anthurium cultivation under polu house

8/10/2019 Anthurium Cultivation Under Polu House

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C u t F l o w e r P r o d u c t i o n

'lUW~ICARIC A R R E S E A R C H C O M P L E X F O R

G O A,(INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH)OLD GOA 403 402, GOA, INDIA


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Introduction:

An t hu r iu m i s o n e o f th e b e a u ti fu l c u t fl o w e rs c ultiv a te d m o s t ly i n

t rop ica l hum id c l ima te and h ence i t has good scope f o r cu l ti va ti on

in Goa . I t i s t he l a rgest and p robab ly t he mos t comp lex genus o f a rum

family . T h e w o r d a n th u r iu m i s d e r iv e d f ro m t h e G r e e k w o r d s "An t hos "

and "O ura " w h i c h m e a n s , "B l oom" and "Ta i r respect ive ly . T h e g e n u s

A n t hu r iu m b e lo n g s t o th e c o m p l e x f a m il y o f A r ac e a e. Th i s f am i l y has

e ig h t s u b f am i ly a m o n g t h em a n th u r iu m b e lo n g s t o po t ho i deae .

Anthur ium occup ies impor tan t pos i ti on i n cu t f lower t rade on accoun t

o f i ts beau t y . I t i s g rown f o r i ts a t trac ti ve f lowers as we l l as f o l i age .

I t i s a n e v e rg r e en t ro p ic a l h e r ba c e o u s p l an t. T h e m o s t p o pu la r a n d

e c o n o m ic a ll y i m p o rt a nt s p e ci e s a r e A n th u ri um a n d re a n u m a nd A

sche rze r i anum wh ich posses a t trac ti ve l ong las t ing i n f lo rescence .

A n t hu r iu m c u lt iv a ti o n

Spathe h a s b ee n c a tc h in g u p

i n I nd ia e s pe c ia lly i n

Spadix t he W e ste rn G h ats

a n d t h e N o r th E a s te r n

region . A n um be r o f

fa rm e rs a nd c offe ep la n te rs o f W e s te rn

G h a t s o f K a r n a ta k a a n d K e r a la h a v e a d o p t e d a n th u r iu m c u lt iv a ti o n

a s a h o b b y w h i c h g o t tr a n sf o rm e d i n t o a co m m e r c ia l e n te r p ri se . I t

i s ranked e leven th i n t he g loba l cu t f lower t rade nex t on l y to o rch ids

a m o n g t h e t ro p ic a l f lo w e r s. T h e p r e fe r e n ce f o r co l ou r s i n g lG b a l as

w e l l a s d o m e s ti c m a r k e ts f o r a n th u r iu m f lo w e r s i nd i ca t es t h at t h e

r e d c o lo u r e d v a ri e ti es a r e th e m o s t f a vo u r ed w i th 4 5 p e r c e n t s h a r e

f o ll owed by p ink and wh i te co lou red t ypes.

Climate and growing medium:A n t hu r iu m i s a tr o p ic a l p la n t w h ic h f lo u r is h e s w e l l u n d e r h u m i d a n d

m o d e r a te t e m p e ra tu r e c o n d it io n . C o n s e q u en t ly t e m p e ra tu r e s l o w er

t h a n 1 5 C a n d a b o v e 3 5 C shou ld be avo ided . I n case t he t empera tu re

i s h i g h e r t h a n 3 5 C , t he p r o du c ti o n c a n b e a c h i e ve d b y m a i n ta i ni n g

h igher re la t ive hum id i ty . A n excess i ve l ow re la t ive hum id i ty w i ll r educe

t he r ate o f p h o to s yn th e sis w h ile a n e x ce s si ve h ig h h u m id it y w il l

i nc rease t he r i sk o f pes t and d i seases. The op t imum re la ti ve hum id it y

o f 60 -80% i s ma in t a ined f o r econom ic p roduc t ion .

