annual report on sexual harassment andviolence at the military service academies 2011-2012

7/30/2019 Annual Report on Sexual Harassment andViolence at the Military Service Academies 2011-2012

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Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ >;44”>;4>

Fhmhgnh~ >;4



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> FHMHGNH^ >;4>

VDNAH OI MOEVHEV]

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Hemao}x~h 4: Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~| Dmdfhg| ]hai'D}}h}}ghev

Hemao}x~h >: Xelvhf ]vdvh} Edyda Dmdfhg| ]hai'D}}h}}ghev

Hemao}x~h =: Xelvhf ]vdvh} Dl~ Io~mh Dmdfhg| ]hai'D}}h}}ghev




6 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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v`h }x~yh|'h}vlgdvhf exgnh~ oi ylmvlg}%

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= Xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv l} v`h }x~yh| vh~g io~ v`h m~lgh} le v`h Xelio~g Mofh oi Glalvd~| Jx}vlmh XMGJ, v`dvmoe}vlvxvh }hpxda d}}dxav! s`lm` ~dech i~og ~d{h vo dnx}lyh }hpxda moevdmv%




8 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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X]GD v~dlehf daa mdfhv} def ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Moo~fledvo~} ]D^M, ledmmo~fdemh slv` v`h Fh{d~vghev“} {oalmlh}2 he}x~hf ~h{o~vlec o{vloe} sh~h mahd~ def{xnalmlzhf dmmx~dvha|2 def {~oylfhf hiihmvlyh oyh~}lc`v oi v`h ]D[^ def [O]@[~oc~dg}% V`h Fh{d~vghev moefxmvhf d ioaaos'x{ oe'}lvh d}}h}}ghev dv v`h X]GD dvv`h hef oi D[\ 44'4> vo fomxghev dmvloe} vdbhe n| v`h dmdfhg| def lg{~oyhghev} lelv} {~oc~dg}% V`h ioaaos'x{ d}}h}}ghev }òshf v`h X]GD vo nh le oyh~daa mog{aldemhslv` v`h Fh{d~vghev“} {oalmlh}%

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G]D} }hmvloe oi v`l} ^h{o~v%




9 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

LEVÔFXMVLOE

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4% Le}vlvxvloedalzh [~hyhevloe ]v~dvhclh} le v`h Glalvd~| Moggxelv|

>% Lem~hd}h v`h Malgdvh oi Ylmvlg Moeilfhemh D}}omldvhf slv` ̂ h{o~vlec=% Lg{~oyh ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h6% Lg{~oyh ]|}vhg Dmmoxevdnlalv|8% Lg{~oyh Beosahfch def Xefh~}vdeflec oi ]D[^

Le D[\} nhcleelec le off'exgnh~hf |hd~} h%c%! D[\ 44'4>,! v`h deexda d}}h}}ghev l}mog{~l}hf oi de dmdfhg| }hai'd}}h}}ghev def de deoe|gox} }x~yh| oi mdfhv} defglf}`l{ghe% V`l} nl'deexda >;4> ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| Chefh~ ^hadvloe} (]DC^, ]x~yh| dfglel}vh~hf n| v`h Fhihe}h Gde{osh~ Fdvd Mhevh~ FGFM, moyh~} vo{lm} }xm` d}lemlfhev} oi xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv def `d~d}}ghev! ~h{o~vlec def v~dlelec! defm`d~dmvh~l}vlm} oi xesdevhf }hpxda def chefh~'~hadvhf nh`dylo~}% Le dfflvloe vo v`h

dmdfhg| }hai'd}}h}}ghev} def >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| ! v`l} |hd~“} ^h{o~v lemaxfh} }lp'goev` }vdvx} x{fdvh} i~og v`h G]D} oe dmvloe lvhg} def ~hmogghefdvloe} i~og{~hylox} D[\ ^h{o~v}%

V`h Fh{d~vghev moe}oalfdvh} def }xggd~lzh} v`h ~h{o~v} i~og hdm` dmdfhg|! v`hdcc~hcdvh ~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav! v`h ~h}xav} i~og v`h >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| ! def v`h}lp'goev` }vdvx} x{fdvh}% V`l} }xggd~| }h~yh} d} v`h Fh{d~vghev“} Deexda ^h{o~v oe ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def Yloahemh dv v`h Glalvd~| ]h~ylmh Dmdfhglh} moyh~lec D[\ 4Jxeh >;44 v`~oxc` =4 Gd| >;4>% D{{heflp M moevdle} v`h moe}oalfdvhf fdvd gdv~lmh}%Hemao}x~h} 4! >! def = oi v`l} ^h{o~v d~h v`h }hai'd}}h}}ghev} i~og v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh}Glalvd~| Dmdfhg| X]GD,! v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Edyda Dmdfhg| X]ED,! def v`h Xelvhf]vdvh} Dl~ Io~mh Dmdfhg| X]DID,! ~h}{hmvlyha|% Da}o lemaxfhf slv` v`l} |hd~“} ~h{o~vl} v`h FGFM“} >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| %6

FoF {oalm| fhileh} v`h vh~g ‑}hpxda `d~d}}ghev‗ d} d io~g oi }hp fl}m~lgledvloe v`dv:leyoayh} xeshamogh }hpxda dfydemh}! ~htxh}v} io~ }hpxda idyo~}! def ov`h~yh~nda o~ {`|}lmda moefxmv oi d }hpxda edvx~h s`he }xngl}}loe vo o~ ~hjhmvloe oi

