“the role of the drug court judge” - justice speakers international · 2018-09-16 · defense...

www.Jus&ceSpeakersIns&tute.com

“TheRoleoftheDrugCourtJudge”

Hon.PeggyFultonHoraJudgeoftheSuperiorCourtofCalifornia(Ret.)

BrisbaneMagistratesConference31March2017


Resource

•  Downloadapdfversionat:hMp://www.ndci.org/publica&ons/more-publica&ons/-drug-court-judicial-benchbook


JudgeRichardPosner

“Myanalysisandthestudiesuponwhichitbuildsfindthatjudgesarenotmoralor

intellectualgiants(alas),prophets,oracles,mouthpiecesorcalcula&ngmachines.Theyareall-too-humanworkers,respondingtothecondi&onsofthelabormarketinwhichtheywork.”


DrugCourtJudicialSkills

•  Taketwominutesandwritedownwhatyouthinkarethejudicialskillsthatadrugcourtjudgemustdeveloporenhance.


5DrugCourtJudicialSkills

•  Leadership•  Communica&on•  Educator•  CommunityCollaborator•  Ins&tu&onBuilder



•  Leadership(CoreCompetencies#1,2)•  Communica&on•  Educator•  CommunityCollaborator•  Ins&tu&onBuilder


CoreCompetency#1

CoreCompetency1.Par&cipatesfullyasadrugcourtteammember,commiYnghim-orherselftotheprogram,missionandgoals,andworksasafullpartnertoensuretheirsuccess.


Recipeforfailure

Ajudgewhois:LackadaisicalIndifferentBoredwiththeassignmentThinksthisis“socialwork”AbandonsjudicialroleHos&le


Leadership

•  Theroleofaleaderistoempowerothers,helpothersfixproblemsandserveothers.

Brady&Woodward(2007)

•  Astheleaderoftheteam,thejudgeisfullycommiMedtotheprogram,itsmissionandgoals.


Leadership,cont.

•  Holdteam-buildingmee&ngsandfocusonprogramstructurewiththeteam

•  Expectallteammemberstopar&cipateinstaffing.

www.Jus&ceSpeakersIns&tute.comNote1:Differenceissignificantatp<.10

Drug Courts Where a Treatment Representative Attends Court Hearings had

100% reductions in recidivism

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Treatment attends court hearings

N=57

Treatment does NOT attend court hearings

N=10

38%

19%

Perc

ent r

educ

tion

in re

arre

sts

www.Jus&ceSpeakersIns&tute.comNote 1: Difference is significant at p<.05

Drug Courts Where the Defense Attorney Attends Drug Court Team Meetings (Staffings) had

a 93% Increase in Cost Savings

0%

10%

20%

30%

Defense attorney attends staffings

N=59

Defense Attorney does NOT attend staffings

N=11

29%

15%

Perc

ent I

ncre

ase

in C

ost S

avin

gs

www.Jus&ceSpeakersIns&tute.comNote: Difference is significant at p<.05

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Prosecutor attends staffings

N=5

Prosecutor does NOT attend staffings

N=5

38%

14%

Perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in c

ost s

avin

gs

Drug Courts Where the Prosecutor Attends Staffings had


www.Jus&ceSpeakersIns&tute.comNote 1: Difference is significant at p<.05

Drug Courts where Law Enforcement is a member of the drug court team had


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Law enforcement is on team N=20

Law enforcement is NOT on team

N=29

45%

24%

Perc

ent r

educ

tion

in re

cidi

vism


Note 1: Difference is significant at p<.05

Note 2: “Team Members” = Judge, Both Attorneys, Treatment Provider, Coordinator, Probation

Drug Courts where all team members attended staffings had 50% greater reductions in recidivism

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

All team members attend staffings

N=31

All team does NOT attend staffings

N=28

42%

28%

Perc

ent r

educ

tion

in re

cidi

vism



•  Leadership•  Communica&on(CoreCompetency#2,3)•  Educator•  CommunityCollaborator•  Ins&tu&onBuilder


CommunicaDon


CoreCompetency#2

CoreCompetency2.Aspartofthedrugcourtteam,inappropriatenon-courtseYngs(i.e.,staffing),thejudgeadvocatesforeffec&veincen&vesandsanc&onsforprogramcomplianceorlackthereof.


IncenDves&SancDons

•  Aberinputfromthewholeteam,thejudgeshoulddecideonincen&ves,sanc&onsandtreatmentresponses.