An thu r ium i s a shade lov ing -p lan t hence p roper p rov is ion o f li gh t and

shade i s ve ry impor t an t. An op t imum l igh t i n tenc i ty o f 18,000-25,00 0

Lux i s ma in ta ined f o r good f l ower p roduc ti on . Fo r cu lt iva t ion i n t rop i ca l

c l imate, s h a d e n e ts w i th 7 5 % s h a d in g i s u s e d . P r e f e re n c e i s g i ve n

t o u s e t w o n e t s i.e a f ix e d n e t p ro v id i ng 6 0% s h a d e a n d a s e c o n d

m o v a b le n e t w it h 2 5 % , h e n c e m o v a b le n e t c a n b e c l os e d d u r i n g d r y

p e r io d s a n d a t t h e m i d d le o f th e d a y t h er e b y a v o id i ng t h e p e a k l ig h t

intensity.

A n t h ur iu m s r e q ui re a h ig h ly o r g a ni c w e l l a e ra t ed m e d iu m w it h g o o d

wate r re t en ti on. H o w e v e r , t he s ec re t o f su c c es s f o r c o m m e r c ia l

cult ivat ion is to h a v e g o od d ra in a g e in t he m e d iu m u s ed . A n i d e a l

m e diu m fo r p o ts o r g ro u nd p la n tin g s h ou ld h a ve t he f oll ow in g

proper t ies :

Good wa te r ho ld ing capac it y

H igh poros i ty

Good aera t ion

Low sal t concent rat ion

Mus t p rov ide good anchorage

S h o u ld h a v e o p ti m u m p H (5 . 0) a nd E C ( 0. 6 m.m ho s /cm2)

Shou ld have good s t ruc t u re and t ex tu re

I n m a n y a r e a s c o c on u t h u sk a n d c o co p e at h a ve b e co m e t he m o s t

p o p u la r m e d i a f o r a n th u r iu m c u lt iv a ti on . I n di a h a s a r ic h w e a l th o f

c o co n u t p la n ta tio n s h e n ce i ts b y p r o du c ts c a n b e e x plo ite d f or

anthur ium cul t ivat ion

T h er e a re m a n y v arie tie s in

an thu r ium w i t h d i f fe ren t co lou rs

li ke d a rk r ed , o range , whi te ,

p ink and b i co lou r (Two co lou rs

o n th e s pa th e). V a rie tie s o f

H olla nd a re w ell k no wn a s

p r iv a te c o m p a n ie s fr om t hi s

c o u n tr y h ave d e v e lo pe d m a ny

I va rie ties . T issue cu ltu red p lan ts

v o r y o f t he s e v a ri e ti es a r e a v a il ab l e

in I nd ia . Some o f t he va r ie t i es v i z . , I vory (W hi te), Ch ichas (Maroon) ,

Aymara (P ink ) and Jewe l (Red w i t h g reen) f rom Mis KF B iop lan t s Pv t .

Ltd., Pune can pe r f o rm we l l in Goa .

Bed preparation for planting:T h e l o n g it u di n al b e d s o f 0 .9 t o 1 . 1 m w i d th a n d l e n g th d e p e n d in g o n

t h e p o ly h o u se a r e p re p a r ed b u t t h e le n g th s h o u ld n o t b e m o r e t h an

3 0 m e tr es . T h e re s h ou ld b e 3 0- 45 c m g a p b e tw e e n t w o b e ds f or

easy cu l tu ral opera tio n s a n d h ar ve s tin g . T h e g ro w in g b e d sh o u ld

h a v e s l ig h t s lo p e f o r p r o p er d r a in a g e t o d r a in o ff t h e exc e s s w a te r.

A p e rf or ate d P V C p ip e i s f ix e d i n t h e c e n tr e o f t h e b e d w h i c h h a s

s l ight 'V ' s ha p e a t t he b o tt om b y w h ic h e x ce s s w a te r is c ollec ted

i n t he b e d a n d d r a in e d o u t. T h e d r a i n w a t e r c a n a lso be co l l ec ted