6 V`h >;4> ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh| ^h{o~v l} {~oylfhf le lv} hevl~hv| d} d }h{d~dvh fomxghev def{o}vhf dv `vv{://sss%}d{~%gla/lefhp%{`{/~h}hd~m %̀

http://www.sapr.mil/index.php/research







3 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

}xm` moefxmv l} gdfh hlv`h~ hp{almlva| o~ lg{almlva| d vh~g o~ moeflvloe oi d{h~}oe“} jon! {d| o~ md~hh~2 o~ }xngl}}loe vo o~ ~hjhmvloe oi }xm` moefxmv n| d{h~}oe l} x}hf d} d nd}l} io~ md~hh~ o~ hg{ao|ghev fhml}loe} diihmvlec v`dv{h~}oe2 o~ }xm` moefxmv levh~ih~h} slv` de leflylfxda“} {h~io~gdemh o~ m~hdvh} delevlglfdvlec! ò}vlah o~ oiihe}lyh heyl~oeghev%

V`h vh~g ‑}hpxda yloahemh!‗ `h~hle ~hih~~hf vo d} ‑}hpxda d}}dxav!‗ l} fhilehf d}:levhevloeda }hpxda moevdmv! m`d~dmvh~lzhf n| x}h oi io~mh! v`~hdv}! levlglfdvloe!dnx}h oi dxvò~lv|! o~ s`he v`h ylmvlg foh} eov o~ mdeeov moe}hev% ]hpxdad}}dxav lemaxfh} ~d{h! io~mlnah }ofog| io~mhf o~da o~ deda }hp,! def ov`h~xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv v`dv l} dcc~dydvhf! dnx}lyh! o~ s~oecixa lemaxflecxesdevhf def led{{~o{~ldvh }hpxda moevdmv,! o~ dvvhg{v} vo mogglv v`h}h dmv}%‑Moe}hev‗ ghde} so~f} o~ oyh~v dmv} leflmdvlec d i~hha| clyhe dc~hhghev vo v`h}hpxda moefxmv dv l}}xh n| d mog{hvhev {h~}oe% De hp{~h}}loe oi admb oimoe}hev v`~oxc` so~f} o~ moefxmv ghde} v`h~h l} eo moe}hev% Admb oi yh~nda o~{`|}lmda ~h}l}vdemh o~ }xngl}}loe ~h}xavlec i~og v`h dmmx}hf“} x}h oi io~mh!

v`~hdv oi io~mh! o~ {admlec deov`h~ {h~}oe le ihd~ foh} eov moe}vlvxvh moe}hev% Dmx~~hev o~ {~hylox} fdvlec ~hadvloe}`l{ o~ v`h gdeeh~ oi f~h}} oi v`h {h~}oeleyoayhf slv` v`h dmmx}hf le v`h }hpxda moefxmv dv l}}xh }`daa eov moe}vlvxvhmoe}hev% V`h~h l} eo moe}hev s`h~h v`h {h~}oe l} }ahh{lec o~ lemd{dmlvdvhf!}xm` d} fxh vo dch! damoòa o~ f~xc}! o~ ghevda lemd{dmlv|% 8

V`h vh~g ‑xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv!‗ ~hih~~hf vo le v`h FGFM >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| !lemaxfh} d ghd}x~h oi xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv l%h% }hpxda d}}dxav,% Davòxc`v`l} vh~g foh} eov d{{hd~ le v`h Xelio~g Mofh oi Glalvd~| Jx}vlmh XMGJ,! lv l}x}hf vo ~hih~ vo d ~dech oi dmvlylvlh} v`dv v`h XMGJ {~o`lnlv}% Io~ {x~{o}h} oi v̀ h]DC^ ]x~yh|! v`h vh~g ‑xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv‗ ghde} levhevloeda }hpxda

moevdmv v`dv sd} dcdle}v d {h~}oe“} slaa o~ s`lm` ommx~~hf s`he v`h {h~}oe flfeov o~ moxaf eov moe}hev! def lemaxfh} mog{ahvhf o~ dvvhg{vhf }hpxdalevh~mox~}h! }ofog| o~da o~ deda }hp,! {hehv~dvloe n| de onjhmv! def v`hxesdevhf voxm`lec oi chelvdald def ov`h~ }hpxdaa|'~hadvhf d~hd} oi v`h nof|%Mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe sh~h d}bhf txh}vloe} ~hadvhf vo {h~}oeda hp{h~lhemh}oi xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv nhvshhe Jxeh >;44 def v`h vlgh v`h| voob v`h}x~yh|%

4% LE]VLVXVLOEDALZH [^HYHEVLOE ]V^DVHCLH] LE V@H GLALVD^\MOGGXELV\

V`h il~}v FoF'slfh }v~dvhclm {~lo~lv| l} vo le}vlvxvloedalzh {~hyhevloe }v~dvhclh} le v`hglalvd~| moggxelv|2 v`l} {~lo~lv| iomx}h} oe v`h oyh~daa ~hfxmvloe le v`h {~hydahemh oi}hpxda d}}dxav def }hpxda `d~d}}ghev le v`h glalvd~| {o{xadvloe% D bh| ihdvx~h oi}hpxda `d~d}}ghev def d}}dxav {~hyhevloe l} hfxmdvloe def v~dlelec% V`~oxcòxv D[\44'4>! v`h G]D} moefxmvhf hpvhe}lyh v~dlelec io~ daa mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe def

