1. Explain the significance of EMS.An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency. This Web site provides information and resources related to EMS for businesses, associations, the public, and state and federal agencies.What is an EMS?An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a framework that helps a company achieves its environmental goals through consistent control of its operations. The assumption is that this increased control will improve the environmental performance of the company. The EMS itself does not dictate a level of environmental performance that must be achieved; each company's EMS is tailored to the company's business and goals.Importance of EMSIs looking for strategies to improve its environmental performance;Wants to achieve sustained compliance in existing and forthcoming regulations;Recognizes its environmental problems to be of significant liability;Lacks the time and resources and is thus prevented from effectively managing its environmental obligations;Has no established effective environmental policy; andIs seeking a competitive edge.

2. What is environment ManagementEnvironmental Management offers research and opinions on use and conservation of natural resources, protection of habitats and control of hazards, spanning the field of environmental management without regard to traditional disciplinary boundaries.Environmental managementThe objective of environmental management is improved human life quality. It involves the mobilization of resources and the use of government to administer the use of both natural and economic goods and services. It is based on the principles of ecology. It uses systems analysis and conflict resolution to distribute the costs and benefits of development activities throughout the affected populations and seeks to protect the activities of development from natural hazards. Conflict identification is one of the more important tasks in environmental management planning and the resolution of conflicts is a fundamental part of what makes up "environmentally sound development."In the complex and interdependent world that we have been given, environmental management is required because the activities of development in one sector affect in both positive and negative ways the quality of life in others. Indeed, if one asks of any "environmental impact" the questions "who caused it?" and "who felt it?," sector/sector relationships are identified. For example, a hydroelectric dam which reduces nutrient levels in the water and thus destroys downstream fisheries is sector 410 causing problems for sector 130 of the UN List of Economic Activities (UN, 1969). By the same token, cutting down trees to produce grazing land for cattle may cause sedimentation in a reservoir, and is a problem between sectors 111 and 420. And, if a hotel sends its wastes out to sea only to have them return to its beaches, a conflict is caused within sector 632. It needs to be said in addition that such "problems" are, in reality, conflicts between two activities. That is to say, the problem is not only caused by promoting ranching over fisheries since a decision in favor of fisheries will cause a problem for ranching as well. It is the conflict that requires solution.Such a concept of "environmental impact" may be seen to have left out "the environment;" a very large black box exists between cause and effect if one is only interested in those sectoral activities which cause a problem and those which receive the problem. There are two basic reasons, however, why this is not a major concern here. First, the guidelines to be produced are guidelines for planning development at the earliest possible stage of the process. Time, funding, and expertise at this level do not allow in-depth study of that black box. Second, the guidelines are for planners in the humid tropics - a biome known for its lack of available information. That is, the black box covering the humid tropics is a very large one and efforts to reduce its size in any significant way - though certainly necessary and welcomed by planners - should not be undertaken by planners. The needs of development planning should help orient research in information-scarce areas. But, in the context of specific development planning projects, neither science nor planning will be advanced much by expenditures of large amounts of planning time and funds for research.Conflicts between natural hazards and development activities also exist and result from a confrontation between hazardous natural events and human activity. So-called "natural disasters" occur because we have not paid sufficient attention to natural hazardous phenomena. Indeed, the term "natural disaster" is misleading for this reason: it places the blame on nature when, in fact, the blame belongs to those who decided that projects be implemented under circumstances that jeopardize the very objectives that the development activities were designed to meet.The techniques of conflict resolution are well known and are comparatively successful given man's continued existence on earth for several thousands of years under very complex conditions. If they had not worked there would be no life as we know it today. Conflicts make up the matrix in which we live; it is a world of uncertainties compounded by a shortage of technical information, a large variety of values, interests and judgements, and overlapping environments.Most writers on the subject of conflict resolution, however, say that conflict can be positive as well as negative (Boulding and Kahn, 1962; Coser, 1956; Deutsch, 1973). For example, conflict tends to maintain valid group boundaries and needed group structure and provides incentives for the formation of alliances to combat exploitive elite.Planning, especially intersectoral planning has a tremendous advantage over efforts in real life to resolve conflicts because, in many ways, planning is a game; and, to play the game one must cooperate. Within this context, individuals on a planning team have a shared commitment to rules and procedures which can be controlled. The various parties (sector specialists) operate with a similar rationale, can be easily encouraged to focus on criteria rather than on positions and, each can insist that evaluation criteria be objective. The result is an opportunity to invent options for conflict resolution that provide for mutual gain.Many activities designed to use, improve, conserve, and protect goods and services for development purposes support other development activities. Development projects requiring the conservation of ecosystems for purposes of wildlife management also conserve the soil stabilization function of vegetation and, as a result, downstream reservoirs receive less sediment. Development policies that restrict construction in areas of natural flooding create recreation possibilities and green space near urban areas and lessen dependence on expensive flood control structures. Enlightened systems engineering turns industrial wastes into residuals that provide raw material for other development projects (Bower, 1977).

