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Oral Proceedings at the JPO and

Infringement Proceedings

Toshio UCHIDA Patent & Trademark Attorney

HARAKENZO WORLD PATENT & TRADEMARK

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Oral Proceedings at the JPO

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How to Proceed in Trial Examination Procedure�

<Basic Proceedings> ! Oral Proceedings

" Trial for invalidation of a patent " Trial for invalidation of the registration of extension

of the duration of a patent ! Documentary Proceedings

" Trial against examiner's decision of refusal " Trial for correction

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Legal Basis of Oral Proceedings�

Patent Act Art.145

(1) A trial for patent invalidation or a trial for invalidation of the registration of extension of the duration of a patent shall be conducted by oral proceedings; provided, however, that the chief trial examiner may, upon a motion by a party or intervenor in the case, or ex officio decide to conduct the trial by documentary proceedings.

(2) Trials, excluding those as provided in the preceding paragraph, shall be conducted by documentary proceedings; provided, however, that the chief trial examiner may, upon a motion by the party or ex officio, decide to conduct the trial by oral proceedings.�

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

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Legal Basis of Oral Proceedings (cont.)�

(3) Where a trial is conducted by oral proceedings under paragraph (1) or the proviso to the preceding paragraph, the chief trial examiner shall designate the date and place thereof and summon the parties and the intervenor on the designated date.

(4) Article 94 (Summon on the designated date) of the Code of Civil Procedure shall apply mutatis mutandis to a summon on the designated date as provided in the preceding paragraph.

(5) The oral proceedings under paragraph (1) or the proviso to paragraph (2) shall be conducted in public; provided, however, that this shall not apply where public order or morality is liable to be injured thereby.

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

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Advantages of Each Proceeding�

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

! Oral Proceedings

It is possible to (i) describe in detail allegations in writing and (ii) precisely describe even highly technical matters in writing.

Since the board and the parties concerned orally communicate with each other, it is possible to, for example, accurately understand and define issues over which the parties have allegations opposed to each other. As such, even in a case where many issues are intertwined in a complicated manner or in a case where a party makes an unclear allegation, it is possible to accurately conduct a trial examination instead of repeated communications in writing.

! Documentary Proceedings

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! ³ŚgÙ�űűČqƖ|ƨĨúƕ³ŚƕġĽƇƥƁƒżƑŽƾŠwƕű�ĒæƔ�śƟÈíƕ³ŚƑēØƑŽƥų�

Purpose of Oral Proceedings

! Clarify issues, accurately understand issues

! Understand the state of the art in the technical field concerned

! Point out inappropriateness in allegation, instruct for a further allegation/verification (ex officio direction)�

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

Features of Oral Proceedings at Trial Examination�

!  Any trial examination is based on the principle of proceeding by ex officio. A trial examiner actively requests, if necessary for the trial examination, clarification even of a matter which is not disputed by any party.

!  Allegations in writing are also legal. It is therefore unnecessary, in oral proceedings, to repeatedly make the same allegation that has already been filed in writing.

!  Any trial examination is based on the ex officio principle. No recognition is made of binding force of confession or of the system of "fictitious" (constructive) confession.�

Oral proceedings at a trial examination are different from oral proceedings in a litigation.�

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

Cases in Which Oral Proceedings Are Highly Necessary�

!  Case in which infringement litigation is pending

!  Case in which many allegations are made or case in which grounds for allegations are unclearly

!  Case in which many pieces of evidence are submitted, and which is thus complicated and not sufficiently clarified

!  Case in which technical understanding is difficult and it is therefore better to be provided with an explanation of, for example, the patented invention and/or evidence

!  Case in which both parties allege on different planes

!  Case which involves examination of evidence (examination of a witness, verification)�

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Preparation of Oral Proceedings

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

! JPO "  Fix the date and place for the oral proceedings " Notify in advance of the matter(s) to be examined on the

date of oral proceedings (Notice of matters to be examined)

! Parties " Consider the matter(s) to be alleged on the date of oral

proceedings " Submit the matter(s) to be alleged on the date of oral

proceedings (Oral proceedings statement brief)

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

Notice of Matters to Be Examined �

!  Matters to be described

"  Describe the preliminary opinion of the Board and ask an opinion to the preliminary opinion

"  Specifically point out the matter(s) that the party regards as an issue(s) and the matter(s) that the Board regards as point(s) at issue, and prompt the party to make a full allegation/proof for the above matter(s)

"  Point out unclear point(s) in a written submission by the party and ask clarification

"  Ask technical explanation related to the patented invention at issue, its background etc.