8 Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h% >;4>,% Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h Fl~hmvlyh 96<8%;4 ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h (]D[^, [~oc~dg% ^hv~lhyhf i~og `vv{://sss%fvlm%gla/s`}/fl~hmvlyh}/mo~~h}/{fi/96<8;4{%{fi%

http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/649501p.pdf






0 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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9 De| ~hih~hemh vo de| eoe'ihfh~da hevlv| l} eov levhefhf vo nh de hefo~}hghev oi v`dv hevlv| n| v`h FoF%3 Yh~dxefd Jdmb}oe l} v`h ioxefh~ def M`lhi Hphmxvlyh Oiilmh~ oi H@D[ Hyh~|v`lec @d} d [~lmh, Lem%! d {~oih}}loedadef {h~}oeda fhyhao{ghev mog{de|% ]`h {~hylox}a| sd} d {~o}hmxvo~ le v`h }{hmldalzhf }hp m~lgh} def m`laf dnx}hxelv le Iao~lfd%0 ^x}}haa ]v~def l} v`h X] D~g| Idgla| Dfyomdm| [~oc~dg} M~lgleda Flyl}loe V~dlelec Fl~hmvo~ sò }{hmldalzh} leoiihefh~ nh`dylo~%




< FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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4; FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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Dfflvloedaa|! v`h Fh{d~vghev eovhf }ogh moemh~elec }x~yh| v~hef} leyoaylec xesdevhf}hpxda moevdmv X]M, hp{h~lhemhf n| soghe% ]x~yh| ~h}{oefhev} d~h d}bhf vom`d~dmvh~lzh v`h X]M v`h| hp{h~lhemhf% V`h}h hp{h~lhemh} cheh~daa| vdbh v`h io~g oixesdevhf }hpxda voxm`lec! xesdevhf dvvhg{vhf {hehv~dvloe! def xesdevhf mog{ahvhf{hehv~dvloe%4; Xesdevhf }hpxda voxm`lec lem~hd}hf dv v`h X]GD n| 4< {h~mhevdch{olev} def fhm~hd}hf n| 4; {h~mhevdch {olev} dv v`h X]ED }lemh v`h >;4; ]DC^ ]x~yh| % Xesdevhf dvvhg{vhf {hehv~dvloe fhm~hd}hf dv v`h X]ED n| 48 {h~mhevdch{olev} def dv v`h X]DID n| 44 {h~mhevdch {olev} }lemh >;4;% Xesdevhf mog{ahvhf

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Fdvd i~og v`h >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| da}o }òshf v`dv 49 vo >=( oi ihgdah mdfhv} defglf}`l{ghe `df nhhe ylmvlg} oi xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv {~lo~ vo hevh~lec v`hdmdfhglh}2 6 vo 8( oi gdah mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe leflmdvhf v`h| `df nhhe ylmvlg} oixesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv {~lo~ vo hevh~lec v`h dmdfhglh}% Mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe slv̀d `l}vo~| oi xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv {~lo~ vo hevh~lec v`h dmdfhglh} hp{h~lhemhf {d}v'|hd~ xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv def }hpxda `d~d}}ghev dv fl}{~o{o~vloedvha| ad~ch~ ~dvh}v`de mdfhv} def glf}`l{gde slvòxv }xm` d `l}vo~|% V`l} ileflec moxaf ~h{~h}hev d{~lgd~| levh~yhevloe {olev io~ {~hyhevloe }h~ylmh}% @oshyh~! clyhe go}v ylmvlg}“ fh}l~hio~ moeilfhevldalv|! }h~ylmh} io~ v`h}h mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe gx}v nh fhalyh~hf le d}he}lvlyh! mog{d}}loedvh! def moeilfhevlda sd|% V`h Fh{d~vghev slaa hp{ao~h òs nh}vvo dff~h}} v`l} fx~lec lv} G]D iomx} c~ox{} vo nh `haf le D[\ 4>'4=%

4; [hehv~dvloe ~hih~} vo o~da! deda def/o~ ydcleda {hehv~dvloe% Nd}hf oe òs ~h}{oefhev} mde de}sh~ v`h}x~yh| lvhg}! dvvhg{vhf def mog{ahvhf {hehv~dvloe gd| o~ gd| eov da}o lemaxfh xesdevhf }hpxdavoxm`lec%




44 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

>% LEM^HD]H V@H MALGDVH OI YLMVLG MOEILFHEMH D]]OMLDVHFSLV@ ̂ H[O^VLEC

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{h~mhevdch oi }hpxda d}}dxav} v`dv d~h ~h{o~vhf! slv` dfflvloeda hg{`d}l} oe lem~hd}lecv`h {~o{o~vloe oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~vlec%

V`h Fh{d~vghev }hhb} vo lem~hd}h ~h{o~vlec vo he}x~h v`dv ylmvlg} mogh io~sd~f vo~hmhlyh ehhfhf }x{{o~v def }h~ylmh} def v`x} oiih~} vso }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~vleco{vloe}: ^h}v~lmvhf def Xe~h}v~lmvhf ̂ h{o~vlec% ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~vlec daaos} ylmvlg} vomoeilfhevldaa| dmmh}} ghflmda md~h def dfyomdm| }h~ylmh} slvòxv v~lcch~lec deleyh}vlcdvloe% Mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe sò hp{h~lhemh }hpxda `d~d}}ghev mde gdbh dio~gda o~ leio~gda mog{adlev%

