anteproyecto de grado carolina

8/18/2019 Anteproyecto de Grado Carolina

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PROPUESTA PARA SOLUCIONAR DESDE EL SEMESTRE 1 HASTASEMESTRE 2 DE 2016, PAROS CONSTANTES EN MÁQUINA

SACHETEADORA EN EL ÁREA DE ENVASADO DE LA EMPRESALABORATORIO COSMENALES LTDA, EN EL PROCESO DE ENVASADO DEL

SHAMPOO ZERO SAL, SUSTENTANDO EL PROBLEMA BAJO LASDIFERENTES TEMÁTICAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN.

CAROLINA GUTIRREZ MAZO

ANTEPRO!ECTO TRABAJO DE GRADOMODALIDAD VALIDACIÓN PRÁCTICA EMPRESARIAL

INSTITUCIÓN UNIVESITARIA PASCUAL BRAVO

FACULTAD DE PRODUCCIÓN ! DISE"O

TECNOLOG#A EN PRODUCCIÓN INDUSTRIAL

MEDELL#N

2016


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PROPUESTA PARA SOLUCIONAR DESDE EL SEMESTRE 1 HASTASEMESTRE 2 DE 2016, PAROS CONSTANTES EN MÁQUINA

SACHETEADORA EN EL ÁREA DE ENVASADO DE LA EMPRESALABORATORIO COSMENALES LTDA, EN EL PROCESO DE ENVASADO DEL

SHAMPOO ZERO SAL, SUSTENTANDO EL PROBLEMA BAJO LASDIFERENTES TEMÁTICAS DE INVESTIGACIÓN.

CAROLINA GUTIRREZ MAZO

ANTEPRO!ECTO TRABAJO DE GRADO

MODALIDAD VALIDACIÓN PRÁCTICA EMPRESARIAL

DOCENTE METODOLOG#A DE INVESTIGACIÓN

BANESSA OSORIO CASTA"O

INSTITUCIÓN UNIVERSITARIA PASCUAL BRAVO

FACULTAD DE PRODUCCIÓN ! DISE"O

TECNOLOG#A EN PRODUCCIÓN INDUSTRIAL

MEDELL#N

2016


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PÁGINA DE ACEPTACIÓN


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CONTENIDO


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LISTAS ESPECIALES

IMÁGENES

TABLAS

GRÁFICAS

ANE$OS

I%&'() 1* D&+( )-%+(

F/()(* &/-+ - (&-+&3) 4+-4&


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GLOSARIO

P&&+&5 ( 78 -%4+()53) 4&+& ( (-+


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INTRODUCCIÓN


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1. PROBLEMA

1.1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

L& (%4+(5& C-5%()&(5 L&., (5 /)& (%4+(5& (&& & &(&-+&3) ( 4+-/-5 -5%9-5, /&& () & /& (M((8), &++- N&+&):&.

L& (%4+(5& -)5& ( ;&+&5 )5&&-)(5, ()+( (&5 (


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E) /) 4&5&-, &)(5 ( -()(+ & ()--'8& ?/( )-5 -7+(( &%


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2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL

P+-4-)(+ %(:-+& () (


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3. JUSTIFICACIÓN

E5 %4-+&)( ?/( &5 (%4+(5&5 ))-;() ( %4(%()() &%-5 4&+&%(:-+&+ -))/&%()( -5 4+-(5-5, /&)- --5 -5 %(-5 >=(++&%()&5 )((5&+&5 -) ( 4&5- ( (%4-.

E)-)+&+ & 5-/3) & -&5 &5 7&&5 ?/( 5( =&) ;()- 4+(5()&)-() & (%4+(5& C-5%()&(5 L&., (5 & '+&) %(& 4&+& ?/( (5&-%4&8& 4/(& -()(+ (+7&-)(5 ( && & -+- 4&-.

S( +(&+< /)& 4+-4/(5& ?/( 4(+%& %)%&+ -5 4&+-5 -)5&)(5,7&&)- & -5 -4(+&+-5 ( %-- ( +&&:-, &'&)- 5/ &-+,(;&)- &;(+8&5 () %&(+& ( (%4&?/( > 4+-/- (+%)&-.S&()- &58 ()(7&- ( 4(+5-)& ( ();&5&- > & (%4+(5& ()'()(+&.

