anthropomety children under 5
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ANTHROPOMETY CHILDREN UNDER 5. INTRODUCTION : ANTHROPOMETY CHILDREN UNDER 5. ANTHROPOMETRY is the measurement of the human body. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Lecture X: Title of the Presentation -Name of Presenter
ANTHROPOMETY CHILDREN UNDER 5
INTRODUCTION : ANTHROPOMETY CHILDREN UNDER 5
• ANTHROPOMETRY is the measurement of the human body.• Anthropometric measures are used to assess the nutritional status of
individuals and population groups, and as eligibility criteria for nutrition support programs. Common anthropometric measures are – Height,– Weight and – Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)
INTRODUCTION: ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES• When body measurements are compared to a reference
value, they are called nutrition indices
• Nutrition indices include – height-for-age (HFA),– weight-for-age (WFA), – weight-for-height (WFH), and– MUAC-for-age.
INTRODUCTION: NUTRITION INDICATORS• Nutrition indicators are an interpretation of nutrition indices based on
cutoff points– Nutrition indicators measure the clinical phenomena of malnutrition and are
used for making a judgment or assessment– a good nutrition indicators detects as many people at risk as possible
(sensitivity) without including too many people who are not at risk (specificity)– A good nutrition indicator should also be functionally meaningful (i.e. related
to risk of morbidity and mortality), and be sensitive to change– Standard cutoff points are used internationally to define undernutrition in
children 6-59 months.– The cutoff points for nutrition indicators are derived from the WHO child
growth standard population (WHO standards) or NCHS reference population (NCHS population).
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ANTHROPOMETRY
The commonly used building blocks or measures used to undertake anthropometric assessment are:
1) Sex2) Age3) Weight4) Length or Height
5) Mid-upper-arm Circumference (MUAC)
• Each provides one piece of information• When used together they can provide important information about a
person’s nutritional status• When > 2 of these variables are used together they are called an index• These indices are commonly used: WA, HA & WH.
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: AGE DETERMINATION
• Age determination is required for – Sampling– Deciding on whether the child is measured
standing or reclining for height or length– Converting height and weight into the standard
indices
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
• Body weight indicates combined mass of all body
compartments (fat, fat-free mass, water, skeleton)
• Spring scales are the most common scale available
• Whatever equipment is chosen, staff needs training to ensure
its proper use & care
• Regular validation of the weighting scale is very important.
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: WEIGHT MEASUREMENT
• Salter Scale for weighing infants & young Children
• Can Measure up to 25 kg• Accuracy 100 gm
Anthropometric indications measurement guideFANTA, 2003
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: LENGTH/HEIGHT MEASUREMENT
• Length/height indicates linear growth
• A measuring board should be lightweight, durable and have few moving
parts
• Length/height boards should be designed to measure children under 2
years of age lying down (recumbent) and older children standing up
• Several types of length and height boards are available
• Adequate training both in using the equipment and in providing
appropriate information for the caregivers.
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: LENGTH MEASUREMENT USING LENGTH BOARD
Children under 2 yrs• <85 cm tall• Too ill to stand• Accuracy 0.1 cm
Measuring length requires experience & patience
Anthropometric indicators measurement guide FANTA.2003
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: HEIGHT MEASUREMENT USING HEIGHT BOARD
• Children > 2 yrs• > 85 cm tall• Accuracy 0.1 cm
Length may be up to 0.5 cm more than corresponding height
Anthropometric indicators Measurementguide FANTA, 2003
Lecture X: Title of the Presentation -Name of Presenter
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: MUAC MEASUREMENT
• Is relatively easy to measure
• Use for rapid screening of acute malnutrition from the 6-59 months age
range
• A good predictor of immediate risk of death
• MUAC is also recommended for assessing adult undernutrition and for
estimating prevalence of undernutrition at the population level
• Color coded and or graduated MUAC tapes are available
Lecture X: Title of the Presentation -Name of Presenter
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: MUAC MEASUREMENT
• 6 mo – 5 yrs• < 12.5 cm acute malnutrition
Anthropometric indicators Measurementguide FANTA, 2003
Lecture X: Title of the Presentation -Name of Presenter
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY:
Weight for-age: - Low WFA identifies underweight, for a specific age & sex- Reflects both past (chronic) &/or present (acute) undernutrition- Unable to distinguish between the two
Height for-age: - Low HFA identifies past or chronic undernutrition (stunting)- Stunting indicates reduced linear growth
- Cannot measure short-term changes in malnutrition- For children <2 yrs of age, the term is length-for-age/LA
- For children > 2 yrs age, the index is referred as height-for-age/HA
Indices reflect about the nutritional status of infants & children
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OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY:
Weight for-height:- Low WFH identifies current or acute undernutrition (wasting)- Useful when exact age is difficult to determine- Weight for-length (< 2 yrs) or weight for-height (in > 2 yrs)- Appropriate for examining short-term effects
Mid- Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC):- Low MUAC (<12.5 cm) indicates acute malnutrition among children 6-
59 months- Is relatively easy to measure and a good predictor of immediate risk of
death- Is used for rapid screening of acute malnutrition
Indices reflect about the nutritional status of infants & children
Lecture X: Title of the Presentation -Name of Presenter
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: USE OF NUTRITION INDICES
Measure or Index
Nutritional Condition Usefulness of Index
WFA UNDERWEIGHT ( composite measure of stunting and wasting)
To assess changes in the magnitude of malnutrition over time
HFA STUNTING (Past growth failure; associated with a number of long-term factors including chronic insufficient protein and energy intake, frequent infection, sustained inappropriate feeding practices and poverty etc.)
