and cellular respiration participate
Carbon cycle
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Organism that can’t make its own food and get energy from consuming other organisms
heterotrophs or consumers
Any relationship in which two specieslive closely together
symbiosis
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Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another.
predation
Network of complex interactions linking all the food chains in an ecosystem food web
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Organism that eats only plants
herbivore
Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matterare passed from part of the biosphere to another Biogeochemical cycle
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Organism that eats only meatcarnivore
Process in which liquid water changes into a gas
evaporation
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Click here , scroll down, and complete the food web matching activity
Although almost 80% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas, most living things don’t have the enzymes necessary to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Tell how we get the nitrogen we need to make proteins and DNA if we can’t get it from breathing.
From food we eat
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Process that is part of the carbon cyclein which sunlight is used to changeatmospheric carbon into biomoleculesused for energy by living things
photosynthesisCycle in which transpiration,evaporation, and condensation playa role
Water/hydrologic cycle
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Cycle in which volcanic activity and burning fossil fuels plays a role
Carbon cycle
Cycle which is dependent on bacteria for nitrogen fixation and denitrification
Nitrogen cycle
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Which type of organism is always on the first trophic level of every food chain
A producer
The process in which organisms use chemical energy stored IN THE CHEMICAL BONDS OF INORGANIC MOLECULES to make their own food in the absence of light is called _____________________ chemosynthesis
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Process in which the break down of sugars inliving things returns carbon to theatmosphere as CO2 during the carbon cycle
Cellular respiration
What causes Dead zones? Runoff of fertilizer/animal waste into water (Ex: Gulf of Mexico)
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Tell 2 human activities by which carboncan enter the atmosphere as CO2 during
the carbon cycleCellular respiration, burning fossil fuels
Tell one way carbon leaves the atmosphere during the carbon cycle.
PhotosynthesisCO2 gas dissolves in water;
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Name 2 NON-human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere or oceans during the carbon cycle.
Volcanic activityDecomposition of dead organismsDeposition as fossil fuelsErosion
Tell one way bacteria help with biogeochemical cycles.
Nitrogen fixation & denitrification (nitrogen cycle)Decomposers break down dead organisms (carbon cycle)
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Tell something humans do to return nitrogen to the soil for the nitrogen cycle.
Add fertilizers; waste treatment plantsDeath and decomposition
Name the 4 biogeochemical cycles you learned about.
Carbon, hydrologic (water); nitrogen; phosphorus
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What caused the depletion of protective ozone layer in atmosphere?
Use of CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons)in spray cans, air conditioners, fireextinguishers
What has been done about it?Montreal Protocol banned used of CFC’s
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taxis
A change in direction in movement toward or away from a stimulus is called _____________
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What benefit does the ozone layer in theatmosphere provide?
Protection from ultra violet light
Which international agreement intendedto help with global warming was signed byall industrialized countries except the US?
Kyoto Accord
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What are some of the consequences ofexposure to ultra violet light?
Increases skin cancercataractswrinklesdecreased crop production
Which international agreement intended to help with ozone depletion wassigned by the United States?
Montreal protocol
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Learning at a specific critical time that is involved in forming social attachments which has both learning & innate components
imprinting
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A species (usually introduced by humans) that takes hold outside its native range which has few natural predators/diseases to control its numbers and out competes native species
Invasive species
Give some examples of the above
Rabbits in Australialeafy spurge & zebra mussels in US
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A ____________________ is a sequence of behaviors that are essentially unchangeable and usually conducted to completion once started
Fixed action pattern
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An ________ behavior is inherited or developmentally fixed
innate
A male stickleback fish that exhibitsaggressive behavior when it sees any object with a red underside is an exampleof a ____________________Fixed action pattern
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_________ behaviors develop during animal’s lifetime and are modified by experience
Learned
The releaser that triggers a fixed action pattern is called a _____________________ sign stimulus
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What is the % oxygen saturation of a sample with 5 mg/L of oxygen at 5° ?
_______55%
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A change in the rate of movement in response to a stimulus is called _____________kinesis
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chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals
_________________ is the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystempheromones
Primary productivity
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Tell some of the physical factors that influence the amount of oxygen dissolved in water
Temperature: ↓ temp = ↑ DOphotosynthetic activity: ↑ photosynthesis = ↑ DODecomposition activity: ↑ decay/microbes=↓DOMixing (waves, waterfalls, rapids) ↑ = ↑ DOSalinity (more salty = ↑ salts = ↓DO
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This diagram used to determinedissolved oxygenis called a
____________
NomographOR nomogram
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What is the % oxygen saturation of a sample with 7 mg/L of oxygen at 25° ?
_______65%
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Fill in the blanks with the following:RespirationGross productivityNet productivity
___________ = __________ + _________
Net Gross Respirationproductivity productivty
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In which aquatic environment would you expect dissolved oxygen to be the highest?• A clear old mountain lake• A bog where the water is shallow and warm
with a mat of aquatic plants• A marine tidepool• A cold mountain stream dropping over a series of small rock falls• A coral reef
→
Moving water has greater dissolved oxygen
From Holtzclaw and Holtzclaw Study guide