C-) 95( 4+->(- 5( 5-/-)&+< /)- ( -5 4+-(%&5 %


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4. MARCO REFERENCIAL

4.1. MARCO CONTEXTUAL

LABORATORIO COSMENALES LTDA, (5 /)& (%4+(5& /&& ()M((8) &++- )&+&):& > 7/( +(&& ( 1 ( &+ ( 2001 %(&)((5+/+& 4& N- 122K, (5& 5-(& (5 ( 7+/- ( & (53) ( -5 :3;()(5 (%4+()(-+(5, C&+-5 M&+- B(&)/+ > 5-) J&5-)M-)->&, ?/()(5 ;5-)&+-) /)& -4-+/)& ( )('-- > (5&++--4(+5-)&, /('- ( =&(+ & +(54(;& (;&/&3), -++(+-) ( +(5'- (+(+&+5( ( 5/ &/& (%4(- > +()/)&+ & /)& ;& &-+& ( % & 4-5& ( (5&++-- 4(+5-)& > &-+& (5- &

&%- ( (%4(&+ & +(-++(+ ( )- 7'()(+&+ (%4(- 7/(+-) ;&+-5 &-5 ( &7/:8&5 > /+- +&&:-, /+&)( -5/&(5 5( %&)/;(+-) -5 -:(;-5 )&%()( +&&-5 > & 54)&?/( 5(%4+( -5 =& &+&(+&-.

E) & &/&& '()(+&) % /)& 4&)& ( 4+-/3) 4+-4&. A(%


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I%&'() 1 T&()- H/%&)-

F/()(* (&-+&3) 4+-4&

C)$,'-!!%'%

E) ( 4&'-5.

/ E7(/&+ &/5&3) --5 -5 (%4-5 &-+&-5.

/ C&57&+ 7(+()(5 -/%()-5 -)&(5 @7&/+&5 ( -%4+& 4-+ 7(=&.

/ V'&+ -5 4&'-5 > (7(/&+ &5 /()&5 4-+ 4&'&+.

/ C-)&3) ( );()&+-5.

/ P+(5()&3) ( %4/(5-5 &)( -5 7(+()(5 3+'&)-5

'/(+)&%()&(5.


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/ E7(/&+ )3%)&, 5/ &/5&3) > +(54(;- 4&'-.

/ P&'&+ & 5('/+& 5-&.

I%&'() 2 C-)&&

F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

M'$,e$!+!e$,)

L& 4(+5-)& ()&+'&& ( (5& - > ( %&)()%()- '()(+& ( & (%4+(5&.

E) ( 55(%& ( &4->- 5( +(&& &5 5'/()(5 7/)-)(5*

N(/%


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R((5 ( 55(%& (9+-.

S5(%& +/- (++&- ((;53) @ (-5 7&5-5.

M&)()%()- 4+(;();- 55(%&5 &&&-5 ( 4-%(+8& @&/(/-,&&)&+&-.

M&)()%()- ( &)-&5 > (=-5 @+()&:(5 () &:&)(5.

E&-+&3) > 7&+&3) %&(+& ( (%4&?/(.

F&+&3) 54()5&-+(5 %&(+&(5 &+8-5.

F&+&3) 54()5&-+(5 ;+- > &/%)-.

E&-+&3) ( 5-4-+(5 4&+& %-)&:( 4-(5 > (?/(&5.

I%&'() M&)()%()-


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F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

D!ecc!#$ T0c$!c'

E5 (


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F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

Ase('+!e$,) ' ' C'!%'%

E5& - +(-+ 9)- &+&3) ( (?/4-5.

D-/%()-5 4&+& +


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A) %+--3'-5 ( 4+-/- (+%)&-.

A)


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%(&) -5 4+-/-5 () &)?/(5 ( 0 ', %()+&5 ?/( ()(%/5-)(5 5( (&-+&) () %&+%&5 ( 0 '.

I%&'() 6 P+-/3)

F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

6)$' %e '7'%)

E) (5& -)& 5( &;&) --5 -5 (?/4-5 ( %4(%()-5 ?/( 5( /&) () &(&-+&3) > ();&5&- ( && 4+-/-.


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I%&'() Á+(& ( &;&-

F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

e' %e ),e'%)

E) (5&


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E5& (?/(&-5 4&+& 4+-((+ & (%4&?/( ( 4+-/-.

