antenna
DESCRIPTION
antennaTRANSCRIPT
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© Prepared by Mr. V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.
Antennas and Wave Propagation
---- V. D. GaikwadV. D. GaikwadV. D. GaikwadV. D. Gaikwad
Unit : 5
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Antenna : Definition
� “Antenna is one or more electrical conductors of a
specific length that radiate radio waves generated by a
transmitter or that collects radio waves at the receiver.”
� Radio wave is an electromagnetic wave.
� E and H fields are perpendicular to one another.
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Electromagnetic Wave
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
EM wave traveling !!!
Animation
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Polarization
� The direction of electric field specifies the polarization of the
antenna.
� Horizontally polarized wave = Electric field is parallel to the
earth
� Vertically polarized wave = Electric field is perpendicular to the
earth
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Horizontally Polarized Antenna
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Horizontally Polarized Antenna
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Vertically Polarized Antenna
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Polarization contd …
� Transmitting and receiving antennas must be of the same
polarization for optimum transmission and reception.
� Vertically polarized wave will produce 0 V in a horizontal
antenna and vice-a versa.
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Dipole Antenna
� Half-wave dipole
- also called doublet
- it is a piece of wire or rod that is one
half wavelength long at the operating
frequency
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
A Half-Wave Dipole Antenna
λλλλ / 2
transmission line
73 ohm impedance
75 ohm coax
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Folded Dipole
λλλλ / 2
transmission line
300 ohm impedance
300 ohm Twin lead
Commonly used for TV and FM radio reception
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Folded Dipole
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Radiation Pattern
� “A diagram which indicates how well an antenna transmits or
receives in the different directions is called radiation pattern of
the antenna.”
� Isotropic antenna – Omni directional pattern
� Yagi antenna – Unidirectional pattern
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Uni - Directional Pattern
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Bi-Directional Pattern
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Omni Directional Pattern
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Dipole Antenna
++++ ++++ ++++ ++++
−−−− −−−− −−−− −−−−
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
++++
++++
−−−−
−−−−
Conductor bending
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
++++
−−−−
Conductor bending at 900
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Animation 1
How waves are traveling into the space !!!
Animation 2
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Yagi Antenna
� Most common antenna for TV reception
� Gain = 7 dB
� Radiation pattern is UNI-DIRECTIONAL
� Three elements
1. Reflector
2. Director
3. Dipole
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Yagi Antenna
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Design Issues
� Reflector
- 5% longer than dipole
- distance between dipole and reflector is 0.2 λλλλ
� Director
- 5% shorter than dipole
- distance between dipole and director is 0.15 λλλλ
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Design Issues …
� Length of Reflector (m) = 152
f (MHz)
� Length of Dipole (m) = 143
f (MHz)
� Length of director = 137
f (MHz)
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
� e.g. For 143 MHz signal,
� Reflector Length = 1.06 m
� Dipole Length = 1.00 m
� Director Length = 0.96 m
Design Issues …
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
1. Antenna Gain
2. Field Intensity
3. Antenna Resistance
4. Bandwidth
5. Beamwidth
Antenna Parameters
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
Directive Gain
� “Ratio of the power density in a particular direction of one
antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an
omni-directional antenna (isotropic antenna)”
1. Antenna Gain
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
� “The field intensity (field strength) of an antenna’s radiation, at
a given point in space, is equal to the amount of voltage
induced in a wire antenna 1 m long, located at that given
point.”
� Affected by number of conditions such as the time of day,
atmospheric conditions and distance.
2. Field Intensity
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
� “Radiation resistance is the ratio of the power radiated by theantenna to the square of the current at the feed points.”
� Rrad =
Prad
I2
3. Radiation Resistance
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V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
� “The range of the frequencies over which the antenna will
radiate effectively”
� The antenna will perform satisfactorily throughout this range of
frequencies.
4. Bandwidth
V. D. Gaikwad, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
� “Beamwidth is defined as angles created by comparing the half-
power points (3dB) on the main radiation lobe to its maximum
power point.”
5. Beamwidth