anomic trap. a barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve...
TRANSCRIPT
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anomic trap
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anomic trapa barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve
little
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anomie
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anomiegeneralized state of normlessness
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arousal theory
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arousal theoryrecognizes that some criminals have no conscience
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behavior modification
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behavior modificationthe premise that all behavior is the result of learned responses to various stimuli
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biological determinism
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biological determinismcriminal behavior that is a result of being a genetic misfit or a biological throwback to
earlier, primitive and more violent beings
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corrections
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correctionsrefers to all government actions intended to manage adults who have been accused or
convicted of criminal offenses and juveniles who have been charged with or found guilty of a status offense
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criminology
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criminologythe scientific study of crime and criminals
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cultural transmission thesis
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cultural transmission thesisexplains the persistence of criminal and other deviant values in successive generations
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deinstitutionalization
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deinstitutionalizationsecure confinement abandoned as a punishment
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deterrence
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deterrenceassumes that certain and severe punishment can discourage future crime
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differential association theory
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differential association theory criminal values and behaviors are learned through social interactions
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differential reinforcement
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differential reinforcementthe operant-conditioning principle that people retain and repeat rewarded behavior
and extinguish behavior that is punished
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discriminative stimuli
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discriminative stimulimotivating definitions that either cast criminal behavior in a positive light or neutralize
the behavior
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disproportionate minority confinement (DMC)
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disproportionate minority confinement (DMC)
unequal representation of blacks and Hispanics
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ego
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egothat part of the mind influenced by parental training and the like
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general deterrence
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general deterrencepunishment of the individual to prevent others in society from committing the same or
similar crimes
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id
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idthe unconscious source of primitive and hedonistic urges
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imitation
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imitationinvolves modeling behavior observed in others
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incapacitation
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incapacitationseparating offenders from society to reduce the opportunity to commit crime
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isolation
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isolationan old correctional philosophy that has served two purposes: punishment and
isolation from society
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lex talionis
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lex talionisthe law of retribution or revenge
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operant conditioning
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operant conditioningrewarding mechanisms encourage some definitions, whereas punishers extinguish
others
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penal harm
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penal harmthe belief that punishment, particularly incarceration, should be uncomfortable
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penologists
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penologistspeople who systematically study punishment
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positivists
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positiviststhose who look for answers in measurable aspects of the human condition
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psyche
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psychethe totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious
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psychological determinists
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psychological deterministsbelieve that defects of the mind cause all misbehavior, including crime
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psychopaths
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psychopaths(sociopaths) commit crimes with no thought of conventional morality or of the
consequences of their actions
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radical nonintervention
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radical noninterventionthat society and its agents of social control should overlook minor delinquent acts to
avoid labeling youngsters
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reality therapy (RT)
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reality therapy (RT)holds the offender accountable for his or her actions
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rehabilitation
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rehabilitationthe belief that providing treatment such as psychological or educational assistance
makes individuals less likely to engage in future crimes
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reintegration
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reintegrationrecognizes the fact that a high percentage of the people in prison (90%) eventually get
out
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restitution
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restitutionrequiring the offender to repay the victim or the community in money or through
service
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restoration
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restorationthe most recent philosophy in the field of corrections., it is based on three key
elements: accountability, community protection and competency development
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retribution
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retributionthe belief that punishment must avenge for a harm done to another
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selective incapacitation
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selective incapacitationlies on the assumption that career criminals can be identified early in life as preteens
or teenagers
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social bond
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social bondthe sum of the forces in a person’s social and physical environment that connect that
person to society and its moral constituents
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social control theory
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social control theorybelief that society provides what binds people together
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social disorganization
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social disorganizationsocial ecologists claim that deterioration of the community and extreme poverty
explain the cause of criminal behavior
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social learning theory
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social learning theorylearning occurs through imitation and differential reinforcement
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specific deterrence
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specific deterrencethe assumption that punishment dissuades the offender from repeating the same
offense or committing a new one
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subcultural hypothesis
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subcultural hypothesisthesis that crime largely emerges from delinquent or deviant subcultures
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superego
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superegothat part of the mind that is concerned with moral values
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therapeutic communities
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therapeutic communitiesresidential programs in which offenders work together to change the attitudes and
behavior of all group members