• Problem analysis in designing interventions
• Evaluation of program preferably for children under 2 years of age
• not for monitoring as it does not change in the short term such as 6-12 months
WFH WASTING ( current or acute malnutrition resulting from failure to gain weight or weight loss. Causes includes inadequate food intake, incorrect feeding practices, disease, and infection or, more frequently, a combination of these factors.)
• Screening or targeting purposes as wasting in individual children and population groups can change rapidly and shows marked seasonal patterns associated with changes in food availability or disease prevalence to which it is very sensitive.• Annual reporting
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OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: USE OF NUTRITION INDICES
Measure or Index
Nutritional Condition Usefulness of Index
MUAC WASTING • Rapid screening of acute malnutrition from the 6-59 month age range• Assessing acute adult undernutrition and• Estimating prevalence of undernutrition at the population level
Odema (presence of excessive amounts of fluid in the intracellular tissue)
Clinical sign of severe malnutrition • Screening and Surveillance
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OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: REFERENCES
• To standardize a child’s measurement to compare individual value with the median/mean of same age & sex
• Taking age & sex into consideration, difference in measurements can be expressed as:
- standard deviation (SD) or Z-score- percentage of the median- percentile (least useful in clinical practice)
[Z-score is preferable; percentage may be used ]
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OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: SD Score or Z-Score
• A SD score is also called a Z-score and is defined as the deviation of an observed individual value from the median value of the reference population.
• A Z-score is the number of standard deviations (SD) below or above the reference median value (WHO/UNICEF definition, 2009).
The median is the middle value in a set of values. It is one type of ‘average’
• The Z-score or standard deviation unit (SD) is defined as the difference between the value for an individual and the median value of the reference population for the same age or height, divided by the standard deviation of the reference population. This can be written in equation form as:
Z-score (or SD-score) = (observed value) – (median reference Value)
standard deviation of reference population
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OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: SD Score or Z-Score
• Z-score can be used to indicate how far a child’s weight is from the median weight for that child’s height (the standard deviation or SD)
• The concept of a normal distribution is important for understanding what a Z-score is. In a normal distribution, most values are grouped around the middle, or “normal”
• A Z-score gives an image of how far a child is from “normal” or the median• The weights of all boys or all girls of a certain height fall into a normal (or almost
normal) distribution. When the weights are graphed, the result resembles a normal bell-shaped curve.
+ + +
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OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: SD Score or Z-Score
• Z-scores are more commonly used by the international nutrition community because they offer two major advantages
• First , using Z-scores allow us to identify a fixed point in the distribution of different indices and across different ages
• The second major advantage of using Z-scores is that useful summary statistics can be calculated from them; mean and standard deviation to be calculated for the Z-scores for a group of children.
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: REFERENCES
• The median is the value at exactly the midpoint between the largest and smallest. The percentage of the median is defined as the ratio of a measured or observed value in the individual to the median value of the reference data for the same age or height for the specific sex, expressed as a percentage. This can be written in equation form as:
Percent of median = observed value x 100 median value of reference population
• The percentile is the rank position of an individual on a given reference distribution, stated in terms of what percentage of the group the individual equals or exceeds.
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: SD Score or Z-Score
• A comparison of cutoffs for percent of median, percentile and Z-scores illustrates the following:
Z-score Percent of median Percentile
-3 70% 0.13
-2 80% 2.28
-1 90% 15.8
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: REFERENCE STANDARD
Bangladesh has adopted the new World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Reference Standard (GRS), Which should be used for determining the WHM and
WHZ.