I%&'() Á+(& ( ();&5&-

F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

B)%e'

E) (5& +-/&+ &:&5 4&+& ();8-5 ( %(+&)8& 7/(+& ( &/& > ( (4&+&%()-.

S( &%&()& () /&+()()& -5 4+-/-5 () (54(+& ?/( -)+-&& (( (+&+.

C-%4+& ( )5/%-5 @-5&5, &:&5 > &'/)-5 ();&5(5.

R(() %(+&)8& @%&(+&5 4+%&5 > %&(+& ( (%4&?/(.

I);()&+- ( 4+-/- (+%)&-.

O+'&)&3) ( 4(-5 4&+& &5 ()+('&5 &+&5.


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R((43) %(+&)8& &;(+&& 4&+& +(&&+ (;-/-)(5.

I%&'() 10 B-('&

F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

Ve$,'s

5& &, (5< -)7-+%&& 4-+ ;()(-+(5, -5 /&(5 ;()() () -&( () 7(+()(5/&(5 ( 4&85. E ()&+'&- ( ;()&5 /%4( -) 7(+()(5

7/)-)(5 & '/& ?/( -5 ;()(-+(5.

A%)5+&+ -- ( +(/+5- ( & 7/(+& ( ;()&5.

P&)(&+ > (:(/&+ -5 4+(5/4/(5-5 ( ;()&5.

H&(+ 5('/%()- ( &5 ;()&5.

C-)+-&+ > +(5-;(+ -&5 &5 7/&(5 ?/( 5( 4+(5()() () (


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A()3) & ()( @P-+ (97-)- > () 4(+5-)&.

T-%& ( 4(-5 ((73)&%()(.

A)/)&+ 4&'-5 & 4+-;((-+(5.

R(&/&+ 4&'-5 & ;()(-+(5 > -+&-+(5.

I%4+(53) > +(;53) ( 7&/+&5, &)(5 ( ();&+5( & (54&=-.

I%&'() 11 R((43)

F/()(* E&-+&3) 4+-4&

F'c,('c!#$ 5 c',e'

E5 & 4(+5-)& ()&+'&& ( 7&/+&+ -5 4(-5 ( & (%4+(5& >&%9) +(&& &5 5'/()(5 &;&(5.

R(-5 ( &:&.

D(;-/3) %(+&)8& ()(5.

I)7-+%(5 ( ;()&5.

I)7-+%(5 ;&+-5 @(5&-5 ( /()&, +(&3) ( 7&/+&3), +(-5( &:& > (;-/-)(5.

C&+(+&5 4&+& ;()(-+(5.

C&+&5 > -)7+%&3) ((73)& ( &5 +(7(+()&5 -%(+&(5

@()(5.


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I);()&+- ( 4&4((+8&.

I%&'() 12 F&/+&3)

F/()(* E&-+&3)4+-4&

LABORATORIO COSMENALES, (5 /) L&-+&-+- (&- & &4+-/3) > -%(+&&3) ( -5%9-5 4&+& ( &5(- 4(+5-)& > (/&- ( /(+4-, --5 -5 4+-/-5 & '/& ?/( -5 -)+-(5 (&& -4(+&) &:- )-+%&5 ( B/()&5 P+ 4-+ - &)- /%4() -) & )-+%&;& ;'()( () (5&5%&(+&5.

E5 /)& (%4+(5& ?/( ;&-+& ( &()- =/%&)- > %(&)( & (&-+&3)( -5 4+-/-5 +&&:& 4-+ ( ()(5&+ ( -5 -)5/%-+(5.

M53)

LABORATORIOS COSMENALES -%- 4+-/-+, 5+/-+ >%&?/&-+ ( 4+-/-5 -5%9-5 > ( &5(- 4(+5-)&, && -)4+)4-5 9-5 > -%(+&(5* R(54-)()- & -5 -%4+-%5-5

&?/+-5, +(54(&)- & -)7()&& )((5&+& -) )/(5+-54+-;((-+(5, /%4()- & &&& & 4+-%(5& ( ;()& & )/(5+-5()(5 > ((;&)- & && ( ;& ( 5/5 (%4(&-5, ')-, C/%4()- -) ( 4&85 > & 5-(& (%4(%()&)- %9--5 ( 4+-/3) % %&?/&-+ ( 4+-/-5 -5%9-5 > ( &5(- 4(+5-)&,


