anti cloning presentation

8/3/2019 Anti Cloning Presentation

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LEGAL ISSUES OF HUMANLEGAL ISSUES OF HUMAN

CLONING ANDCLONING AND

THERAPUTIC CLONINGTHERAPUTIC CLONING


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WORLDWIDE CLONINGWORLDWIDE CLONING

RESEARCH LEGSLATIONRESEARCH LEGSLATIONCountry Human

cloning

Therapeutic

Cloning

Create/Use of

embryo

Germany Illegal Illegal Illegal

UK Illegal Legal Supernumerary OK

Japan Illegal Legal Legal

Canada Illegal Legal Sterility only

US Illegal Legal Private company

only

China Illegal Legal Therapeutic


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CLONING ANIMALSCLONING ANIMALS A costly and lengthy approach

Dolly: 1 out of 276 attempts

Mouse: 100 blastocysts transferred to wombs, seventy-one were able to take, from which between five and

sixteen fetuses developed, and eventually two or three

live mice were born

Only private funded research with creation of

embryo is allowed in States


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PRIVATIZED CLONINGPRIVATIZED CLONING

RESEARCHRESEARCH Research carried out in commercial labs is not as accessible and

amenable to being judged and criticized by other scientists.

High demand of human ova can result in uncontrollable coercionor exploitation of ova donors

The absence of transparency and scrutiny not only hinders

scientific advance but also can make the public, and lawmakers,nervous.

Legislation of identity, rights and status of clones must beestablished before any human cloning research is permitted


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CLONE IDENTITYCLONE IDENTITY The most accurate human identity diagnosis will

fail (e.g. DNA profile, fingerprints)

Difficulties of enforcing laws:

Criminal identity

Inherited properties between donor and clone Kinship of offsprings

Relatives approval immigration, etc.


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TREATING CLONES ASTREATING CLONES AS

NORMAL INDIVIDUALSNORMAL INDIVIDUALS Will citizenship granted for clones?

Clones carried with mutations from donors

Should our current health care system support a

multiplying clone population with inherited diseases?

Will handicapped clones receive public support byproviding with extra privileges?


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TREATING CLONES ASTREATING CLONES AS

SUBSUB--HUMANSHUMANS

How can we treat sub-humans?

Will we have right to destroy clones at certain

physical state and age to save medical care?

Will the discrimination of legislation between

human and clone become slavery?

What if clones have significant support of the

society?


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ANTIANTI--CLONINGCLONING

Ethics


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Threat to a person's individualityThreat to a person's individuality

and uniquenessand uniqueness Genetically identical

with another person

Feel that they are a

less unique individual

than other people

Because they

genetically identical,they will have almost

everything in common

with their genetic

parent


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Relationship problems


Kinship problems

within the family

Social relationships


within the family


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It's too riskyIt's too risky

At present, it isexperimental andunpredictable

Carries a high risk ofabnormality in theresulting child

Put both the cell donorand the birth mother atrisk

High failure rate


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EugenicsEugenics Start of a Brave NewStart of a Brave New

WorldWorld Encourages selective

breeding

Discriminate againstpeople

Genocide is anextreme form ofeugenics

Could be used toproduce an superiormaster race andunderclass of slaves


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We should not play GodWe should not play God!!

Nature has devised the proper way to make babies,

and we shouldn't interfere with natural law by

doing it in a different way A child conceived in the normal way is a unique

product of the union of its mother and father; and

is not a genetic replica of either parent.

In normal procreation, the genes of a child are

determined by chance through the fruitful union of

two people


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It involves murdering embryosIt involves murdering embryos

Cloning inevitably involves

throwing away some fertilized

embryos, and at the current

stage of development many ofthe embryos selected to live

fail to develop and eventually

die before birth


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Emotional Distress

Emotional Distress

Emotions involving dealing with moral

dilemmas

If emotions are part of how we decide that

something is wrong, then we need to accept

some kinds of emotional reaction as part of

our ethical thinking


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Human cloning may causeHuman cloning may cause

unexpected demographic changesunexpected demographic changes

Cloning could alter the ratio of males and femalesin the population

Cloning could accelerate the move away from thetwo parent family

Cloning could alter the age of parents relative totheir children, by allowing people to have children

at a later age If there was general agreement on the sort of

people who were desirable, society could becomemore homogeneous


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Cloning reduces human beings toCloning reduces human beings to

manufactured productsmanufactured products The way a person comes into being affects their

value - or their dignity

People should be made by an act of love betweentheir parents, not by a laboratory process