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: TYPES OF UNDERNTURITION
• Undernutrition is defined as lack of nutrients caused by inadequate dietary intake and/or disease. It compasses a range of conditions, including – Acute malnutrition– Chronic malnutrition– Underweight– Micronutrient deficiency
• Undernutrition is defined based on anthropometric indicators, clinical signs and clinical tests.
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: Different forms of undernutrition
Definition INDEX or MEASURE
MODERATE SEVERE
Stunting reflects chronic malnutrition
Inadequate length or height* relative to age
HFA <-2 and > -3 z-score
<-3 z-score
Wasting reflects acute malnutrition
Inadequate weight relative to length or height*WFH <-2 and > -3
z-score<-3 z-score
Inadequate muscle tissue and fat stores in the body MUAC (6-59 months)
<125 mm and > 115 mm
<115 mm
MUAC (6-59 months)
<-2 and > -3 z-score
<-3 z-score
Underweight reflects both chronic and acute malnutrition.
Inadequate weight relative to age
WFA <-2 and > -3 z-score
<-3 z-score
Bilateral Pitting Oedema reflects severe acute malnutrition
An accumulation of fluid that starts in both feet and that can progress to other parts of the body
Any bilateral pitting oedema indicates severe acute malnutrition
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY : ACUTE MALNUTRITION
• Acute malnutrition caused by a decrease in food consumption and/or illness resulting in bilateral pitting oedema or sudden weight loss.
• It is defined by the presence of bilateral pitting oedema or by wasting
OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY: Types of Acute Malnutrition
Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)
• is defined by the presence of bilateral pitting or severe wasting• a child with SAM is highly vulnerable and has a high mortality rate
Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM)
• is defined by moderate wasting
Overview of Methodology : Reference Cutoff Values for SAM & MAM
Bilateral pitting oedema
MUAC WFH z-score (WHO standards or NCHS references)
WFH as a percentage of the median (NCHS references)
SAM : Present <115 mm or red
<-3 <70%
MAM : Not present >110 mm and <125 mm or yellow
> -3 and <-2 > 70% and <80%
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
• Community level screening e.g. GMP• Household visits• Survey
METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
• Use computer software like e.g. Epi Info, ANTHRO, SPSS etc.– Prevalence of malnutrition– Recovery rate– Death rate– Defaulter rate– Non-responder rate– Average length of stay– Average weight gain per kg/day
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY : WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children
• WHO and UNICEF recommend the use of a cut-off for weight-for height of below -3 standard deviations (SD) of the WHO standards to identify infants and children as having SAM.
• The commonly used cut-off is the same cut-off for both the new 2006 WHO child growth standards (WHO standards) as with the earlier National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS reference). The reasons for the choice of this cut-off are as follows:
1) Children below this cut-off have a highly elevated risk of death compared to those who are above;
2) These children have a higher weight gain when receiving a therapeutic diet compared to other diets, which results in faster recovery;
3) In a well-nourished population there are virtually no children below -3 SD (<1%).4) There are no known risks or negative effects associated with therapeutic feeding of
these children applying recommended protocols and appropriate therapeutic foods.
Using weight-for-height
• WHO standards for mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-for-age show that in a well nourished population there are very few children aged 6–60 months with a MUAC less than 115 mm. Children with a MUAC less than 115 mm have a highly elevated risk of death compared to those who are above.
• Thus it is recommended to increase the cut-off point from 110 to 115 mm to define SAM with MUAC.
• When using the WHO child growth standards to identify the severely malnourished among 6–60 month old children, the below -3SD cut-off for weight-for-height classifies two to four times as many children compared with the NCHS reference.
• The prevalence of SAM, i.e. numbers of children with SAM, based on weight-for height below -3 SD of the WHO standards and those based on a MUAC cut-off of 115 mm, are very similar.
• The shift from NCHS to WHO child growth standards or the adoption of the new cut-off for MUAC will therefore sharply increase case loads. This has programmatic implications.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY : WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children
Using MUAC
Conclusion
• Advantages of anthropometrySimple, safe, cheap, non-invasive, portablerequires minimal training
• Limitations of anthropometryCannot identify specific deficiencies, fairly slow to respond to recent changes in nutritional status
Conclusion
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USE OF ANTHROPOEMETRY
• Identify individuals & populations with normal & abnormal nutritional status
• Predict who will benefit from interventions
• Identify social & economic inequity
• Evaluate response to interventions.
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