V`h vovda exgnh~} oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} io~ daa G]D} fx~lec D[\ 44'4> d~h d}

ioaaos}:44

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44 ]hpxda d}}dxav l} fhilehf d} levhevloeda }hpxda moevdmv! m`d~dmvh~lzhf n| x}h oi io~mh! v`~hdv}! levlglfdvloe! dnx}hoi dxvò~lv|! o~ s`he v`h ylmvlg foh} eov o~ mdeeov moe}hev% ]hpxda d}}dxav lemaxfh} ~d{h! io~mlnah }ofog| io~mhfo~da o~ deda }hp,! def ov`h~ xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv v`dv l} dcc~dydvhf! dnx}lyh! o~ s~oecixa lemaxflec xesdevhfdef led{{~o{~ldvh }hpxda moevdmv,! o~ dvvhg{v} vo mogglv v`h}h dmv}%

VOVDA D[\ >;44'>;4> ^H[O^V] OI ]HPXDA D]]DXAV EXGNH^ OI XE^H]V^LMVHF ^H[O^V] OI ]HPXDA D]]DXAV 6>EXGNH^ OI ^H[O^V] OI ]HPXDA D]]DXAV ^HGDLELEC ^H]V^LMVHF =0

EXGNH^ OI VOVDA ^H[O^V] OI ]HPXDA D]]DXAV ' XE^H]V^LMVHF DEF ^H]V^LMVHF 0;




4> FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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V`h iliv` FoF'slfh {~lo~lv| l} vo lg{~oyh beosahfch def xefh~}vdeflec oi v`h [O]@ def]D[^ {~oc~dg}% V`l} {~lo~lv| iomx}h} oe lg{~oylec {~odmvlyh moggxelmdvloe oi ]D[^def [O]@ leio~gdvloe vo }vdbhòafh~}%




43 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

V`~oxcòxv D[\ 44'4>! v`h X]GD gdlevdlehf }v~oec levh~eda def hpvh~eda }vdbhòafh~hecdchghev slv` X]MM Mdeflfdvh}! }vdii! idmxav|! }x{{o~v {h~}oeeha! v`h dmdfhg|ahdfh~}`l{ vhdg! def oe'{o}v o~cdelzdvloe} v`dv {~oylfh ylmvlg md~h% V`h X]GD da}omoevlexhf vo {d~veh~ slv` v`h Ghevda @hdav` D}}omldvh} oi O~dech Moxev|! Lem%! defnhcde {d~veh~lec slv` v`h aomda moaahch}“ }hpxda d}}dxav ~h}{oe}h {~oylfh~} vo }`d~h

ah}}oe} ahd~ehf def hfxmdvloeda ~h}ox~mh}% V`h X]GD“} ]x{h~levhefhev n~lhihfghgnh~} oi Moec~h}} oe v`h dmdfhg|“} ]@D^[ [~oc~dg! def }hyh~da ghgnh~} oiMoec~h}} }hev }vdii fhahcdvloe} oe yl}lv} vo letxl~h dnoxv v`h [~oc~dg% V`h }vdiifhahcdvloe} v`dv yl}lvhf v`h X]GD d{{hd~hf vo `dyh {o}lvlyh hp{h~lhemh}! s`lm` sh~h~hleio~mhf n| v`hl~ levh~dmvloe} slv` mdfhv} def ylhslec v`h mdfhv'{~ofxmhf ylfho%

V`h X]ED moevlexhf vo lem~hd}h dsd~heh}} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def d}}dxav dm~o}}v`h }vdbhòafh~ }{hmv~xg! lemaxflec v`h ]x{h~levhefhev! Moggdefdev oi Glf}`l{ghe!N~lcdfh oi Glf}`l{ghe! idmxav|! }vdii! Moec~h}}! X]ED Nod~f oi Yl}lvo~}! daxgel!{d~hev} def cxd~flde}! def }{oe}o~ idglalh}% V`h X]ED {~oylfhf v~dlelec deflem~hd}hf dmmh}} vo ]D[^ gdvh~lda v`~oxc` v`h X]ED lev~dehv def Levh~ehv! lem~hd}hf

oxv~hdm` vo yd~lox} c~ox{}! def x{fdvhf leio~gdvloe oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def d}}dxavdef d}}omldvhf {oalmlh}% Le D[\ 44'4>! v̀ h X]ED {~oylfhf de oyh~ylhs oi v`hdmdfhg|“} ]D[^ [~oc~dg vo daa i~h}`ghe slv`le v`h il~}v 46 fd|} oi ~h{o~vlec io~ fxv|!s`lm` sd} ioaaoshf n| d {~h}hevdvloe n| X]ED ]D[Ô }vdii vo ~hleio~mh {~hyhevloedef ~h}{oe}h leio~gdvloe def ~h}{oef vo de| txh}vloe}% V`h X]ED da}o lem~hd}hf v̀ h]D[^ ~hi~h}`h~ v~dlelec v`dv vd~chvhf Mog{de| Oiilmh~} def ]helo~ Heal}vhf Ahdfh~}%

V`h X]DID hecdchf levh~eda def hpvh~eda }vdbhòafh~}! lemaxflec idmxav|! dvàhvlm }vdii!Mdfhv Slec ahdfh~}`l{! {~h{d~dvo~| }mòoa! 4;v` Dl~ Nd}h Slec! X]DID Nod~f oiYl}lvo~}! Moao~dfo ]{~lec}“ Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda ]hpxda D}}dxav Io~he}lm Hpdg ex~}lec}vdii le'}h~ylmh! def aomda ̀ lc` }mòoa} def xelyh~}lvlh}% V`h X]DID gdlevdlehf de