3. Explain the objectives of EPA 1986.Environment Protection Act, 1986is anActof theParliament of India. In the wake of theBhopal Tragedy, theIndia enacted the Environment Protection Act of 1986 under Article 253 of the Constitution. The purpose of the Act is to implement the decisions of theUnited Nations Conference on the Human Environmentsthey relate to the protection and improvement of the human environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and property. The Act is an umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for central government coordination of the activities of various central and state authorities established under previous laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act.Objectives of the Act To co-ordinate the activities of the various regulatory agencies already in existence. Creation of an authority or authorities with adequate powers for environmental protection. Regulation of discharge of environmental pollutants and handling of hazardous substance. Speedy response in the event of accidents threatening environmental and deterrents punishment to those who endanger human environment, safety and health.

(a) environment includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property;

(b) environmental pollutant means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tend to be, injurious to environment;

(c) environmental pollution means the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant;

(d) handling, in relation to any substance, means the manufacture, processing, treatment, package, storage, transportation, use, collection, destruction, conversion, offering for sale, transfer or the like of such substance;

(e) hazardous substance means any substance or preparation which, by reason of its chemical or physico-chemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm to human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism property or the environment;

(f) occupier, in relation to any factory or premises, means a person who has control over the affairs of the factory or the premises and includes, in relation to any substance, the person in possession of the substance;

This Act is an umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for the co-ordination of central and state authorities established under the Water (Prevention and Control) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control) Act, 1981. Under this Act, the central government is empowered to take measures necessary to protect and improve the quality of the environment by setting standards for emissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare4. What is Kyoto Protocol?TheKyoto Protocolis an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.

Definition of 'Kyoto Protocol'An international agreement that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and the presence of green house gases. Countries that ratify the Kyoto Protocol are assigned maximum carbon emission levels and can participate in carbon credit trading. Emitting more than the assigned limit will result in a penalty for the violating country in the form of a lower emission limit in the following period.

Investopedia Explains 'Kyoto Protocol'The Kyoto Protocol separates countries into two groups. Annex I includes developed nations, while Non-Annex I refers to developing countries. Emission limitations are only placed on Annex I countries. Non-Annex I nations participate by investing in projects that lower emissions in their own countries. For these projects, they earn carbon credits. These credits can be traded or sold to Annex I countries, which allow them a higher level of maximum carbon emissions for that period.

5. What is green house gas effect?The exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation that warms the Earth is often referred to as the greenhouse effect because a greenhouse works in much the same way.Incoming UV radiation easily passes through the glass walls of a greenhouse and is absorbed by the plants and hard surfaces inside. Weaker IR radiation, however, has difficulty passing through the glass walls and is trapped inside, thus warming the greenhouse. This effect lets tropical plants thrive inside a greenhouse, even during a cold winter.A similar phenomenon takes place in a car parked outside on a cold, sunny day. Incoming solar radiation warms the car's interior, but outgoing thermal radiation is trapped inside the car's closedwindows.What is green house gas effect?Have you ever been inside a greenhouse on a cold winter day? It might be cold outside, but inside the greenhouse lush green plants flourish in the warmth and sunshine. Greenhouses are made of glass and are designed to hold heat inside. Our planet's atmosphere traps energy just like a greenhouse. Energy from the Sun can enter the Earths atmosphere, but not all of it can easily find its way out again.What blocks the Suns energy from escaping from the Earth? Unlike a greenhouse, the Earth does not have a layer of glass over it! Instead, molecules in our atmosphere called greenhouse gasses absorb the heat. Greenhouse gasses include water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. There may not be much of some of these gasses in our atmosphere, but they can have a big impact. Each greenhouse gas molecule is made of three or more atoms that are bonded loosely together. These molecules are able to absorb heat, which makes them vibrate. They eventually release the heat energy and it is often absorbed by another greenhouse gas molecule.The greenhouse effect is useful because trapping some energy keeps the temperatures on our planet mild and suitable for living things. Without its atmosphere and the greenhouse effect, the average temperature at the surface of the Earth would be zero degrees Fahrenheit. However, too many greenhouse gases can cause the temperature to increase out of control. Such is the case on Venus where greenhouse gases are abundant and the average temperature at the surface is more than 855 degrees Fahrenheit (457 degrees Celsius).You might hear people talking about the greenhouse effect as if it is a bad thing. It is not a bad thing, but people are concerned because Earths greenhouse is warming up very rapidly. This is happening because we are currently adding more greenhouse gases to our atmosphere, causing an increased greenhouse effect. The increased Greenhouse Effect is causing changes in our planet that can affect our lives.6. Describe suitable landfill management system.7. Discuss provisions under Noise Pollution Act.Short title and commencement. - (1) These rifles may be called the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. (2) They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. Definitions. - In these rules, unless the context otlier7oise requires,- (a) Act means the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986); (b) Area/zone means all areas which fall in either of the of four categories given in the Schedule annexed to these rules; (c) Authority means any authority or officer authorised by the Central Government, or as the case may be, the State Government in accordance with the laws in force and includes a District Magistrate, Police Commissioner, or arm other officer designated for the maintenance o the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise under any law for the time being in force; (d) Person in relation to any factory or premises means a person or occupier or his agent, who has control over the affairs of the factory or premises;' (e) State Government in relation to a Union territory means the Administrator thereof appointed under Art. 239 of the Constitution.

