aortic root surgery - livemedia.gr · 2019-11-08 · 1 the evolution of surgery of the aortic root...
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The evolution of surgery of the Aortic Root From Bentall to valve-sparing procedures
Dimitrios Avgerinos, MD, PhD, FACS, FACC
Assistant Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
New York Presbyterian, Weill Cornell Medicine
2nd Athens Cardio-Vascular & Thoracic Symposium
Athens, Nov 7-9, 2019
https://ctsurgery.weillcornell.org
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No relevant disclosures
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Aortic Root Anatomy
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Aortic Root Anatomy
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Aortic Root Anatomy
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Aortic Root Anatomy
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Aortic Root Anatomy
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Aortic Root Imaging - Echo
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Aortic Root Imaging – CT angio
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Indications for surgery in root pathology
• Aneurysm
• Presence of dissection
• Endocarditis with root abscess
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Indications for surgery in root aneurysm
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1. Bicuspid Aortic
Valve
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Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV)
• Two functional aortic valve leaflets with two
complete commissures
• Not simply a fusion of two normal cusps
• Incidence: 2-3% of the population, with some
familial clustering
• Associated with coarctation, interrupted aortic
arch, Turner s.
• 3 criteria
o Unequally sized cusps (Larger leaflet is the
"conjoined" leaflet)
o Presence of a central ridge – raphe
o Smooth cusp margins - Excludes tricuspid
valves which fused due to inflammatory
processes (eg, rheumatic fever)
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BAV Physiology
• Normally functioning bicuspid valve
• Abnormal folding and creasing
• Restricted motion
• Turbulent flow
• Prolonged stress leads to valve damage
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BAV Pathology
• Aortic Stenosis
• Aortic Insufficiency
• Bacterial Endocarditis
• Aortic root aneurysm and Dissection
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BAV Pathology
• Aortic Stenosis
o Poorly functioning valves may have
incomplete systolic opening
o Responsible for 80-95 % of aortic
valve disease detected in infancy
• May cause rapid deterioration
• Progression over years is more
common
• Bicuspid valve may be prone to
accelerated aging
• Sclerosis begins in the second decade
of life
• Estimated that 50% of adults with
severe AS have bicuspid valves
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BAV Pathology
• Aortic Insufficiency
o Isolated AI
─ Prolapse of redundant larger cusp
o AI with aortic root dilatation
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BAV Pathology
• Aortic aneurysm and dissection
o Approximately 5% of patients
o Abnormal response to
hemodynamic stress
─ Cystic medial necrosis
similar to Marfan’s
─ Dysfunctional
microfibrillar proteins,
endothelial nitric oxide
synthetase, etc.
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BAV Management
• Surveillance echocardiography
• BP and HR control (ACC/AHA guidelines)
o β-blockers
o ACE inhibitors
• Early surgical referral
o AV repair or replacement if no root aneurysm
o Aortic root replacement if >45-50mm
o TAVR (clinical trial in the US)
• First-degree relative screening
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BAV Surgery – Valve sparing
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BAV Surgery – Valve sparing
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2. Connective Tissue
Disorders
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Connective Tissue Disorders
• Marfan
o Autosomal dominant
o Mutations in fibrillin 1 gene (FBN1)
• Loeys-Dietz
o Autosomal dominant
o Mutations of the transforming GF b-receptor genes (TGFbR1/2)
• Ehlers-Danlos
o Mutations of the COL5A genes
↓
AORTIC ROOT ANEURYSM
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Marfan Syndrome
• Autosomal dominant
• Mutations in fibrillin 1 gene (FBN1)
• Clinical diagnosis (Ghent criteria)
o Aortic Root Dilatation Z-score ≥ 2 AND
Ectopia Lentis
o Aortic Root Dilatation Z-score ≥ 2 AND
FBN1
o Ectopia lentis AND FBN1 with known Aortic
Root Dilatation
o Ectopia lentis AND Family History of Marfan
o Aortic Root Dilatation Z-score ≥ 2 + Family
History of Marfan
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Marfan Syndrome
• Long arms, legs and fingers
• Tall and thin body type
• Scoliosis
• Ectopia lentis
• Pectus excavatum or carinatum
• Flexible joints
• Flat feet
• Crowded teeth
• Stretch marks on the skin that are not related to weight gain or
loss
• Aortic root aneurysm
• MR
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Marfan Syndrome – Aortic root
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Loeys-Dietz syndrome
• Autosomal dominant
• Mutations of the transforming GF b-
receptor genes (TGFbR1/2)
• Clinical signs
o Widely-spaced eyes (hypertelorism)
o White of the eye looks blue or gray
o Wide or split uvula
o Cleft palate
o Instability or malformation of the
spine in the neck
o Aortic aneurysm or dissection
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Mutations of the COL5A genes
• Clinical signs
o Joint hypermobility affecting both large (elbows, knees) and small (fingers, toes) joints
o Frequent joint dislocations and subluxations
o Soft, smooth skin that may be slightly elastic and bruises easily
o Chronic musculoskeletal pain
o Early-onset osteoarthritis and Osteoporosis
o GI issues: dysmotility, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, constipation, or hiatal hernia
o mitral valve prolapse or aortic root dilatation
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3. Aortic Dissection
(Stanford Type A)
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Type A Dissection
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Surgical principles in Type A dissection
• General
o Excision of the intimal tear
o Ascending aorta replacement
o Aortic valve re-suspension
o Hemi-arch or total arch
reconstruction (if necessary)
o Treatment of aortic root
pathology (if necessary)
• Aortic root surgery
o Aortic valve and root
replacement
o Valve-sparing aortic root
replacement
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Surgical principles in Type A dissection
• Criteria for aortic root surgery
o Aortic root aneurysm >4.5cm
o Extensive tissue destruction
o Connective tissue disease
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Aortic Root repair
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Aortic Root repair
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Aortic Root replacement
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Types of Surgery of
the Aortic Root
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Bentall Procedure (the original)
• Hugh Bentall 1968
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Bentall Procedure (the original)
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Cabrol Procedure
• Cabrol 1978
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Bentall Procedure (modified)
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AVR conduit with tissue valve
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Aortic Root Valve-sparing operations
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Aortic Root Valve-sparing operations
• Criteria
o Young pt
o Acceptable surgical risk
o Good coaptation of valve leaflets
o No concomitant procedures
o Connective tissue (Marfan, etc)
o Dissection?
o BAV only in experienced hands
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Dacron Graft with Sinuses
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Valve-sparing (re-implantation - David)
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David procedure
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Valve-sparing (re-implantation - David)
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Valve-sparing (remodeling) - Yacoub
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Valve-sparing (remodeling) - Yacoub
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Left coronary button re-implantation
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Objective
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Methods
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Conclusions
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Which valve to chose?
Mechanical Tissue Valve-sparing
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