leio~gdvlyh ~hadvloe}`l{ slv` v`hg v`~oxc` d yd~lhv| oi {~oc~dg}% ]lcelilmdev `lcàlc`v}i~og D[\ 44'4> lemaxfh v`h {~oyl}loe oi d fhvdlahf md}h }vdvx} x{fdvh ~hcd~flec daao{he D^V md}h} vo v`h ]x{h~levhefhev oe d goevà| nd}l}! d} shaa d} shhba| x{fdvh}vo v`h Moggdefdev def Ylmh Moggdefdev}% Davòxc` v`h| d~h eov moxe}hao~}! daaMdfhv [h~}oeda Hv`lm} def Hfxmdvloe ^h{~h}hevdvlyh} d~h mh~vlilhf vo }h~yh d} d il~}vmoevdmv {olev oi ~hih~~da io~ mdfhv} fhdalec slv` d ~dech oi l}}xh}! lemaxflec }hpxdad}}dxav% V`h X]DID da}o {~oylfhf n~lhilec} vo v`h Dvàhvlm Fh{d~vghev“} }vdii defmodm`h} oe v~dlelec! {oalmlh}! def {~omhfx~h} ~hadvhf vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def d}}dxav%

Lfhevli|lec def v~dmblec bh| ghd}x~hghev} oyh~ vlgh slaa nh m~lvlmda vo fhgoe}v~dvh vo}vdbhòafh~} v`h hiio~v} xefh~sd| dv v`h G]D}% Dfflvloedaa|! moaadno~dvloe dgoec v`hdmdfhglh} vo }`d~h hiihmvlyh {~dmvlmh} def ehs lelvldvlyh} slaa moev~lnxvh vo v`hhe`demhghev oi ]D[^ def [O]@ [~oc~dg}%

]XGGD^\ OI V@H GLALVD^\ ]H^YLMH DMDFHG\ [ADE] IO^D[\ 4>'4=

V`h dmdfhglh} lfhevlilhf {ade} vo moevlexh vo lg{~oyh v`hl~ [O]@ def ]D[^ [~oc~dg}fx~lec D[\ 4>'4=% Dfflvloedaa|! v`h Fh{d~vghev ~htxh}vhf d }vdvx} x{fdvh oe




4< FHMHGNH^ >;4>

]vdvx}: Le {~oc~h}}! h}vlgdvhf oe nod~f fdvh l} Fhmhgnh~ >;4>% V`h X]GD l}moeyh~vlec vso mlylalde {o}lvloe} levo `l~lec dmvloe} io~ ixaa'vlgh ]D^M/]@D^[]{hmldal}v def YD/]@D^[ ]{hmldal}v {h~}oeeha%

9% Dmvloe: Xvlalzh hpl}vlec ~h}ox~mh} vo m~hdvh }v~dvhclm {adeelec hiio~v} io~ v`hX]GD“} ]D[^ [~oc~dg%

]vdvx}: Le {~oc~h}}! h}vlgdvhf mog{ahvloe fdvh l} Jdexd~| >;4=% V`h X]GD~htxh}vhf de hpdg{ah i~og X]DID%3% Dmvloe: Moefxmv le}{hmvloe oi v`h X]MM ]D[^ [~oc~dg%

]vdvx}: Le {~oc~h}}% V`h Fh{d~vghev oi v`h D~g|“} Le}{hmvo~ Cheh~da l}hp{hmvhf vo le}{hmv v`h X]GD“} X]MM ]D[^ [~oc~dg le v`h il~}v txd~vh~ oiI\4=%

Mox~}h} oi dmvloe io~ v`h X]ED io~ D[\ 4>'4= lemaxfh ~hylhslec ~hmogghefdvloe} defnh}v {~dmvlmh} i~og v`h >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| def lg{ahghevlec ~hmogghefdvloe} defdmvloe lvhg} i~og {d}v |hd~}“ ^h{o~v}% V`h X]ED slaa moevlexh vo ghhv slv` ]D^M}!]D[^ YD}! def ads heio~mhghev {h~}oeeha i~og ov`h~ }h~ylmh dmdfhglh} vo }`d~h

lfhd}! ~h}oayh moggoe l}}xh}! fl}mx}} ah}}oe} ahd~ehf! def vd~chv {ovhevlda {~dmvlmh}io~ lemax}loe levo v`h X]ED“} ]D[^ def [O]@ [~oc~dg}% V`h X]ED slaa lemo~{o~dvhglf}`l{ghe MGHO} levo v`h ]@D[H [hh~ Hfxmdvloe [~oc~dg vo he}x~h htxda v~dlelecdm~o}} ixemvloedalv| slv` ~h}{hmv vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev% V`h X]ED slaa da}o lemo~{o~dvhd }hmvloe oe ‑`hdav`| ~hadvloe}`l{}‗ levo v`h da~hdf|'hpl}vlec ]@D[H mx~~lmxaxg%

V`h Fh{d~vghev ioaaoshf x{ slv` v`h X]ED ~hcd~flec oxv}vdeflec dmvloe lvhg} i~og v`hD[\ 4;'44 ^h{o~v def ~hmogghefdvloe} i~og v`h D[\ ;0';< ^h{o~v% V`h X]EDmog{ahvhf 43 lvhg} def l} le v`h {adeelec o~ lg{ahghevlec }vdch} oi v`h ~hgdlelec ilyh%V`h dmvloe lvhg} al}vhf nhaos d~h vò}h v`dv v`h X]ED l} so~blec vo mog{ahvh fx~lecD[\ 4>'4=%

4% Dmvloe: Fhyhao{ oxvmogh nd}hf ghv~lm} io~ {~hyhevloe v~dlelec%]vdvx}: [adeehf% V`h ghv~lm fhyhao{ghev l} le {~oc~h}} def devlml{dvhflg{ahghevdvloe l} le v`h }{~lec oi D[\ 4>'4= fx~lec ~hcxad~a| }m`hfxahf ]@D[Hv~dlelec%