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i n a ta n k a n d r e c y cl ed w h e re e v e r p o s s ib le . B u t p rope r t rea tmen t

o f d r ai ne d w a t er f o r p H a nd E C a p ar t f r o m c o n tr o l o f ba c te r ia a n d

fungus a re essen tia l. T h e o u t er m o s t p a r t of b ed is ra ised in o rde r

t o c o lle c t t he exc e ss w a te r in th e p i pe . F o r m a ki ng p ro p er b e d,

w o o de n p e gs o f 7 0 c m h e ig h t w i th a h ol e a t o ne s id e a re u s ed at

e v er y 2 fe e t i n te rv a l s o th a t p e gs a re i ns e rte d i n to t he g ro u nd

t o g et a t l ea s t 4 5 c m h e ig h t a b ov e g ro u nd f or b e d m a k in g. The

w o o de n p eg s a re j oi ne d t og e th e r w it h G .I w i re a n d p l a s ti c s h e et

p r ef er a bl y s il pa u li n i s c o v er e d o n th e b e d a n d d r ai na g e p ip e s a r e

p la c e d o v e r i n t he c e n t re o f t he b e d b y k e e p in g t he p e r fo r at io n o n

to p (s e e p la te 1 ).

1. Ground Surface

2. Wooden Pegs

3. Bed covered with plasticsheet (70 gsm)

4. Planting Media

(Coconut shells)

5. PVC drainage pipe(SOmm) 6.5011

Plate la

and Ib: Schemat icd ia gra m s ho win g th e c ro ss

s ec tio n o f b e d ( to p) a nd B e d

p r ep a ra t io n u s in g w o o d e n p e g s

(down ).

Planting:O nc e th e b ed s a re re ad y fo r

p lan t ing t hen t he med ia has t o be

a d d ed t o th e b e d. Be fo re add ing

t he c o c o n ut h u s k g r ow i n g m e d i a

s ho u ld b e w a s he d t ho ro u gh ly

a n d s te ri li ze d w i th c he m ic al s.Pes t ic ides l ike Ch loropy riphos o r

M e th o m yl @ 1 .5 m l/l it re o f wa te r

a long w i th Ca rbendazim @ 1glli t o f w a te r i s pr e pa r ed . T h e m e d ia

s h o ul d b e w a s he d w i th w a t er t w ic e o r th r ic e a n d t h en d ip p e d i n t he

Plate 3 : P la ntin g o f

cu l tu re p lan ts in t he bed

above p repa red so lu tion (L e 1 5 0 m l o f c h e m ic a l i n 1 0 0 l it o f w a te r )

f or 1 m i n ut e a n d t h e n s p re a d i ns id e t he b e d u n if or m l y f o r p la n ti ng .

T h e p l a n ts a r e a lw a y s p la n te d i n 4:3 proport ion ( i n 1 .1 m bed ) and

3 :2 p ropo rt ion ( in 0 .8m bed) a n d t h e r o w t o r o w d is ta n c e i s 3 0 c m

whe reas t he p lan t t o p lan t d i s tance i s 45 cm.

The p lan t ing i s done d iagona ll y . W h i le p lan ting coconu t she ll s may be

added fo r good suppo r t. The p lan t s shou ld no t be p lan ted ve ry deep

o r ve ry h igh above t he subs t ra te . C a r e s h o ul d b e ta k e n s o th a t t he

roo ts do no t ge t damaged wh ile p lan t ing .

Planting density and after care:The op timum spac ing f o r commerc ia l cu l ti va tion o f an thu rium is 45 x

3 0 c m w h i c h a c c o m m o d at e s a r ou n d 4 4 0 0 p l a nt s i n 56 0 m 2 po lyhouse

(20m x 28m) . Once t h~p lant ing i s comp le ted , the i r riga t ion schedu le

has to be fo l lowe& Wi thou t any f e r ti li ze r f o r a t leas t 12 -15 days .

The t op shade ne t s shou ld be sp read comp le te ly t o avo id h igh l igh t

in tens ity . W hen the p lan ts have star ted producing roots a f te r a month,

th e in tensi ty o f l igh t may be inc reased t o a ce r ta in ex tent. Dur ing th is

period , i t has t o be ensu red t ha t the g row ing med ium is su ff ic ien tl yw et .