Supposing a particular embryo turns out to be very

good - someone could patent its genes and use it to

manufacture lots of similar clones for profit. That

would degrade people


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Problems of powerProblems of power

Invokes a degree of power and control over

the physical identity of other persons


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TakeTake--home Messagehome Message


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Issues In Cloning:

Loss of Biodiversity


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What is Biodiversity

Three types ofBiodiversity

habitat diversity, geneticdiversity, and species diversity

Of these Genetic Diversity is atrisk through Cloning

Why is Genetic Diversity SoImportant?

Conveys the small differences

between members of a speciesthat promote the survival andcontinued improvement of thespecies as a whole

Darwinian Evolution


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Genetic Biodiversity

Why should humans worry about

diversity?

Many traits are being linked to

genetics which were previouslythough to be unrelated including

anger, intelligence and obesity.

Diversity allows our species to flourish

Exceptional individuals such as

Einstein DeVinci have greatly moldedthe advancement of human society.

Genetic Diversity is essential to diseaseresistance (survival of the species)

AIDS, Plague (CCR5)


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Examples of Diversity

Problems The problems caused by a loss in genetic

biodiversity are real.

BananasWorldwide crops are threatened by afungal pathogen

This is dues to the clonal nature in whichbanana crops grow

Cloned TreesSome trees are more resistant than others to certaindiseases. Forest companies have to ensure that a wideenough variety of clones is used to repopulate a forest to

prevent potential disaster


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Other Genetic Diversity

Problems Other genetic problems could

arise in a clonal society, similar to

those observed in inbreeding

Clones of clones could pick up

mutations through each passage.

Mutations in haplosufficient

genes

Mutations in haploinsufficient

genes


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REP

RODUCTIV

E

CLONING


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METHOD

SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER


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PARTHENOGENESIS


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INSTABILITY AND UNPREDICTABILITY

DNA TRANSFERRED IS ALREADY

DIFFERENTIATED

DIFFERENTIATED SOMATIC CELLS

FORMATTED DIFFERENTLY FROMGERM CELLS

DIFFERENTIATED DNA MUST BE

REPROGRAMMED TO ALLOW

EMBRYOGENESIS

BUT HOW??


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NUCLEAR REPROGRAMMING

REQUIRES REMOVAL OF EPIGENIC MODIFICATIONS

IMPOSED ON DIFFERENTIATED CHROMATIN

OOCYTE CAN REVERSE THESE ALTERATIONS TO A

STATE OF TOTIPOTENCY

HOW THIS IS DONE IS CURRENTLY UNKNOWN

HOW EFFICIENT IS THIS??

FOR EVERY ANIMAL CLONED, HUNDREDS FAIL!!


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MORE ON EFFICACY:

MANY FAILURES AND DEFECTS

NO DEFINED ASPECTS OF FAULTY DEVELOPMENT

RATHER, CLONING PROCESS CREATES RANDOM

ERRORS IN INDIVIDUAL GENE EXPRESSION

MAY PRODUCE A MANY NUMBER OF UNPREDICTIBLE

PROBLEMS

DOES NOT INVOLVE CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION

DEFECTS CANNOT BE DETECTED BEFORE BIRTH


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THE TELOMERE PROBLEM

AGE OF A EUKARYOTE RELATED TO LENGTH OF ITS

TELOMERES

TELOMERES RELATED TO CHROMOSOMAL INTEGRITY

TELOMERE LENGTH OF SOMATIC CELLS MUCH

SHORTER THAN GERM CELLS

FOR SUCCESSFUL CLONING, ONE MUST TURN BACK THE

CLOCK!!


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REJUVINATION

THE ENZYME RESPONSIBLE FOR EXTENDING THETELOMERES IS TELOMERASE

THIS ENZYME IS NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN

SOMATIC

CELLS, BUT SOME HAVE SHOWN ITS ACTIVITY IN

CLONED EMBRYONIC CELLS

THIS MAY SUGGEST THAT THE OOCYTE CAN TURN

BACK THE CLOCK

HOWEVER!!