>% Dmvloe: Moevlexh vo ~hm~xlv yoaxevhh~ Glf}`l{ghe ]D^ CXLFH} slv` v`h coda oivso {h~ mog{de|! oeh gdah! oeh ihgdah%]vdvx}: Le {~oc~h}}% ^hm~xlvghev hiio~v} io~ D[\ 4>'4= ~h}xavhf le 84 txdalilhfGlf}`l{ghe ]D^ CXLFH}! def v`h X]ED slaa moevlexh v`h {~omh}} oi ~hm~xlvlecyoaxevhh~} dm~o}} ixvx~h D[\} xevla v`h dmdfhg| `d} ~hdm`hf v`h ~hmogghefhfcoda%

=% Dmvloe: Moe}oalfdvh daa [O]@ def ]D[^ oxvmogh fdvd def ghv~lm} levo d }lecah{~ofxmv o~cdelzhf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev“} }v~dvhclm {~lo~lvlh}%]vdvx}: Lg{ahghevlec% Nd}lm }vdvl}vlm} def hplv levh~ylhs leio~gdvloe d~hmx~~heva| {~oylfhf vo v`h X]ED M`dle oi Moggdef def {~h}hevhf dv v`h]DMGC% V`h X]ED ]D[Ô slaa moevlexh vo x}h v`h FGFM }x~yh| def iomx}c~ox{ leio~gdvloe io~ v~hef deda|}l}%

6% Dmvloe: V`h mx~~hev Ylmvlg Slveh}} Aldl}oe Oiilmh~ YSAO, }òxaf ~hmhlyh]D[^ def YSAO v~dlelec d} }ooe d} {o}}lnah% V`h YSAO l} ehs vo `l} mx~~hev




>; FHMHGNH^ >;4>

{o}lvloe def `d} |hv vo ~hmhlyh ylmvlg slveh}} d}}l}vdemh v~dlelec o~ io~gda ]D[^v~dlelec%]vdvx}: Le {~oc~h}}% V`h leflylfxda vhg{o~d~la| dmvlec d} Ylmvlg Slveh}}D}}l}vdev Moo~fledvo~ YSDM, `d} mog{ahvhf ]D[^ v~dlelec def aomda YSDMv~dlelec% V`h lemoglec YSDM ~h{admhghev slaa ~hmhlyh {~o{h~ v~dlelec {~lo~ vo

d}}xglec fxvlh}%8% Dmvloe: V`h X]ED ]D^M }òxaf v~dle d{{~o{~ldvh oii'nd}h ò}{lvda {h~}oeehaoe v`h mo~~hmv {~omhfx~h} io~ gdlalec ]hpxda D}}dxav Io~he}lm Hpdg blv} vo v`hEdy| M~lgleda Leyh}vlcdvlyh ]h~ylmh Moe}oalfdvhf Hylfhemh Idmlalv| le Eo~ioab!Yl~cleld%]vdvx}: Le {~oc~h}}% Lelvlda cxlfdemh sd} {~oylfhf def ixvx~h v~dlelec l}{heflec%

V`h X]DID {ade} vo moevlexh vo ~hleio~mh v`h ‑Zh~o Voah~demh‗ {oalm| le o~fh~ vodm`lhyh nhvvh~ {~hyhevloe oi }hpxda ̀ d~d}}ghev def d}}dxav% V`h X]DID levhef} voiomx} oe hiihmvlyh n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe! damoòa x}h def lv} leiaxhemh oe }hpxda

d}}dxav! def ~hadvhf d{{~o{~ldvh {~hyhevloe hfxmdvloe% V`h ‑C~hhe Fov‗ [~oc~dg! dX]DID n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe vooa! slaa mog{ahvh lv} vso'|hd~ lg{ahghevdvloe {h~lof lev`h idaa oi >;4=% Le dfflvloe vo moevlexlec v`h lg{ahghevdvloe oi gde| {~oc~dg} da~hdf|le {admh! v`h X]DID ò{h} vo nhcle }hvvlec x{ d }hmx~h hgdla }|}vhg def shn}lvh v`dvslaa oiih~ moeilfhevlda ~h{o~vlec nhvshhe v`h ylmvlg def ]D^M! def d }hmx~h shn'nd}hf{~oc~dg v`dv slaa dmv d} d yl~vxda }x{{o~v c~ox{ io~ ylmvlg} vo deoe|gox}a| levh~dmv slv`hdm` ov`h~ io~ }x{{o~v%

V`h Fh{d~vghev ioaaoshf x{ slv` v`h X]DID ~hcd~flec oxv}vdeflec dmvloe lvhg} i~ogv`h D[\ 4;'44 ^h{o~v def ~hmogghefdvloe} i~og v̀ h D[\ ;0';< ^h{o~v% V`h X]DIDmog{ahvhf >= lvhg} def l} le v`h {adeelec o~ lg{ahghevlec }vdch} oi v`h ~hgdlelec ilyh%

V`h dmvloe lvhg} al}vhf nhaos d~h vò}h v`dv v`h X]DID l} so~blec vo mog{ahvh fx~lecD[\ 4>'4=%