•  Thejudgemuststayabreastofresearchonmo&va&onalinterviewingandbehavioralchangeliterature.

•  Thejudgedeliversacoordinatedresponsetopar&cipantsinthecourtroom.


Motivating Behavior Change

1.  Re-State the Principle (What)

2.  Explain the rationale/theory and the research behind the principle (Why)

3.  Identify at least one way this applies to the Drug Court model (How)


5StepstoDelivertheresponse1.  Explainthedecisionandthefactors

consideredbytheteam2.  Reviewseverityofthepar&cipant’s

substancedependence3.  Notethebehaviorbeingrespondedto4.  Howthebehaviorisimportanttotheir

recovery5.  Whythepar&cularsanc&onandmagnitude

wereselectedNa&onalDrugCourtIns&tute,Incen&vesandSanc&ons:RethinkingCourtResponsestoClientBehavior


PracDcewithapartner

Dannyhasbeenindrugcourt3months.Hehasgoneaslongas3weekswithoutaposi&vetest.Instaffing,youfindouthehadaposi&vetest.Yourcourtrequiresapar&cipantdiscloseusebeforetes&ng.Dannydidn’t.Theteamrecommendshewriteanessay.HowdoyoudelivertheconsequencetoDanny?


WhatdoyousaytoDanny?

•  IsDanny’sabs&nenceaproximalordistalgoal?

•  Isthereadifferentresponsetothe“dirty”testandthelying?

•  Whatsanc&onsareavailableandhowdoyouchoose?


Judgeismostimportantfactor

•  80%ofpar&cipantssaytheywouldn'thavestayedindrugcourtiftheydidnotappearbeforeajudge

DrugCourtClearinghouse,AmericanU.

•  Interac&onanddeliveryofresponsehasmostimpact

JudgeTrinaThompson,PresidingJudge,JuvenileCourt,AlamedaCounty,CA


“Weighing”theTrialCourtPerformanceStandards


TrialCourtPerformanceStandards

•  Standard3.5ResponsibilityforEnforcement:TheTrialCourttakesappropriateresponsibilityfortheenforcementofitsorders.

•  Standard4.5ResponsetoChange:TheTrialCourtan&cipatesnewcondi&onsandemergenteventsandadjustsitsopera&onsasnecessary.


4.5Commentary

•  Effec%vetrialcourtsareresponsivetoemergentpublicissuessuchasdrugabuse,childandspousalabuse,AIDS,drunkendriving,childsupportenforcement,crimeandpublicsafety,consumerrights,genderbias,andthemoreefficientuseoffewerresources.


•  Atrialcourtthatmovesdeliberatelyinresponsetoemergentissuesisastabilizingforceinsocietyandactsconsistentlywithitsroleofmaintainingtheruleoflaw.


ProceduralFairness

•  Voice:Givespar&cipantstheabilitytopar&cipateinthecasebyexpressingtheirviewpoint

•  Neutrality:Consistentlyappliedlegalprinciples,unbiaseddecisionmakers,anda“transparency”abouthowthedecisionsaremade


ProceduralFairness,cont.

•  Respecoultreatment:Individualsaretreatedwithdignityandtheirrightsareplainlyprotected.

•  TrustworthyAuthori&es:Authori&esarebenevolent,caring,andsincerelytryingtohelptheli&gants.Thistrustisgarneredbylisteningtoindividualsandbyexplainingorjus&fyingdecisionsthataddresseachli&gant'sneeds.

KevinBurke&SteveLeban,ProceduralFairness:AKeyIngredientinPublicSa&sfac&on,44Ct.Rev.4,6(2007)


ExpediDous,FairandReliableCourtFuncDons

•  TCPS5.2Commentary•  Thepublichastrustandconfidencethatbasictrialcourtfunc%onsareconductedexpedi%ouslyandfairlyandthatcourtdecisionshaveintegrity


PerceivedUnfairness

•  Noonlyimpactstheindividualonthereceivingend•  Butalsoimpactstheotherpar&cipants•  Peoplewillsabotageaprocesstheyperceiveasunfairevenifitharmsthem


CoreCompetency#3

CoreCompetency3.Isknowledgeableofaddic&on,alcoholism,andpharmacologygenerallyandappliesthatknowledgetorespondtocomplianceinatherapeu&callyappropriatemanner.