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NEW EVIDENCE SUGGESTS SENESCENCE OF

DONOR CELLS IS NOT RESTORED

14 CATTLE CLONED USING DONOR CELLS FROM MUSCLE,OVIDUCT, MAMMARY, AND EAR SKIN

SHOW REMARKABLE VARIATION IN TELOMERE LENGHTS

SOME MUCH LONGER OR MUCH SHORTER THAN DONOR

SUGGESTS THAT CLONING DOES NOT NECESSARILY

RESTORE TELOMERE CLOCK

NUCLEAR TRANSFER ITSELF ITSELF MAY COMMONLYTRIGGER AN ELONGATION OF TELOMERES, MORE OR LESS

ACCORDING TO DONOR TYPE

Myashita et. Al: Biol Reprod 2002 Jun;66(6):1649-55


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GENETIC DEFECTS:

DOLLY-SHORTENED TELOMERES

HEART DEFECTS IN PIGS

OBESITY IN CLONED MICE

GIGANTISM IN CLONED SHEEPAND CATTLE

PLACENTA OF 4X NORMAL SIZE IN MICE

DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFICULTIES IN , LUNG PROBLEMS,

AND MALFUNCTIONING IMMUNE SYSTEMS IN CLONED

COWS, SHEEPAND PIGS


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EVIDENCE THUS FAR:

CLONING IS STILL POORLY UNDERSTOOD

CLONING IS FAR TOO INEFFICIENT

GIVEN THESE FACTORS, IT WOULD BE DANGEROUS AND

IRRESPONSIBLE TO ATTEMPT TO CLONE HUMAN BEINGS

CLONING OF ANIMALS SHOULD NOT CONTINUE GIVEN

THE ABNORMALITIES THAT RENDER THESE PRACTICES

UNETHICAL


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MISCONCEPTIONS BORDERING ON IDIOCY

CLONED INDIVIDUALS DO NOT IN FACT APPEAR

ADULT SIZE FROM TANKS FILLED WITH EMBRYONIC

FLUID

CLONED INDIVIDUALS WILL NOT HAVE ALL THE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DONOR:

ALTHOUGH THE TWO WILL BE GENETICALLYEQUIVALENT (GIVEN NO SEVERE ABNORMAITIES)

PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER DEVELOP IN

CONTEXT OF EXPERIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT


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W

hy Clone ?W

hy Clone ?


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Organ HarvestingOrgan Harvesting The ability to create individuals with near-identical genetics would allow for easierorgan transplantation

This is fraught with perils as killing someoneis illegal and organ removal greatly weakensthe donor

Cloning is horribly inefficient as it is quite

difficult to even create a clone let alonewaiting for one to develop to an appropriateage for adult organ transplantation


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Embryonic vs. Adult StemEmbryonic vs. Adult Stem

CellsCells Only embryonically harvested stem cells are

created through cloning

The conversion of adult cells into cells withstem cell like features does not require

cloning

All that is required to create adult stem cells is

extraction of cells and treatment with media tostimulate differentiated cells to undifferentiate

and adopt a stem cell like phenotype


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Disease TreatmentDisease Treatment Brain tumours Ovarian cancer

Solid tumours

Multiple myeloma

Breast cancer

Non-Hodgkins lymphoma

Multiple sclerosis

Systemic lupus

Rheumatoid arthritis

Anaemia

Stroke

Immuno-deficiency.


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Therapeutic CloningTherapeutic Cloning At this time there are no practical roles for

cloning in therapeutics

Organ harvesting is unethical and suffersfrom both inefficiency and a long gestation

period

Stem cell transplantation while a viable

therapy has been shown to be effective usingadult stem cells removing the need to use

cloning to produce embryonic stem cells


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Where have all the bananasWhere have all the bananas

gone?gone? The banana, discovered in South East

Asia 10,000 years ago, faces extinction

due to parasites that resist drugs.

Bananas can only reproduce clonally

making it difficult to breed new,

improved varieties and thereforeimpossible for them to adapt to drug

resistant pathogens


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Dont let this happen to usDont let this happen to us

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