4% Dmvloe: H}vdnal}` d txd~vh~a| moeih~hemh mdaa slv` G]D ]D[^ def [O]@[~oc~dg {h~}oeeha%]vdvx}: V`h X]DID mogglvvhf vo h}vdnal}`lec d txd~vh~a| moeih~hemh mdaa fx~lecv`h }xggh~ oi >;4>% V`h X]DID {adeehf io~ v̀ h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| {~oc~dg vo{d~veh~ slv` ]D[^ {~oc~dg le h}vdnal}`lec d mdaa vo levhc~dvh ~h}ox~mh} d}d{{almdnah vosd~f ~hfxmlec }hpxda `d~d}}ghev le de| io~g% Le dfflvloe vo v`l}mdaa! G]D} mde moevdmv hdm` ov̀ h~ d} ehhfhf% V`h Fh{d~vghev slaa ioaaos x{fx~lec v`h oe'}lvh d}}h}}ghev vo he}x~h v`h io~gda txd~vh~a| mdaa `d} nhheh}vdnal}`hf%

>% Dmvloe: Fhyhao{ oxvmogh'nd}hf ghv~lm} vo dff~h}} daa {~hyhevloe hiio~v} defix~v`h~ fhyhao{ v~hef deda|}l} d~oxef m`dech} vo v`h ]D[^ [~oc~dg%]vdvx}: V`h X]DID l} fhyhao{lec d mog{~h`he}lyh }hv oi oxvmogh'nd}hfghv~lm} def d ihhfndmb/vh}vlec }v~dvhc| io~ v~hef deda|}l} slv` v`h {~ojhmvhfmog{ahvloe fx~lec v`h glffah oi D[\ 4>'4=%

=% Dmvloe: Dff~h}} moaadvh~da gl}moefxmv gl}{h~mh{vloe} le v~dlelec%




>> FHMHGNH^ >;4>

]VDVL]VLMDA FDVD OE ]HPXDA D]]DXAV: NDMBC^OXEF

S@DV LV MD[VX^H]:

^h{o~v} oi ]hpxda D}}dxav

• FoF }hpxda d}}dxav fdvd md{vx~h} v`h Xe~h}v~lmvhf def ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} oi}hpxda d}}dxav gdfh vo v`h G]D} fx~lec D[\ 44'4>%

• Le v`h moevhpv oi v`h FoF }vdvl}vlm} v`dv ioaaos! de Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v oi }hpxdad}}dxav l} de daahcdvloe n| oeh o~ go~h ylmvlg} dcdle}v oeh o~ go~h }x}{hmv}~hih~~hf vo le v`h Fh{d~vghev d} ‑}xnjhmv} oi leyh}vlcdvloe‗ o~ ‑}xnjhmv}‗, v`dv d~h~hih~~hf vo def leyh}vlcdvhf n| d Glalvd~| M~lgleda Leyh}vlcdvloe O~cdelzdvloeGMLO,! s`lm` moxaf lemaxfh D~g| MLF! Edyda M~lgleda Leyh}vlcdvlyh ]h~ylmhEML],! o~ Dl~ Io~mh Oiilmh oi ]{hmlda Leyh}vlcdvloe} DIO]L,%

• Fdvd oe ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} l} alglvhf nhmdx}h v`h}h d~h ~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxavgdfh vo }{hmlilhf {d~vlh} slv`le v`h Fh{d~vghev l%h%! ]D^M! ]D[^ YD! o~

`hdav`md~h {~oylfh~, v`dv daaos v`h ~h{o~v vo ~hgdle moeilfhevlda def daaos v`hylmvlg vo }hhb md~h def }h~ylmh}% Clyhe v`h ylmvlg“} fh}l~h io~ moeilfhevldalv|!v`h}h ~h{o~v} d~h eov leyh}vlcdvhf% Ylmvlg} d~h eov ~htxl~hf vo {~oylfh gde|fhvdla} dnoxv v`h}h }hpxda d}}dxav}% D} d ~h}xav! oea| fdvd dnoxv v`h ylmvlg defyh~| alglvhf fdvd dnoxv v`h oiihe}h d~h ~hmo~fhf% ]xnjhmv lfhevlvlh} le ^h}v~lmvhf^h{o~v} d~h eov ~htxh}vhf o~ gdlevdlehf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev%

• V`h Fh{d~vghev“} }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~vlec }vdvl}vlm} lemaxfh fdvd dnoxv moevdmv}hpxda m~lgh} n| dfxav} dcdle}v dfxav}! def dvvhg{v} vo mogglv v`h}h dmv}! d}fhilehf le D~vlmah} 4>;! 4>8 def D~vlmah 0; oi v`h XMGJ% V`h fdvd le v`l}fomxghev leyoayh} oea| mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe d} hlv`h~ d ylmvlg o~ d }xnjhmv oi

d }hpxda d}}dxav leyh}vlcdvloe% Fdvd dnoxv }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} le v`h X]D~ghf Io~mh} le cheh~da l} ~hahd}hf hdm` D{~la! def dydladnah dv`vv{://sss%}d{~%gla/lefhp%{`{/deexda'~h{o~v}%