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(5&++-&)- ( %(+&- -) &&)&5 (5+&9'&5, 7(+() & 5&57&3) ( )/(5+-5 ()(5. A/&%()( & (%4+(5& /()& -) +(5 M&+&5 ( 4+-/-5(&%()( +('5+&&5 &)( & S.I.C (5&5 %&+&5 5-)* VITAL TIME,

B!ZA > O -) (5&5 )5')&5 -%(+&(5 5( ()7&) -57(+()(5 4+-/-5 ?/( & (%4+(5& -%(+&& > & M&+&COSMENALES -%- 7&+&)(, 5+/-+ > %&?/&-+ ( 4+-/-5-5%9-5, 4/()- ( (5& %&)(+& -'+&+ ( +(-)-%()- > (4-5-)&%()- ( %(+&- -) ( ?/( & (%4+(5& /()& & );(R('-)& > N&-)&. D(+(5 &;&&-5 4-+ (INVIMA 4&+& & -%(+&&3) () (5( 4&85.


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E) (5( (5()&+- ( )('--5 (5() -+-5 &-+(5 ( %(+&- ?/( 5((&) &%9) & 7&+&+ 4+-/-5 -5%9-5 ( -)5/%- %&5;- >/>- )=- ( %(+&- &%9) - -)5/>() -5 -)5/%-+(5 (&5(5 %(& > &:&, (5-5 -%4(-+(5 =&) -'+&- 4-5-)&+5( () (

%(+&- ( -5 4+-/-5 ( &:- 4+(-, ?/( 4&+& (5( 4- (-)5/%-+(5 (5 %/> &+&;-, 5()- (5( %(+&- /) )('-- ( &--)5/%-.

L-5 4+-/-5 5( &+&(+&) 4-+ ()(+ ;&-+(5 &'+('&-57(+()&-+(5, &)- () 5/ 7-+%/&3) -%- () & &()& (5+/3), (5-5 -)(4-5 5-) )-;(-5-5 > =&) 4(+%- )/(5+-4-5-)&%()- () ( %(+&- &-)&%()( )/(5+& (5+//+& (5+/3) 4(+%( & )/(5+- (?/4- ( ;()&5 > & & (%4+(5& -'+&+ ()(+ 4+(5()& ( 4+-/-5 () & '+&) %&>-+8& ( ()(5 () M((8)> 5/ Á+(& M(+-4-&)&, B&:- C&/&, N-+(, N-+(5(, O+()(,O()(, S/+-(5(, U+&< > M&'&()& M(-

E) ( 4&85 =& )/+5-)&- () -5 5'/()(5 (4&+&%()-5* A)-?/&,B-8;&+, C/))&%&+&, C3+-&, C&&5, C&/&, C(5&+, M(&, N&+-,N-+( ( S&)&)(+, P//%&>-, Q/)8-, R5&+&&, S/+(, S&)&)(+,T-%&, > V&( ( C&/&, -) (5+&('&5 ?/( ( 4(+%( ()(+ 4+(5()&() ( ( -5 D(4&+&%()-5 ( (++-+- N&-)&, ()()- ()/()& ( ;&-+ &'+('&- ( 5/5 4+-/-5 .

COSMENALES LTDA (5 /)& (%4+(5& () +(%()-, (;()&- 4-+ 5/ &(4&3) () ( %(+&-, ( =& 4(+%- -()(+ /) +(-)-%()-4-+ G+(%-5, E)&(5, U);(+5&(5, ()(5 &/&(5 > 4-()&(5.U) &) &5 ()()&5 &%&) ()/&)- & (5&++--, ()--'8&, ?/( %4&+8& () %/=&5 ( &5-&5-)(5 '+&)(5 );(+5-)(5.

4.2. MARCO TEÓRICO

4.2.1 P)%(c,!7!%'%


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@&)&&>, 16 L& 4+-/;& (5 & +(&3) ()+( 4+-/3) ()5/%-.