Fertigation:Un l i ke f i e ld c rops whe re p lan ts a re no rma l ly g rown in so i l, an thur ium

i s g ro w n o n c o c o n u t h u s k a n d f e rt il iz e rs a r e a p p l ie d d a il y t hr o ug h

spr ink le r i r r iga t ion. S ince coconu t husk jus t p rov ides suppo r t t o p lan ts ,

requ ired nu t rien ts as we l l a s good qua l i ty wa te r has t o be necessa r ily

s u p pl ie d t o t he p la n ts a t a p p ro p ri at e t im e t hr o ug h o ut t he g r ow i n g

per iod .

F e r ti li ze r s a r e g i v e n d a il y t hr o ug h s p ri nk le r i rr ig a ti on s y s te m o n ly .

Fe r t iga te t he p lan t s da i ly tw ice, f irst in t he m o r n in g a n d s e c o nd in

the noon. The quan t it y o f fe r ti ga tion wa te r shou ld be @ 51 i t 1m2 area

o f b e d. T h e p H a n d E C o f f e rt ig a ti on s o lu ti on s h o ul d b e c h e c ke dbefore water ing . T h e i de a l p H a n d E C w o u ld b e 5 .7 - 6. 2 a n d 1 .2-1 .3

respect ive ly .

Water quality requirement for

anthurium:

W a te r E C S o d ium C h lo rid e B ic ar bo n ate C a lc iu m

q ua lity (m.m o I /L ) ( m . m o I /L ) ( m . m o I /L ) ( m.m o I /L ) ( m . m o I /L )

Good < 05 < 1. 0 1.0 > 3.0 >3 .0 > 1.0 > 2.0

Fertigation doses:

T h e f o ll ow in g is t he s ta n da rd f er tiliz er d os e r ec om m e nd ed fo r

variet ies o f M is K F Bio p la n ts P v t. L td ., P u n e i n c o m b in a ti on w i th

g o o d q u a lity fil te red wa te r . I t r e su lt s i n f ee d in g s olu tio n w it h a n

E C l e ve l o f a b ou t 1 .2 5 a n d p H 5 .7 5 -5 .8 0 a fte r a d i lu t io n o f 1 00

tim es.


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Standard fertilizer solutions for the

anthurium(Concen t ra t ion 100 times i n 50 l it e r s o f wa te r )

A- tank (Stock so lu t ion)

S .N o . Fer t i li zer grade/nutr ien t Q uant i ty in 50 l i te rs

o f wa te r 1 . Ca lc ium n i t ra te (15.5:0:0:18.8 o f N P K a n d 1.62 kg

C a)2 . Amm on ium n i tr a te 40 0 03. Potassium n i t ra te (13:0 :45 \ 70 0 0

4. Iron che la te 3% 1400B-tank (Stock so lu t ion)

S .N o. F ertiliz er g ra de /n utrie nt Q uant i ty in 50 l i te rs

o f wa te r 1 . Potassium n i t ra te ( 13 :0 :45 ) 5 5 0 02 . Mon o potassium phosphate 1 0 :5 2 :34) 680 03. Potassium su lohate 10 :0 :5 0 \ 360 04. Mao nesium su lohate 1.12 ko5 . Bo rax 10 06. Z inc su lphate 4.307 . Coppe r su lphate 0 .5608 . Sod ium molvbdate 0 .560

T h e a b o ve s t oc k s o lu t io n i s pr e pa r ed s e p a ra t el y i n 'A ' an d 'B ' tanks.

Twenty l i te rs each o f s tock so lu t ion f rom 'A ' a nd 'B ' tank is added to tank

'C '. These 20 l it e r s o f each o f A and B s tock so lu t ions a re d i lu ted to 100t imes in tank 'C 'w i th good qua l i ty p l a in wa te r . H ence, the tank 'c 'shou ldhave a to ta l capac i ty o f 2000 l it e rs so as to ge t the d i l u t ion o f 100 times

f rom A and B s tock so lu ti ons . The f i na l so l u ti on mus t have the requ ir ed

pH and E C wh i ch i s men t i oned i n the fo rego ing pa rag raph .