ŰšššPurpose Board, in order to smoothly conduct a productive trial examination, notifies each party in advance of the matter(s) to be examined on the date of oral proceedingsŤšThe Board thus prompts each party to make preparations such as preparation of an oral proceedings statement brief on the basis of the matter(s) to be examined.

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Oral Proceedings Statement Brief�

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

!  Matters to Be Described (for a case of the demandant) " Supplement of grounds for the request " Counterarguments against the requester’s allegations " Grounds or evidence for withdrawal " Summary of all the allegations " Clarification requested in the notice of matters to be

examined at trial examination�

ŰššPurpose�šššššTo efficiently carry out oral proceedings by (i) ensuring allegations of each party and hearing thereof without fail on the date of oral proceedings and (ii) allowing for a refined logical construction in the allegations �

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How Oral Proceedings Proceeds�

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Oral proceedings at the JPO

"  Notification of reasons for invalidation, reasons for refusal to correction request, announcement of, for example, conclusion of trial examination

!  Preparation of trial record (describing, for example, a summary of the trial examination)

!  Basically open to the public to secure fairness of the trial examination (closed to the public if public order and morality may be damaged)

!  Trial Examination "  Statements by both parties (for example, statements of the purpose and

reason for a request or statement of the purpose and reason for a reply, an allegation of a point to be emphasized, clarification of an issue, and/or an explanation of the technique and its background technique)

"  Interrogation as to question and/or unclear point in allegations of the parties

"  Examination of evidence (examination of a witness, verification)

Clarify issues between the parties and advise to withdraw unnecessary allegations�

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Infringement Proceedings �

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Compiled by the Supreme Court, the Administrative Affairs Bureau �

Infringement Proceedings

Statistics �Statistics of civil cases related to intellectual property rights�

�first instances at all district courts) �

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Features of Intellectual Property Right Infringement Proceedings�

! Statutory exclusive jurisdiction (Code of Civil Procedure Art.6)

! Statutory right of claim to injunction (Patent Act Art. 100)�

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Infringement Proceedings

Patent Act Art.100(1) A patentee or exclusive licensee may demand a person who infringes or is likely infringe the patent right or exclusive license to stop or prevent such infringement.�

! Statutory defense of invalidation of right (Patent Act Art.104-3)

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! Å-ƖÔ3Ɩ�zżÍa7ƃƦƐŷƥƁƒƼÖģÍ104»Ɩ3ƽ

Jurisdiction�!  Basic Principle

"  The court that has jurisdiction over the location of the general venue (generally his/her domicile) of the defendant (Code of Civil Procedure Art.4)

"  The courts may be selected, that have jurisdiction over the place of performance of the obligation, the place where the tort was committed, etc. (Code of Civil Procedure Art.5) �

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Infringement Proceedings

!  Exception: action relating to a patent right, etc. (Code of Civil Procedure Art.6) "  Target

patent right, utility model right, right of layout-designs of integrated circuits, author's right (only over a computer program)

"  Competent Court Exclusive jurisdiction of the Tokyo District Court and the Osaka District Court The Tokyo High Court (the Intellectual Property High Court) has exclusive jurisdiction over appeal trials

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! Ö�DžšÖģÅôƕŐƇƥĤŹƼÉ�ĤĢÍ6»ƽ " hIJ ÖģÅƾbܨ¿ÅƾQĻňă-ÜÅƾĐ�ĆƖÅ-ƼƲƸƫƶƵƖĐ�ÕƖƝƽ

" öľĕ,� ¼�U©ĕ,�ƾ]őU©ĕ,�Ɩinöľ�

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Right of Claim Based on Patent Right�

! Right of claim to injunction (Patent Act Art.100)

! Right of claim to compensation for damages (Civil Code Art.709)

! Right of claim to unjust enrichment (Civil Code Art. 703)

! Right of claim to restore business reputation (Patent Act Art.106)�

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Infringement Proceedings

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! pÇĬËÅƼÖģÍ100»ƽ

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Mode of Patent Infringement (1)�

! Direct infringement (Patent Act Art. 68)

! Indirect infringement (Patent Act Art. 101)

! Cases in which no patent right infringement is found " Case of working of the patented invention for experimental

or research purposes (Patent Act Art.69(1)) " Case of working based on a license (Patent Act Arts.78 and

79, etc.) " Case involving products or acts for which the effect of a

patent right is limited (Patent Act Arts.69(2), 69(3) 68-2, and 175, etc.)