@J%9)( C&5+-, P+-/;&, 200P+-/;& 4/(( (7)+5(

-%- & +(&3) ()+( && ( ()(5 > 5(+;-5 4+-/-5 > &&& ( +(/+5-5 /&-5. E) & 7&+&3) & 4+-/;& 5+;(4&+& (;&/&+ ( +()%()- ( -5 &(+(5, &5 %


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-5-5, +(&&) &5 &;&(5 ( %&)(+& + (5/&) (&(5%4-+&)(5 () -5 4+-/-5 ?/( 4/(() &7(&+ & -)7&& (95-5, >, 4-+ ()(, 5/ -%4(;&. E) -+&5 -&5-)(5, &5 (%4+(5&57&+&) 4+-/-5 ( ((()( && -) & %

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

-%4(;&. E -+ C-%4(;()(55 R(4-+ @1 5/'(+( -=-


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'+&)(5 7&-+(5 ?/( &7(&) & -%4(;& ( &5 (%4+(5&5 >)&-)(5* . E-)-%8& )(+)&. E) & %(& () ?/( (5& %&>-+ -%4(()& () & (-)-%8& )(+)& ( /) 4&85, (5() %&>-+(54-5&(5 ( ?/( &5 (%4+(5&5 )&-)&(5 5(&) 4+-/;&5 >

-%4(;&5 () ( . E(+-+ > 5( )+(%()( ( ;&-+ &'+('&- ( &4+-/;& > %(:-+( & 4+-54(+& ( 4&85. I)(+)&-)&&3). L&&4(+/+& & &5 &;&(5 (-)3%&5 )(+)&-)&(5 &/%()& (+()%()- (-)3%- ( /) 4&85. L& -%4(;& -+()&& 4-+ &(4-+&3) (5< %/=&5 ;((5 &5-&& -) & ()()& & +(%()-() & (-)-%8& )(+)&. U)& %&>-+ )('+&3) & & (-)-%8&)(+)&-)& +(5/& () /)& %&>-+ &5')&3) ( +(/+5-5 4+-/;-5 >() %&>-+(5 (5 S/(&* K,K @&(+, E. -4. ..L& 5&)& ()+( &5 &5&5 ( (435- > ( 4+95&%- () C&)& J&43) (+&) %-+ -%4(;& ( 5(-+ 7)&)(+-. 6 . G-(+)-. S((5 () 4+-;((+ -)-)(5%&+-(-)3%&5 > 5-&(5 4+(((5 >, 4-+ &)-, %)%&+ -5+(5'-5 ((+)-5 4&+& &5 &;&(5 (-)3%&5. L&5 4-8&5(-)3%&5 5( &&4&) & -5 &%-5 () ( -)(- )(+)&-)& ;.F)&)&5. U) 5(-+ 7)&)(+- (5&++-&- ( )('+&-)(+)&-)&%()( 5-5()(, () /) 4&85, 5/ -%4(;& )(+)&-)&.L& (7()& ( 5(-+ 7)&)(+- 5( %( %(:-+ 4-+ & W5&)&X ()+(& &5& ( )(+95 ?/( 4&'&) -5 4+(5&&+-5 > & ?/( +(() -5(4-5&)(5. U)& 5&) ;. I)7+&(5+//+&. U)& )7+&(5+//+&(5&++-&& 5-5()( & &;& (-)3%&. A&+& & 54-)& (+(/+5-5 )&/+&(5 > 55(%&5 ( )('--5 7/)-)&(5, ()--'8& ( &)7-+%&3), +&)54-+(, -%/)&3) > (/&3), > /)& (7()(4+-(3) ( %(- &%()(. ;. A%)5+&3). U) 4+-/- > 5(+;--%4(;- (5 ( +(7(:- ( & &4&& '(+()&, 5/ -+()&3) & &+'-

4&-, & &4&& ( &&4&+5( & -5 &%-5 () ( -)(--%4(;-, ( );( ( & &4&& (%4+(5&+& > & &4&& ()('+&3) > 7(+()&3) ( &5 &;&(5 '(+()&(5. ;. C()& >()--'8&. L& ;()&:& -%4(;& 4/(( -)5+/+5( 5-+( & &4&3)(7()( ( ))-;&-+& ( &5 ()--'8&5 (5()(5. L& );(+53) ());(5'&3) > () &;&(5 ))-;&-+&5 () & +(&3) (-)-%()-5 (5 +/& 4&+& /) 4&85 () & (&4& % & (7()& -)+/>() & & -%4(;&. T--