Restrictions on the use of loud speakers/public address system. (l) A loudspeaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority. - (2) A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used at night (between 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.) except in closed premises for communication within, e.g. auditoria, conference rooms, conference rooms, community halls and banquet halls. Consequences of any violation in silence zone/area.-Whoever, in any place covered under the silence zone/area commits any of the following offence, he shall be liable for penalty under the provisions of the Act :- (i) Whoever, plays any music or rises any sound amplifiers, (ii) Whoever, beats a drum or tom-tom or blows a horn either, musical or pressure, or trumpet or beats or sounds any instrument, or (iii) Whoever exhibits any mimetic, musical or other performances of a nature to attract crowds. Complaints to be made to the authority- (1) A person may, if the noise level exceeds the ambient noise standards by 11) dB (A) or more given in the corresponding columns against any area/zone, make a complaint to the authority. (2) The authority shall act on the complaint and take action against the violator in accordance with the provisions of these rules and any other law in force.

8. Why are nonconventional sources of energy required in present energy scenario?With high economic growth rates and over 15 percent of the worlds population, India is a significant consumer of energy resources. In 2009, 1.Thermal power - 64.6 per cent of the total installed capacity, producing 1, 00,598 MW. 2. Hydel power plants come next with 24.7 per cent of the total an installed capacity of 36,863 MW. 3. Renewable energy sources contribute around 10% to the total power generation in the country producing 15,789 MW (as on 31.1.2010).II. POWER FROM NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY India is one of the fastest growing countries in terms of energy consumption. Currently, it is the fifth largest consumer of energy in the world, and will be the third largest by 2030. At the same time; the country is heavily dependent on fossil sources of energy for most of its demand. This has necessitated the country to start aggressively pursuing alternative energy sources - solar, wind, bio fuels, small hydro and more.Best Answer: In 1956 a man named M King Hubbert came up with a theory about how natural resources are used. Production increases steadily until a certain point, when the resource begins to become scarce, and then production is less and less each year. This is called Hubbert's Curve. Most experts believe we are at the peak of oil production, and some believe we are actually past the peak. In years to come, fossil fuels will grow more and more scarce and therefore more and more expensive, and less and less of them will be produced.

Development of civilization on earth will require MORE energy over the years, not less! China and India are both gaining middle class. People are doing better, which is good of course, but more and more people want cars. In 30 or 40 years there could be twice the number of automobiles on earth as there are now. Clearly we need to find a new way to power them.

Here in North America we are arguing over 'tar sands', a source of petroleum that is much more costly than simply sucking it out of the ground through wells. It is not only expensive in terms of cost per gallon of fuel, it also has serious environmental costs. It's only a way to keep oil coming for another year or two, the final results are still inevitable.

So we are developing wind and solar power, and hydro power, and looking for more ways to generate electricity. It looks like in years to come the internal combustion engine will become less and less practical, and the electric motor will take over more and more.

We have to move towards the non conventional source of energy because conventional source of energy is limited on earth and it's increment rate is slow. in future it may last. so we have to conserve this and use non conventional.Weve spoilt the environment to save conventional energy sources we need to use non conventional energy sources.1. Non polluting 2. Though the initial cost is v. high but later cost efficient 3. Recycling of resources can be done 4. Natural resources will never be exhausted, so there will never ever be a scarcity of energy resources 5. Helps in sustainable development (saving resources for future generation)9. Explain Ecological Footprint?Ecological footprinting is a tool developed by the Global Footprint Network that measures how much land and water is needed to produce the resources we consume, and to absorb the wastes we produce.For example, for every tonne of fish we consume, we need 25 hectares of fishing grounds; for every cubic metre of timber we need 1.3 hectares of forest.

We need 0.35 hectares of forest to absorb every tonne of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels.

Using this tool helps us to measure sustainability.

We can work out how much bio-productive land and sea there is around the world (ie areas capable of providing us with food, fuel or fish, for example) and calculate what a fair share for everyone is.