" Case for which is applied so-called exhaustion of right �

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Infringement Proceedings

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! è��cƼÖģÍ68»ƽ

! ŏ��cƼÖģÍ101»ƽ

! ÖģÅ�cƕƔƣƔŷYF�" Ħş<ƗìñƖƋƞƕbªƇƥYFƼÖģÍ69»1śƽ�" bªÅƨ¶ƇƥYFƼÖģÍ78»ƾ79»ôƽ�" ÖģÅƖ31ż.œƃƦƥÕ<ƗđÓƕħ~ƇƥYFƼÖģÍ

69»2śƺ3śƾ68»Ɩ2ƾ175»ôƽ�" ŷƧơƥÜlĪżńÜƃƦƥYF�

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Mode of Patent Infringement (2)�

! Literal infringement

! Infringement under the doctrine of equivalents

Five requirements for equivalents (Ball Spline case, Supreme Court decision <Supreme Court, February 24, 1998, decision given by the Third Petty Bench>)

(1) Non-essential element (2) Capability of replacement (3) Obviousness of replacement (4) Identity to known art or ease of guess from known art (5) Intentional exclusion

39

Infringement Proceedings

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VôƖǃę�ƼƳƻƷƮƲƶƪƹ��´Šĕ,ÌƼ´Šĕs�10t2µ24«ó�kÍy,Ìƽƽ�ŢŦţšř¹ĶæŇ+�

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Defense of Invalidation of Right�

! Ground Provision Patent Act Art.104-3 (1) Where, in litigation concerning the infringement of a patent right or an exclusive license, the said patent is recognized as one that should be invalidated by a trial for patent invalidation, the rights of the patentee or exclusive license may not be exercised against the adverse party. (2) Where the court considers that the materials used for an allegation or defense under the preceding paragraph are submitted for the purpose of unreasonably delaying the proceedings, the court may, upon a motion or ex officio, render a ruling to the effect that the allegation or the defense is to be dismissed.

!  Features " For all grounds for invalidation " No need for a trial examination for patent invalidation to be actually requested

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41

Infringement Proceedings

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! ¾�ěa ÖģÍ104»Ɩ3�ƿűÖģÅ<ƗiÜbªÅƖ�cƕ�ƥĤĢƕźŷƐƾ~ħÖģżÖģÔ3g,ƕƢƤÔ3ƕƃƦƥƛŽƟƖƒĩƞƣƦƥƒŽƗƾÖģÅĆ<ƗiÜbªÅĆƗƾé�©ƕhƅƊƖÅ-ƨđ�ƇƥƁƒżƑŽƔŷų ǀű0śƖěaƕƢƥ¡�<ƗŒ�Ɩ©ÍƕƎŷƐƗƾƁƦżgÙƨ�~ƕŃxƃƉƥƁƒƨçæƒƅƐ�*ƃƦƋƟƖƒĩƞƣƦƥƒŽƗƾĕ,�ƗƾßòƐƕƢƤ<ƗĈÅƑƾ9�ƖÌaƨƇƥƁƒżƑŽƥų

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How Patent Right Infringement Proceedings Are Conducted �

43

Infringement Proceedings

Filing of suit

Oral proceedings

Oral proceedings

Oral proceedings

Oral proceedings

Oral proceedings

Court: Judgment of infringement

Trial for damages

Compromise

Conclusion

Conclusion

Compromise

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! Identify article/process at issue Identification based on, for example, a product number/model number

! Obligation to clarify the specific conditions (Patent Act Art.104-2) In a case where the defendant disputes the specific embodiment of an article/process that the plaintiff claims, the defendant shall clarify the specific embodiment of his/her act unless there are reasonable grounds for not doing so.

! Support system for supporting judges in view of technology etc.

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45

Infringement Proceedings

Features of Trial for Infringement�

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Support System for Judges �!  Technical Adviser (Code of Civil Procedure Arts.92-2 through

92-7)

"  In a litigation, such as an intellectual property right litigation, in which specialized/technical matters are at issue, an expert (technical adviser), serving as a fair and neutral adviser who has ample knowledge of the specialized field, provides the judges and the parties with the specialized technology at issue in the case, in a procedure of clarifying issues.

"  Part-time court staff "  Appoint a university (or college) professor, a researcher belonging

to a public organization/corporation, or a patent attorney "  Over 200 technical advisers in the field of intellectual property

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Infringement Proceedings

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Support System for Judges (cont.)�

!  Judicial research official (the Court Law Art.57, the Code of Civil Procedure Arts.92-8 and 92-9)

"  A judicial research official involved in an intellectual property litigation has expertise in technology, and carries out, as ordered by a judge, search necessary for a trial and judicial trial related to a patent or a utility model.

"  Full-time court staff "  A total of 21 judicial research officials in the Intellectual Property

High Court, the Tokyo District Court and the Osaka District Court

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Infringement Proceedings

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Thank you for your attention.

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