(- 5')7& ?/( & 5?/(& ( /)& (5+&('& -%4(;& +(?/(+(


31/48

5%/-+ 4+-/;&. D( =(=-, &)- &(7(;& -%- & (7()& 5-) )((5&+&5 4&+& 5(+ 4+-/;-. L&(7()& (5 & 4+-4-+3) ( -5 +(5/&-5 '()(+&-5 () +(&3) -)-5 (5 (7()( 5) 5(+ 4+-/;-. U) (:(%4- /('- 4+(5/%( ()- ?/( =& 5- -(%()((7()( ( - ?/( (+&. S) (%&+'-, &5 ()7(+%(+&5 ()() -+& 34&( &5/)-, (- (- & ?/( ( 4+-7(5-)& &%4/- & 4(+)& (?/;-&&. A58 4/(5 & (7(;& ( --+ 7/( (+-, >& ?/( )- &&)- ( -:(;-( -4(+&+ & 4(+)& -++(&, &/) /&)- %(:-+- 5/ (7()& () /)100. R(5/& 4-+ - &)- -;- ?/( ( --+ 7/( -- %()-54+-/;-. D=- ( -+& 7-+%&, 4&+& 5(+ 4+-/;- =&> ?/( 5(+ & & ;((7(;- > (7()(, () (5( -+().

4.2.1.4. 9'!:e$

@L(7-;=, 200 S')7& YE %(:-+&%()- () %&+=& ?/( );-/+& &--5 && &%)5+&3), '(+()(5 > +&&:&-+(5Y D/+&)( &5 -59&&5 ?/( 4+(((+-) & &5 +55 4(+-(+&, & (-)-%8& %/)&57+/- ( /) +(%()- (-)3%- 5) 4+((()(5 > (4(+%()3 /)&

(%&)& )5&&( ( )/(;&5 ()--'8&5 > 4+-/-5. F/( /) 4(+8--() ( /& & (5+&('& ( & ))-;&3) - 5/5 7+/-5. L& (5+&('& (& ))-;&3) (5< +'& =&& & ()--'8& > 5( ()(7& -) (+(%()- + -) -5 ((;&-5 %


32/48

&-43) 4+-&;& ( (5-)(5 +(&;&5 ( ))-;&-+&5 ()()(5 &)+(%()&+ ( %&)(+& -)55()( & -%4(;& ( & (%4+(5&%(&)( & %(:-+& -))/& ( -5 4+-/-5, 5(+;-5 > 4+-(5-5@&)- 4+-/;-5, -%- ( &4->- > 4&)7&3)X.

@L(7-;=, ESS &() [ EVA [ S(5 S'%&, 200 E &() 3%-(%)&3) 55(%&:/5(5. A58 /&)- /)& 5(+(&+& 4+-/( /) (5+- > - %4+%(,-5(+; &)(5 ( 5/ 7+%& (++-+(5 (4-, -+-'++(%4+(5-. T()(%-5 () (- 49+& ( (%4- 4-+ )54(3), 49+&

( 4&4(, (%4- ( +(4+-(5- 4-+ 4&+( ( & (%4(&&, '()(+&)- (-%()-+(5 );((5 ( 4+-/;& >, %&>-+(5 -5(5 > (%4-5 ((54&=- ( -/%()-. S8 95( 4- ( (++-+(5 -%/)(5 () &5 &-+(5( &%)5+&3) 5( %/4& 4-+ -&5 &5 &-+(5 (7(/&&5 /+&)(( &- 4-+ --5 -5 5(-+(5 > &/--)+-.E- +(4+(5()& /) (:(%4- ( )- -'+&+ &5 4+(5&-)(5 - ()(5 W& &4+%(+&X. P()5(%-5 () &5 -+&5 ( -)5+/3) /&)-5 &:/5(5 >+(&:/5(5 5-) )((5&+-5 =&5& -'+&+ ( -:(;- /5&-. C/&)&5;((5 5-) )((5&+-5 +(4+-(5-5 > +(&:/5(5 () /)& 7 +(4+-(5-5 %4&) %&>-+(5 -5(5( %&)- ( -+&, %&(+&, > 7&& ( /%4%()- () -5 4&-54+(;5-5 4&+& -) ( ()(.

4.2.1.;. Ges,!#$ %e ")ces)s.

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37/48

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38/48

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39/48

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40/48

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