We can then also work out how much different people, countries or businesses consume, and whether or not that is within our fair share.

The Earth has about 12 billion hectares of bio-productive land thats about 2 hectares for every man, woman and child on Earth. However, the amount of bio-productive land needed to produce what is consumed by an average American citizen every year is about 10 hectares.

In other words, if everyone in the world had the same lifestyle as an average American, the worlds population would need 5 planets-worth of bio-productive land in order to feed, clothe and shelter everyone.

A sustainable lifestyle, or ecological footprint, is therefore one where the rate of consumption can be sustained by 2 hectares of bio-productive land.

10. What are the methods of treating MSW?As cities are growing in size with a rise in the population, the amount of waste generated is increasing becoming unmanageable. The local corporations have adapted different methods for the disposal of waste open dumps, landfills, sanitary landfills, and incineration plants. One of the important methods of waste treatment iscomposting.Open dumpsOpen dumps refer to uncovered areas that are used to dump solid waste of all kinds. The waste is untreated, uncovered, and not segregated. It is the breeding ground for flies, rats, and other insects that spread disease. The rainwater run-off from these dumps contaminates nearby land and water thereby spreading disease. In some countries, open dumps are being phased out.LandfillsLandfills are generally located in urban areas where a large amount of waste is generated and has to be dumped in a common place. Unlike an open dump, it is a pit that is dug in the ground. The garbage is dumped and the pit is covered thus preventing the breeding of flies and rats. At the end of each day, a layer of soil is scattered on top of it and some mechanism, usually an earth-moving equipment is used to compress the garbage, which now forms a cell. Thus, every day, garbage is dumped and becomes a cell. After the landfill is full, the area is covered with a thick layer of mud and the site can thereafter be developed as a parking lot or a park.Landfills have many problems. All types of waste is dumped in landfills and when water seeps through them it gets contaminated and in turn pollutes the surrounding area. This contamination of groundwater and soil through landfills is known as leaching.Sanitary landfillsAn alternative to landfills which will solve the problem of leaching to some extent, is a sanitary landfill which is more hygienic and built in a methodical manner. These are lined with materials that are impermeable such as plastics and clay, and are also built over impermeable soil. Constructing sanitary landfills is very costly and they are have their own problems. Some authorities claim that often the plastic liner develops cracks as it reacts with various chemical solvents present in the waste.The rate of decomposition in sanitary landfills is also extremely variable. This can be due to the fact that less oxygen is available as the garbage is compressed very tightly. It has also been observed that some biodegradable materials do not decompose in a landfill. Another major problem is the development of methane gas, which occurs when little oxygen is present, i.e. during anaerobic decomposition. In some countries, the methane being produced from sanitary landfills is tapped and sold as fuel.Incineration plantsThis process of burning waste in large furnaces is known as incineration. In these plants the recyclable material is segregated and the rest of the material is burnt. At the end of the process all that is left behind is ash. During the process some of the ash floats out with the hot air. This is called fly ash. Both the fly ash and the ash that is left in the furnace after burning have high concentrations of dangerous toxins such as dioxins and heavy metals. Disposing of this ash is a problem. The ash that is buried at the landfills leaches the area and cause severe contamination.Burning garbage is not a clean process as it produces tonnes of toxic ash and pollutes the air and water. A large amount of the waste that is burnt here can be recovered and recycled. In fact, at present, incineration is kept as the last resort and is used mainly for treating the infectious waste.11. What is conservation? How can we conserve Water resources?Definition ofCONSERVATION: A careful preservation and protection of something;especially: planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect: The preservation of a physical quantity during transformations or reactions

1. Consider the water footprint of your diet. Some foods require a lot more water to produce than others. According to Water Footprint, it takes 140 liters (35 gallons) of water to make just one cup of coffee, 1,000 liters (270 gallons) to make one liter of milk, and 16,000 liters to make one pound of beef. Check out this online water footprint calculator to see how much water some common foods need in order to be produced. The same principles of decreasing the carbon footprint of your diet (eating local, eating organic and eating less meat) are generally the same principles for decreasing the water footprint.

2. Dont leave the tap running needlessly. If you are washing your face and you need to get the tap warm, use that initial cooler water to brush your teeth, and then wash your face afterwards when the hot water starts coming out.

3. Choose and use your appliances wisely. Use energy star appliances whenever possible and always use them at full capacity. Choose economy settings and dont run the dishwasher half-full.

4. Convert your toilet to a dual flush, and dont flush it more than necessary. If its yellow let it mellow, you know? But you still have to flush. Thankfully, converting your toilet to a dual flush is easier than ever, thanks to the Tap-n-Flush

5. Make sure every tap in your home has a high efficiency faucet aerator. Faucet aerators are the little pieces of hardware that screw into the bottom of faucets. High efficiency aerators can reduce flow by 1.5 gallons per minute or moresaving you piles of money and saving lots of water. Check out this high efficiency faucet aerator product review from Green Living Ideas.