Important cultural operations:

Pruning of leaves:The f l owe r o f an thu r ium o r ig i na tes i n the ax i l o f the new l ea f and hence

t he o ld e r le a ve s n e ed s t o b e p r u ne d a s t he y g ro w a t th e e x pe n se

o f th e p r od u c ti on o f n e w f l ow e r s . A n a n t h ur iu m p la n t h a s t o b e t hu s

p r un e d t o r e t a in a d e qu a te n u m b e r o f l ea v e s, w i th o u t a n y a d v e r se

e f fec t on the f lowe r p roduc ti on and qua l it y .

In gene ra l, t h e m o r e p la n ts p e r s qu a re m e t e r , th e m o r e l e a v e s t h at

mus t be cu t mo re f r equen t ly . A l so the pos i t ion o f the l eaves i n fl uences

t h e n u m b e rs o f le a v e s p e r p la n t. Ho r i zon ta l l eaves a re l ess economic

than ve r t ica l ones . G ene ra ll y 4 to 5 we l l g rown hea l thy l eaves shou ld

be re ta i ned pe r p lan t a t any g i ven t ime . An thu ri um l eaves can a l so be

so ld and i t adds to the i ncome o f the g rowe r .

Removal of suckers:

M o s t a n t hu r iu m p la n ts n a tu r al ly p r od u c e s m a l l s u c ke r s a t t h e b a s e

o f t h e p lant . T h e s u c k e r f o r m a ti on s l ea d t o a o v e r c r ow d e d c r op . It is

a g o o d i d e a to r e m o v e t h e s u c ke r s a t an e a rl y s t a g e. O n e r e m o ve s

sucke rs by pu ll ing them ou t by hand . Neve r use a kn ife o r sc isso rs

Addition of coconut husk:A s t h e a n th u ri um p la n t g r o w s, it p ut f or th r oo ts a n d t h e y n e ed t o

be co v e re d f o r fu r th e r g r ow t h o f th e p la n t. A f te r e v e ry 8 - 10 m o n t hs

a d d it io n a l c o c o nu t h u s k s a r e r e qu ir e d t o c ov e r t h e roots. Th i s med ia

shou ld be p rope rl y s te ri li zed as men t i oned ea r li e r. I t i s an impo r tan t

o p e ra t io n s in c e p la n t g r o w th a n d f lo w e r p r od u c ti on d e p e nd s o n t h is

med ium .

Pest and diseases:Pests:

Spider mites: A t ta c k s o n l o w e r s u r fa c e o f l e af . T he y s u ck s a p

and cause seve re mo t t li ng and w i lt ing o f a ffec ted l eaves. B ronz ing o f

uppe r and l owe r su r faces o f lea f . Con t ro l led by Ke l thane @ 1 m il L o r

Ver t imec @ O A m l/L a t l eas t 1 -2 sp rays ea r ly i n the m o rn ing

Caterpillars: M a k e s

la rg e h ole s o n t he t en de r

l ea v e s. S p r ay w i th L a n na t e

@ 1 m i lL

Thrips: B r o w n s t ri pe s o n

f lo w e rs a n d l e a v es . S e v e re

d a m a g e e s p e ci al ly o n y o u ng

leaves . Ve r t imec @ O A m l/L

Snails: T h ey e a t r o o t t ip s, d am a ge s f lo w ers a nd b ud s. S p ra y

me ta ldehyde w i th m i x tu re o f ch ick feed by wh i ch sna i ls a re a t tr ac ted

wh i ch can be co l lec ted i n the mo rn ing and k i ll ed .

Diseases:

Bacterial blight: T h is i s

a m o s t d evas ta ti ng d i seases

o f an thu r i um . T h e s y m p to m sare m o s tl y f ou n d o n l e av e s

an d flo w er s a nd a pp ea r a s

w ater s oak ed sp ots w ith

b row n cen tre and ye llo w

ou te r edges . B l igh t damage sp reads qu i ck ly and k i l ls the p lan t. Good

h y g ie n e a n d r e m o v a l o f s us p e c te d p la n t p a r ts h a s t o b e c a rr ie d o u t.