Theprospectofpoten&alrewards

Petry,N.M.,Mar&n,B.,Cooney,J.L.,&Kranzler,H.R.(2000).“GiveThemPrizesandTheyWillCome:Con&ngencyManagementforTreatmentofAlcoholDependence.”JournalofConsul%ngandClinicalPsychology,68(2),250-257.Petry,N.M.(2001).“Con&ngentreinforcementforcompliancewithgoal-relatedac&vi&esinHIV-posi&vesubstanceabusers.”

TheBehaviorAnalystToday,2(2),78-85.

Thefishbowlstudy


TimespentwithparDcipant

3minutesisop&mal


Drug Courts Where the Judge Spends an Average of 3 Minutes or Greater per Participant During Court Hearings had


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Judge spends at least 3 min. per participant

N=23

Judge spends LESS THAN 3 min. per

participant N=12

43%

17%

Perc

ent r

educ

tion

in re

cidi

vism


Drug Courts That Held Status Hearings Every 2 Weeks During Phase 1 Had 50% Greater Reductions in

Recidivism

Note: Difference is significant at p<.1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Drug court has review hearings every two weeks

N=14

Drug court has review hearings

more or less often N=35

46%

31%

Perc

ent R

educ

tion

in R

ecid

ivis

m



•  Leadership•  Communica&on•  Educator(CoreCompetencies#3,4,8,9)•  CommunityCollaborator•  Ins&tu&onBuilder


DrugCourtKeyComponent#9

•  Con&nuinginterdisciplinaryeduca&onpromoteseffec&vedrugcourtplanning,implementa&on,andopera&ons.

•  Con&nuingeduca&onins&tu&onalizesthedrugcourtandmovesitbeyonditsini&aliden&fica&onwiththekeystaffwhomayhavefoundedtheprogramandnurtureditsdevelopment.


TeamConDnuingEducaDon

•  Par&cipateinregularcross-trainingwiththetreatmentteam•  Employevidence-basedprac&cesandfocusonstrengths-basedapproaches

•  BefacilewiththeNat’lRegistryofEvidence-BasedProgramsandPrac&cesnrepp.samsha.gov


ConDnuingEducaDon,cont.

•  TuneinOnTuesdays-liveandrecordedwebinarseriesthroughNDCI

•  ExploreNat’lDrugCourtResourceCenterndcrc.org•  “AsktheExperts”ndci.org•  Teachatalawschool,statejudicialevents,NADCPannualconference,NDCItrainings


CoreCompetency#4

CoreCompetency4.Isknowledgeableofgender,age,andculturalissuesthatmayimpacttheoffender’ssuccess.


CulturalSkillsfortheJudiciary

•  Valueothers•  Self-awarenessofownvalues•  Comfortablewithdifferences•  Sensi&vetoself•  Self-awarenessofownbias


AwarenessofSelf:Knowledge

•  OwnHeritage•  Beliefsaboutbiases,limits,differences•  Knowledgeofone’simpact


AwarenessofOthers:Knowledge

•  Specificknowledge•  Understanddifferences•  Understandinfluences•  Understandpowerandprivilege•  Knowpar&cipants’subculture


AwarenessofOthers:Skills

•  Familiaritywithresearch•  Ac&veinvolvement


AwarenessofOthers:AXtudesandBeliefs

•  Beliefthatanega&veimpactmayexist•  Abilitytocontrast•  Awarenessofstereotypes


IntervenDons:Knowledge

•  Culturalconflict•  Ins&tu&onalbarriers•  Poten&albias•  Characteris&csandresources•  Discriminatoryprac&ces


IntervenDons:Skills

•  Communica&on,verbalandnon-verbal

•  Ins&tu&onalInterven&on•  Alliances•  Consulta&on

•  Culturallimita&onoftools•  Applyingcontext•  Workingtoeliminatebias•  Educa&ngandinforming


IntervenDons:AXtudesandBeliefs

•  Respectfordifferences•  Respectforprac&ces•  Respectforotherlanguages•  Valueofmul&culturalism


Culturalcompetency

•  Emphasizeitsimportancetotheteam•  Befamiliarwithyourpopula&on•  Engageintraining•  Checkentrysta&s&cs,reten&onrates,andgradua&onratesforanyanomaliesbasedonculturalissues



•  Leadership•  Communica&on•  Educator•  CommunityCollaborator(CoreCompetencies#5,6)•  Ins&tu&onBuilder


CoreCompetency#5

CoreCompetency5.Ini&atestheplanningprocessbybringingtogetherthenecessaryagenciesandstakeholderstoevaluatethecurrentcourtprocessesandproceduresandthereabercollaboratestocoordinateinnova&vesolu&ons.