6. Stop that leaky toilet. Not only does it sound annoying, it wastes loads of water. Leaks can often be fixed by making minor adjustments. Test your toilet using some dye tablets, available in this all-in-one water conservation kit.

7. Repair dripping faucets by replacing washers. According to American Water & Energy Savers, a faucet that drips at the rate of one drop per second will waste 2,700 gallons per year.

8. You dont need to take shorter showers, necessarily, but some hardware will help cut the water use every time you shower.

9. Never throw water away. If you pour too much out or have some left in your glass, use it. Pour the surplus into your dogs water dish, water a plant, or add it to your water kettle.

10. Set up a rain barrel this summer. You can collect rain water from your eaves to water your garden.

There is so much that we as individuals can do to help conserve water. Our collective conservation and advocacy efforts will not only reduce our monthly water bills, but will go a long way towards alleviating this growing problem.

12. How should green house gases be reduced to avert further rise in temperature?The following is a list of 10 steps YOU can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:1. Reduce, Reuse, Recyclebuying products with minimal packaging will help to reduce waste. By recycling half of your household waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually.2. Use Less Heat and Air ConditioningAdding insulation to your walls and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heat while youre sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Install a programmable thermostat because setting it just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each year.3. Replace Your Light Bulbswherever practical; replace regular light bulbs with compact florescent light (CFL) bulbs. Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL will save you $30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. If every Canadian family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road.4. Drive less and Drive Smartless driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are great forms of exercise. Explore the York Region Transit system and check out options for carpooling to work or school.When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping your tires properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by more than 3 percent. Every gallon of gas you save not only helps your budget; it also keeps 20 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.5. Buy Energy-Efficient ProductsHome appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.6. Use Less Hot WaterSet your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an insulating blanket if it is more than 15 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads to save hot water and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly. Wash your clothes in warm or cold water to reduce your use of hot water and the energy required to produce it. That change alone can save at least 500 pounds of carbon dioxide annually in most households.7. Use the "Off" SwitchSave electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your television, stereo and computer when you're not using them. Its also a good idea to turn off the water when youre not using it. While brushing your teeth, shampooing the dog or washing your car, turn off the water until you actually need it for rinsing.8. Plant a TreeIf you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide during its lifetime.9. Get a Report Card from Your Utility CompanyMany utility companies provide free home energy audits to help consumers identify areas in their homes that may not be energy efficient. In addition, many utility companies offer rebate programs to help pay for the cost of energy-efficient upgrades.10. Encourage Others to ConserveShare information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends, neighbors and co-workers, and take opportunities to encourage public officials to establish programs and policies that are good for the environment.

13. Air Pollution results in accelerating respiratory problems. Justify.Environmental pollution:One of the potent dangers is the environmental pollution. The environment smog contains many chemicals. Many of these chemicals are exhausted by the vehicles and the industries. What is more, several household cleaning products also emit such poisonous gases.Cigarette smoke:This is yet another dangerous emission. The passive smokers are the hardest hit. Burning fags pose a serious threat to our respiratory system. Tobacco smoke contains over 40 chemicals including the dangerous tar. Most of them are known causes of cancer. Approximately 90 per cent of lung cancer cases among men, and more than 70 per cent among women have been traced to smoking.Indoor air pollutionThis is one of the most dangerous but often disregarded dangers. The offices and homes are mostly bases of indoor air pollution. Many cleaning compounds besides furniture and synthetic carpets, certain construction materials, and even air fresheners emit hazardous gases. These remain highly concentrated in unventilated or AC rooms. The most vulnerable sections of people exposed to these respiratory dangers are children, elderly people and those having a history of respiratory illnesses. These people generally spend most of their time within the four walls. The indoor air pollutants not only weaken our lungs but also invite infections.Common cold, running nose & stuffy nose:Viruses cause colds by targeting the pharynx and the nasal passages. First, the viruses infiltrate the body through the respiratory system. Then, they target the cells in the nasal passage membranes. But before they can destroy the cells, the bodys immune system fights back. The immune system increases the flow of blood to the area. Such reinforcement of white blood cells leads to swelling of the membranes. This causes the stuffy nose. Increase in mucous secretions to neutralize the viral attack leads to the runny nose. Mentionably, the infection can affect the sinuses -- membrane-lined cavities located within the head, besides the middle ear and the lower respiratory tract.