Sp ray s t rep tomyc in @ 1g /l it e r a t eve ry 8 -1 0 d a y s in te rva l fo r 6 -8 t imes

Root rot: W h en t he

g row ing cond i ti on is n ot

proper , r o ot ro t is s ee n.

L e a ve s t u rn y e llo w a t th e

e dg es a nd h an gs. Roo ts

l ook b rown . Drench ing w i th

Al iette @ 1 .5g/l it e r a t l eas t

2 t im e s in a 1 2-1 5 d ay s

in terva l

Harvesting:An thu r ium flo w ers a re h ar ve ste d

w h e n t he s p at he c o m ple te ly u n fu rls

a nd th e s pa dix is w e ll d e ve lo p ed .

D e v elo p m en t o f tru e f lo w e rs o n t h e

s p a d ix i s a ls o u s e d a s a c r it e ri on f o r

h a rv e st in g t he b lo o m s. W h en o neth ir d o f the t r ue f l owe rs on the spad i x

mature , c ha ng e o f c olo ur c an b e

o b s e rv e d t h at m o v e s f r o m b a s e t o ti p

o f spad ix and tha t i s the r i gh t s tage fo r

harves t ing o f f lowe rs .

Plate 4: F lo w er in g ina n th u riu m u n de r n a tu ra lly F lo w e rs a re r ea d y f or h arves tin g a ft er

v entila te d p olyh ous e 8 -1 0 m on th s o f p lan tin g. Ave rage


5/5

y ie ld i s 5 -7 f low e rs pe r p lan t pe r yea r fo r i nitia l tw o y ears and 10 -12

flow e rs pe r plan t pe r yea r f rom 3 rd yea r onwards. Leaves o f an thurium

c an a ls o be s o ld a t a reasonab le p ric e .

Packing:F low e rs a re ha rv ested w ith long (50-60cm ) s ta lk s. Ha rves ted flowers

a re k ep t in w ate r im m e d ia te ly to p re ve nt w iltin g. F o r lo n g d is tance

transport, a p ie c e o f w a te r s oak ed c o tton is p la c ed a t the c u t end w ith

ru b be r b an d . A p p ro pria te s iz e p o ly pro py le n e o r p oly eth yle n e b a g is

used to cove r the spa the and spad ix o f each flower to p reven t b ru is ing

o f spa the . Open end o f the bag is stap led .

F lo w e rs a re g ra de d a s E x tra la rg e, Large , Med ium , S m a l l a n d M i n i

s iz es. F low e rs a re pack ed in c a rd boa rd boxes m eas u ring 60 c m ( L ) x

30 cm (W ) x 22cm (H ) keep in g flo w er s pa th e s o n b oth s id e s t o utiliz e

the space (See P la te .5 ).

F lowers ! F low er y ie ld F lower y ie ld S e lling R etu rns

Y earp lan t !year per 100m 2

p rice pe r (R s) year

2 nd 5 35 3500 10 35 ,000

3 rd 6 4 2 4200 10 42 ,000

4 th 8 56 5600 10 56 ,000

Prepared by

D r. M .Thangam , Sen io r Sc ien tis t (H art .)

D r. S . P r iy a D e v i, Scient ist (H art.)D r. S . A . Sa feena, Scient ist (H art .)

Dr . A . R .Desai, S en io r Sc ien tis t (Har t.)

Dr. V .Arunachalam , Pr inc ipa l Sc ient is t (Hart .)

D r. M . J . Gupta , Scient ist (Agri. S tructu res an d P r ocess Engg.)

D r.N .P .S ingh , D irector

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D r . N . P . S in g h

Director, IC A R R e se arc h C o m p le x fo r G o a

E la , O l d G o a - 4 0 3 4 0 2

E -m a i l : d i rector@icargoa .res.in

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F inanc ia l g ran t f r om NADP (R K V Y ), Gov t. o f India is du ly acknowledged .

A l l R i g h t s R e s e r v e d 2 0 1 3 1 C A R R e s e a r c h C o m p l e x F o r G o a
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anthurium cultivation under polu house

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