Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Antibiotics. Drug Resistance of Antibiotics. Drug Resistance of

BacteriaBacteria

Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University / Department of microbiology

Chemotherapy and chemotherapeutic agents

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapeutic agents

Antibiotics

Chemotherapeutic index

Development of chemotherapy

Paul Erlich found that dye Trypan Red was active against the trypanosome (causative agent of African sleeping sickness) in 1904

In 1910 P. Erlich discovered the arsenical compounds and one of their was active against the syphilis spirochete (later was called Salvarsan)

Cherhard Domagk discovered sulfonamides (red streptocide) that were effective for treatment of streptococci and staphylococci infections in 1935 (Nobel Prize in 1939)

In 1929 A.Fleming got penicillin, a first antibiotic In 1939 penicillin was produced and purified by

chemists H.Flory and E.Chain (A.Fleming, H.Flory and E.Chain received the Nobel Prize in 1945)

Selman Waksman announced in 1944 that he had found a new antibiotic streptomycin (he received Nobel Prize in 1952)

Chemotherapeutic Index (CTI)

Classification of chemotherapeutic agents according to target (general microbial group they act against)

Antimicrobial drugs Antiviral drugs Antifungal drugs Antiprotozoan drugs Antitumoral drugs

Classification of chemotherapeutic agents

Narrow-spectrum drugs Broad-spectrum drugs Specific-spectrum drugs (antituberculous,

antiviral, etc.)

Classification of chemotherapeutic agents Due to their total effect:

With cidal action With static action

Due to their manufacture : Natural Semi synthetic Synthetic

Chemical classification of CTD Heavy metal derivates Sulfonamides Diaminopyrimidins Analogs of iso-nicotinic acid Nitrofuran derivatives Quinolones Chinoxalines Oxychinolones Azoles Metronidazole Alkaloid preparations Chinine derivate

Antibiotics According to origin antibiotics are subdivided

into next groups: Antibiotics produced by fungi. Antibiotics produced by actinomycetes. Antibiotics produced by bacteria Plant antibiotics (phytoncides) Animal antibiotics (lysozyme, interferons)

Mechanism of antibiotic action

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors Protein synthesis inhibitors Cell membrane disruptors Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Antibiotic action onto bacterial cell

Chemical antibiotics classification

Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapinems Monobactams Vancomycin Bacitracin Cycloserine Antitumoral

antibiotics

Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Chloramphenicol Linezolid Rifampin Polymyxin Polyenes

Chemical structure of β-lactams

Carbapenem nucleusMonobactam nucleus

Penicillin nucleus Cephalosporin nucleus

B-lactams influence onto bacterial cell wall

Chemical structure of gentamicin Chemical structure of a tetracycline

Chemical structure of chloramphenicol Chemical structure of lincomycin

Action of aminoglycosides onto protein synthesis

Determination of antimicrobial effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents

Dilution susceptibility tests Disk diffusion tests E-tests Accelerated tests

Broth dilution test

Disk diffusion test

Side effects of chemotherapy

Allergic response Toxic effects Disbacteriosis Inhibition of immune system Embryotoxic action Formation of the drug resistance

Resistance to antimicrobial drugs

Natural

Acquired (mutation and genetic recombination)