Hay fever & asthma:These are allergic reactions of the respiratory system. These conditions are caused when the immune system is irritated by irritants like dust or pollen. The symptoms of hay fever are sneezing, watery eyes, and runny nose. It is a seasonal reaction when there is abundance of pollens in the air. Asthma attacks are generally mild. But, they can be life threatening too. A person suffering from asthma experiences difficulty in breathing. It occurs as the bronchi and bronchioles get inflamed and remain constricted temporarily.Laryngitis:Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. Laryngitis is caused by various factors. They can be diverse like voice overuse, cigarette smoke or viral infection. Laryngitis leaves different effects on the voice. Till the inflammation subsides, it can either get hoarse, or get reduced to a whisper.

Bronchitis:Bronchitis refers to membrane inflammation. The membranes lining the bronchioles or the bronchi get inflamed. Bronchitis occurs due to bacterial or viral infection. Bronchitis can also happen from irritating chemicals.Pneumonia:This infection of the alveoli is caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is a potentially serious state of the lungs. In pneumonia the alveoli gets inflamed after fluid builds up. This gathering of fluid and the consequent inflammation impedes the flow of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the alveoli and capillaries.Tuberculosis:Also known as TB, it is caused by the tuberculosis bacterium. The lungs are primarily attacked in TB. At times, other body tissues also get affected. Unaddressed, the lung infection can even destroy the lung tissues. Earlier, tuberculosis was controlled by antibiotics. However, the bacterium has evolved an antibiotic-resistant strain posing a grave health problem.Emphysema:This non-contagious disease affects alveolar tissue gets partially destroyed. The remaining alveoli gets enlarged and weakened. During exhalation, the bronchioles collapse. As a result, air remains trapped inside the alveoli. In the long run, emphysema affects the patients ability for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. The circulatory system also fails to function. This causes breathing problems. Emphysema can occur due to genetic factors besides infection, smoke, smog, and cigarette.Lung cancer:The main cancer causing agents are uranium, asbestos, and tobacco smoke. Genetic reasons can also cause cancer. The respiratory cancerous tumors are formed in the lung tissue (alveolar), the bronchioles or the bronchi. Early detection of such tumors can halt their progression to other parts of the body. Then the treatments are more effective, and the prognosis for recovery is rather good. Unfortunately, 85 per cent of the lung cancers are diagnosed at a later stage when the tumors have already spread. In such extreme cases, the prognosis is poor.Respiratory Distress Syndrome:It is also called RDS. The dysfunction refers to a cluster of symptoms. All point to severe malfunctioning of lungs.IRDS:Premature infants may suffer from Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS). IRDS happens when the alveoli fail to fully expand during inhalation. Alveoli expansion needs a chemical called surfactant. However, among the premature infants, the undeveloped alveoli fail to produce enough surfactant. The common treatment for IRDS is administration of air and surfactant through a breathing tube. This administration enables the alveoli to produce surfactant.ARDS:Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) occurs when the lungs get severely injured. Many automobile accidents, poisonous gases, or lung inflammation can cause such a dysfunction. ARDS patients generally have to battle for life with 50 per cent survival rate.14. Discuss significance of sustainable development.Protect Technological ResourcesThe people coming into this world are coming into an increasingly technological age, where more people than ever are relying on technology for nearly every aspect of their lives. Of course, these technologies are not built out of thin air and good intentions. They require a significant array of minerals and other other inputs simply to be manufactured. This doesn't account for the amount of resources required to develop them in the first place.Provide Basic Human NeedsA rising population will also make use of the bare essentials of life such as food, water, and shelter. The provision of these essentials is based almost entirely around having an infrastructure that can sustain them for the long-term. If energy is continually developed on finite fossil fuels instead of sustainable options, the cost and environmental toll of supplying even basic needs can become staggering.Agricultural NecessityAgriculture will have to catch up with that growing population as well, figuring out ways to feed around 3 billion more people than it currently does. If the same unsustainable tilling, seeding, watering, spraying and harvesting methods are used into the future, they can become very costly as fossil fuel resources run out. Sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation and effective seeding practices can help to promote high yields while protecting the integrity of the soil as it produces food for larger amounts of people.Accommodate City DevelopmentAs populations rise, cities will need to become larger to accommodate the influx of new residents. If these cities are developed non-sustainably, they will become more and more expensive to build and maintain over time. This is because the resources being used to develop the cities will be finite fossil fuels that will only get more expensive as they run out over time. The higher volume of these fuels required to produce energy for this larger population will also negatively impact the air quality of cities. If cities use sustainable development practices, they can conceivably make way for new housing and business developments indefinitely.Control Climate ChangeClimate change is another issue that can be at least partially remedied through sustainable development. Sustainable development practices would mandate a lower use of fossil fuels, which are not sustainable and which produce greenhouse gases. As the population rises, more people will be requiring more energy and will be putting an even greater strain on the world climate.Provide Financial StabilitySustainable development can also produce more financially sustainable economies throughout the world. Resource-poor economies will gain access to free and accessible energy through renewables while also having the opportunity to train workers for jobs that won't be displaced by the basic reality of finite resources. Jobs built around the "old" model of unsustainable development simply have no place in economies of the future. This has nothing to do with politics or ethics, but rather the bare mechanics of how economies price out finite resources over time. Industries built around a reliance upon a resource that will not be accessible into the future will ultimately fail, leaving sustainable development as the only option moving forward.Sustain BiodiversityBiodiversity suffers through overconsumption and unsustainable development practices. Beyond the basic ethical quandary presented by this fact, there is the further concern that these species are a part of a foodweb that humans rely on.For example, if unsustainable agricultural practices are used in regard to pesticides, bees and other pollinators could be negatively impacted. Without bees, at least 19 major food crops would suffer and nearly 50% of the food in most grocery stores would be non-existent. Also, unsustainable development pollutes the oceans, which are home to a significant amount of algae species that humans rely on for a significant amount of the oxygen they breathe.