CoreCompetency#6

CoreCompetency6.Becomesaprogramadvocatebyu&lizinghisorhercommunityleadershiproletocreateinterestinanddevelopsupportfortheprogram.


ConDnuingcontactwiththecommunity

•  Con&nuetobeincontactwiththeagenciesyouworkedwithwhenseYngupthecourt

•  Developandmaintainresources•  Improveinteragencylinkages


ConDnuingcontact,cont.

•  Shareefficacyofthedrugcourtwithlocalcivicorganiza&ons,othermembersofthejudiciary,thelegalcommunity,andthecommunity-at-large*

•  Seekopportuni&estoilluminatemediasourcesaboutthedrugcourt*

•  Bethespokespersonforthecourt*Thesemayraiseethicalissuesinsomestates.Seekopinionsbeforeac&ng.


CommunityeducaDon

•  Serviceclubs(Rotary,Elks,Lions,etc.)

•  Communityevents•  Schools•  LocalTVorradio•  Guestcolumns•  Other?

www.Jus&ceSpeakersIns&tute.comNote: Difference is significant as a trend at p<.15

Drug Courts That Had Formal Partnerships with Community Organizations Had

133% Greater Cost Savings

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Drug court has formal partnerships in

community N=15

Drug court doees NOT have formal partnerships

N=5

35%

15%


ParDcipateinevaluaDons

•  Assistindatacollec&on•  Askevaluatortoiden&fyrelevantdataanddisseminateittotheteam

•  Reviewprocessevalua&ons,ensurereferencetooriginalgoalsandobjec&ves

•  Reviewoutcomeevalua&ons,shareposi&veinforma&onandaddressnega&veinforma&on


Drug Courts That Used Paper Files Rather Than Electronic Databases Had 65% LESS Savings


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Program uses paper files

N=8

Program has electronic database

N=3

20%

33%

Perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in c

ost s

avin

gs


Drug Courts Where The Results Of Program Evaluations Have Led to Modifications In Drug Court Operations had


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Used evaluation to make modifications to

program N=18

Did NOT use evaluation to make modifications

N=13

36%

18%

Perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in c

ost s

avin

gs



•  Leadership•  Communica&on•  Educator•  CommunityCollaborator•  Ins&tu&onBuilder(CoreCompetency#7)


CoreCompetency#7

CoreCompetency7.Effec&velyleadstheteamtodevelopalltheprotocolsandproceduresoftheprogram.


Writeitdown!


•  WriMenpoliciesandproceduresarecri&cal1.  Policyandproceduremanual2.  Par&cipanthandbook3.  Clientcontract4.  Releasesandorders(modelsinbenchbook)

5.  Incen&vesandSanc&onsList6.  Rulesforphasemovement

www.Jus&ceSpeakersIns&tute.comNote1:Differenceissignificantatp<.15(Trend)

Drug Courts Where Team Members are Given a Copy of Written Guidelines For Sanctions And Rewards Had a

72% Increase in Cost Savings

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

Team has guidelines N=33

Team DOES NOT have guidelines

N=11

31%

18%

Perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in c

ost s

avin

gs


•  Maintainanins&tu&onalmemoryasassignmentschange•  Maintaincontactwithformerdrugcourtjudges•  Haveasuccessionplan(aberyoustayatleasttwoyears)•  Createalegacy


Drug Courts That Have Judges Stay Longer Than Two Years Had 3 Times Greater Cost Savings


0%

10%

20%

30%

Judge is on bench at least 2 years

N=9

Judge is on bench LESS THAN 2 years

N=3

25%

8%

Perc

ent i

ncre

ase

in c

ost s

avin

gs


CoreCompetency#8

CoreCompetency8.Isawareoftheimpactthatsubstanceabusehasonthecourtsystem,thelivesofoffenders,theirfamiliesandthecommunityat-large.


CoreCompetency#9

CoreCompetency9.Contributestoeduca&onofpeers,colleagues,andjudiciaryabouttheefficacyofdrugcourts.


Beingadrugcourtjudge…

…willbethebestassignmentofyourlife.

“the role of the drug court judge” - justice speakers international · 2018-09-16 · defense...

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