15. ISO 14001 is significant for many organisations. Comment.It is becoming more and more important to demonstrate that organisations are thinking about their environmental impact and putting in place systems that will not only benefit the environment but will also reduce costs and improve efficiency within the organisation.The benefits of showing conformance to the ISO 14001 standard are numerous:Cost savings in waste, recycling and consumptionAdvantage over competitors when tendering for businessManagement of environmental risksCompliance with individual countries environmental regulationsDemonstrates your commitment to improving the environmentShows you are a responsible future focused organisationCan reduce insurance cover costsCan increase employee engagement in the knowledge that they are working in an environmentally friendly organisationHaving a well-defined Energy Management System (EMS) framework will provide your organisation with a systematic approach to compliance. In some cases regulatory bodies are more flexible with companies with performance and public accountability records.In addition, Officials from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) have indicated that certification may lead to a reduction in the number of inspections required for obtaining permits. In unique circumstances, the EPA has reduced fines on the condition that financial resources are put into better practices, including compliance to ISO 14001.Through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), ISO 14001 is expected to become a prerequisite for doing business worldwide. Experts say that it is the market forces, which will drive acceptance of the new global environmental standards.ISO 14001 is also compatible with other management standards such as ISO 9001, OHSAS18001and ISO 27001.

16. What is the role of NGOs in creating awareness relating to environment?Role of NGOS in Protection for the Environment in IndiaThe NGOs constitute a worldwide net work interacting with Governments and Internal intergovernmental organization in shaping international environmental policies;- Creating awareness among the public on current environmental issues and solutions. Facilitating the participation of various categories of stakeholders in the discussion on environmental issues. Conducting participatory rural appraisal. Being involved in the protection of human rights to have a clean environment. Protecting the natural resources and entrusting the equitable use of resources. Data generation on natural resources, time line history of villages. Analysis and monitoring of environmental quality. Transferring information through newsletters, brochures, articles, audio visuals, etc. Organizing seminars, lectures and group discussion for promotion of environmental awareness. Helping the villages administrative officials in preparation, application and execution of projects on environmental protection.

Narmada Bachao AndalonSet up in 1986 under the leadership of Medha Patkar. It aims mainly to educate those directly affected by large development projects, such as tribals, on the social and environmental impact of such projects. To protest against the construction of dams in the Narmada Valley in general; struggling towards a right to information and new environmentally sustainable water policy. To help the tribals get a substantial share of the governments development schemes/services and to unable them to undertake development activities themselves. They mainly educate, mobilize and organize residents of the Narmada Valley on human rights and justice, alternative development policies, environmental issues related to big dams in general and the Narmada project in particular. They undertake surveys of the affected villages, protest against land and forest issues and government interference in this regard. They are fighting against displacement and disregard of the rights of the people.Publication: They come out with a bi-monthly publication the Narmada Samachar.KalpavrikshIt is a citizens action group set up to inculcate understanding and concern on environmental issues, especially among the youth. It also aims to conduct research in environmental problems, to campaign on environmental issues and to evolve a holistic environmental perspective. It imparts environmental education in schools and colleges by forming a network of nature clubs, conducting bird watching expeditions and nature trails and has developed workbooks for the school level. Publications: The Little Green Book. Narmada a campaign newsletter. What is that bird (An illustrated guide)

17. Why is incineration preferred method of waste disposal?

Description:Also called combustion, this treatment option burns waste under controlled conditions. As with landfills, different incinerators are permitted for different kinds of waste. Hazardous waste must be brought to an incinerator permitted to accept hazardous waste. Municipal solid waste incinerators are permitted to burn municipal solid waste, with some units having the ability to recover energy. Medical waste incinerators are designed to handle pathogenic wastes. Incinerators do not have to accept the waste brought to them, even if the waste is within the scope of the permit.Considerations:ProsCons

Reduces waste volume needing disposal Can inactivate disease agents Can reduce the toxicity of waste Can produce energy Residues still require proper testing and disposal May produce undesirable by-products Transportation concerns/costs Capacity limitations Facility indemnification may be an issue Reluctance of some owners/operators/residents

Applicable Incidents:Biological Attacks; Food Contamination; Foreign Animal Diseases (e.g., Chronic Wasting Disease); Chemical Attacks; Natural DisastersPossible Waste Streams:Vegetative Debris; Municipal Solid Waste; Hazardous Waste; Animal Carcasses; Biological-Contaminated Waste

18. What are the objectives of EPA Act 1986? To co-ordinate the activities of the various regulatory agencies already in existence. Creation of an authority or authorities with adequate powers for environmental protection. Regulation of discharge of environmental pollutants and handling of hazardous substance. Speedy response in the event of accidents threatening environmental and deterrents punishment to those who endanger human environment, safety and health.

Objective is, to provide the protection and improvement of environment. In EPA, article 48A, specify that the State shall protect and improve the environment.Also, to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Acc. to sec 51(A) every citizen shall protect the environment. EPA is applicable to whole India, including J&K.

19. Differentiate between Biosphere reserves and National park..Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which promote the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. They are internationally recognized with the framework of UNESCO's Man & Biosphere (MAB) Programme & nominated by national governments. While National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries come under the category of "Protected Areas". The Protected Areas are declared under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The Act provides for four type of protected areas viz. Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, Conservation Reserves and Community Reserves. The boundaries of the all 4 kinds of Protected Areas are notified by legislation.

2.) The difference between National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries is that no human activity is allowed inside National Parks while limited activities are permitted within Wildlife sanctuaries. In biosphere reserves limited economic activity (sand mining and stone mining) is permitted.A national park is just any piece of land set aside by the government to not be touched. An example would be the "Emerald Circle" that winds through the Cleveland area.A biosphere is a specific ecosystem, including all plants and possibly animals that exist in an area not normally associated with this ecosystem. Because of the translocation and possible interaction with local ecosystems, a biosphere must be completely enclosed and self-sustaining. An example would be, say, a rainforest that is maintained within a zoo.

20. What is Bio-Diversity Why is it important?

The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable

Why is Biodiversity Important?Biodiversity is the variety of life. It can be studied on many levels. At the highest level, you can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. On a much smaller scale, you can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of the greatest challenges in science. Most people recognize biodiversity by species. A species is a group of living organisms that can interbreed. Examples of species include, blue whales, white-tailed deer, white pine trees, sunflowers and microscopic bacteria that you cannot even see with your eye. Biodiversity includes theBiodiversity has a number of functions on the Earth. These are as follows:

Maintaining balance of the ecosystem: Recycling and storage of nutrients, combating pollution, and stabilizing climate, protecting water resources, forming and protecting soil and maintaining ecobalance. Provision of biological resources: Provision of medicines and pharmaceuticals, food for the human population and animals, ornamental plants, wood products, breeding stock and diversity of species, ecosystems and genes. Social benefits: Recreation and tourism, cultural value and education and research.

The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity is extremely important to people and the health of ecosystems. A few of the reasons are: Biodiversity allows us to live healthy and happy lives. It provides us with an array of foods and materials and it contributes to the economy. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants,and soils, our supermarkets would have a lot less produce. Most medical discoveries to cure diseases and lengthen life spans were made because of research into plant and animal biology and genetics. Every time a species goes extinct or genetic diversity is lost, we will never know whether research would have given us a new vaccine or drug. Biodiversity is an important part ofecological servicesthat make life livable on Earth. They include everything from cleaning water andabsorbing chemicals, which wetlands do,to providing oxygen for us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people. Biodiversity allows for ecosystems to adjust todisturbanceslike extreme fires and floods. If a reptile species goes extinct, a forest with 20 other reptiles is likely to adapt better than another forest with only one reptile. Genetic diversity preventsdiseasesand helps species adjust to changes in their environment. Simply for the wonder of it all. There are few things as beautiful and inspiring as the diversity of life that exists on Earth.

21. What is the role of modified automobiles engines and CNG fuel in reducing smog?

What is Global Warming?Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect.1. Global Warming Cause: Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants2. Global Warming Cause: Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation3. Global Warming Cause: Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such as rice paddies, and from Arctic seabeds4. Global Warming Cause: Deforestation, especially tropical forests for wood, pulp, and farmland5. Global Warming Cause: Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands6. Global Warming Effect: Rise in sea levels worldwide7. Global Warming Effect: More killer storms8. Global Warming Effect: Massive crop failures49. Global Warming Effect: Widespread extinction of species10. Global Warming Effect: Disappearance of coral reefs