• V`h FoF x}h} v`h fh}m~l{vlyh vh~g ‑}hpxda d}}dxav‗ vo ~hih~ vo d ~dech oioiihe}h} fhilehf n| v`h XMGJ! lemaxflec ~d{h! dcc~dydvhf }hpxda d}}dxav!eoemoe}he}xda }ofog|! dcc~dydvhf }hpxda moevdmv! dnx}lyh }hpxda moevdmv!s~oecixa }hpxda moevdmv! def dvvhg{v} vo mogglv v̀ h}h oiihe}h}% Oe Jxeh >0!>;4>! ioaaoslec v`h mao}h oi D[\ 44'4>! goflilmdvloe} vo v`h XMGJ voob hiihmv%V`h}h goflilmdvloe} ~h{admhf v`h m~lgh oi ‑Dcc~dydvhf ]hpxda D}}dxav‗ slv` v`hm~lgh oi ‑]hpxda D}}dxav‗ d }{hmlilm m~lgh xefh~ v`h XMGJ d} shaa d} dfh}m~l{vlyh vh~g, def halgledvhf v`h m~lgh oi ‑S~oecixa ]hpxda Moevdmv%‗

o S`he d ~h{o~v l} al}vhf xefh~ d m~lgh mdvhco~|! lv ghde} v`h m~lgh sd} v`hgo}v }h~lox} oi v`h daahcdvloe} ~h{o~vhf n| v`h ylmvlg o~ leyh}vlcdvhf n|leyh}vlcdvo~}% Lv foh} eov ehmh}}d~la| ~hiahmv v`h m~lgh}, x}hf vo }x{{o~vmox~v'gd~vlda m`d~ch} o~ }ogh ov`h~ io~g oi fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe dcdle}v d}xnjhmv%

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>= FHMHGNH^ >;4>

o V`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav} ~h{o~vhf vo G]D dxvò~lvlh} le D[\44'4>foh} eov ehmh}}d~la| ~hiahmv v`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav} v`dv gd| `dyhommx~~hf le v`dv D[\%

o Mlylalde ~h}hd~m` leflmdvh} ylmvlg} oea| ~h{o~v d }gdaa i~dmvloe oi }hpxdad}}dxav} vo ads heio~mhghev% Io~ hpdg{ah! oi v`h 4%4 glaaloe X%]% mlylalde

soghe h}vlgdvhf vo `dyh hp{h~lhemhf eoemoe}he}xda ydcleda! o~da o~deda {hehv~dvloe le >;;8! oea| dnoxv 43=!0;; 49(, hyh~ ~h{o~vhf v`hgdvvh~ vo {oalmh% Io~ v`h h}vlgdvhf 93=!;;; X%]% mlylalde moaahch'dchfsoghe sò hp{h~lhemhf eoemoe}he}xda ydcleda! o~da! o~ deda {hehv~dvloe!oea| dnoxv 33!=<8 44%8(, ~h{o~vhf lv vo v`h {oalmh%46

o V`l} ~h{o~vlec nh`dylo~ l} gl~~o~hf le v`h X%]% D~ghf Io~mh}% D} eovhf lev`h I\4; Deexda ^h{o~v oe ]hpxda D}}dxav le v`h Glalvd~|! v`h Fh{d~vghevh}vlgdvh} v`dv >!943 46(, oi v`h 4<!;;; ]h~ylmh ghgnh~} sò d~hh}vlgdvhf vo `dyh hp{h~lhemhf oeh oi v`h yd~lox} oiihe}h} md{vx~hf le v`hFoF fhilelvloe oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~vhf v`h gdvvh~ vo d FoF oiilmlda leI\4;% Io~ go~h leio~gdvloe! ~hih~ vo v̀ h I\4; ^h{o~v! dydladnah dv`vv{://sss%}d{~%gla/lefhp%{`{/deexda'~h{o~v}%

]xnjhmv Fl}{o}lvloe}

• Oemh v`h leyh}vlcdvloe oi de Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v l} mog{ahvh! v`h Fh{d~vghev~htxl~h} v`h G]D} vo {~oylfh v`h oxvmogh oi v`h md}h} dcdle}v hdm` }xnjhmvedghf le de leyh}vlcdvloe% V`h}h d~h mdaahf ‑}xnjhmv fl}{o}lvloe}%‗

• V`h Fh{d~vghev òaf} vò}h ]h~ylmh ghgnh~} sò `dyh mogglvvhf }hpxdad}}dxav d{{~o{~ldvha| dmmoxevdnah nd}hf oe v`h dydladnah hylfhemh%

• Ahcda dxvò~lv| io~ v`h Fh{d~vghev l} alglvhf vo ]h~ylmh ghgnh~} sò d~h }xnjhmv

vo v`h XMGJ def! v̀ h~hio~h! lv} glalvd~| jx}vlmh jx~l}flmvloe% Mdfhv} defGlf}`l{ghe d~h ]h~ylmh ghgnh~} def d~h xefh~ v`h ahcda dxvò~lv| oi v`h XMGJ%Hpmh{v le ~d~h ml~mxg}vdemh}! d mlylalde l} eov }xnjhmv vo v`h XMGJ io~ v`h{x~{o}h oi mox~v'gd~vlda jx~l}flmvloe o~ ov`h~ glalvd~| jx}vlmh fl}ml{aleh%

• Li d ]h~ylmh Ghgnh~ yloadvh} v`h XMGJ! v`h m~lgleda ads oi d }vdvh! d m~lgleda adsoi v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh}! o~ de| mognledvloe v`h~hoi! v`h fhvh~gledvloe oi s`lm`dchem| }`daa hph~ml}h jx~l}flmvloe l} eo~gdaa| gdfh v`~oxc` moe}xavdvloe o~ {~lo~dc~hhghev nhvshhe d{{~o{~ldvh glalvd~| oiilmlda} def mlylalde dxvò~lvlh}% Xefh~v`h Moe}vlvxvloe! d {h~}oe gd| eov nh v~lhf io~ v`h }dgh gl}moefxmv n| nov` dmox~v'gd~vlda def deov`h~ ihfh~da mox~v% Davòxc` moe}vlvxvloedaa| {h~gl}}lnah vov~| d {h~}oe n| mox~v'gd~vlda def n| d ]vdvh io~ v`h }dgh dmv! d} d gdvvh~ oi

{oalm|! d {h~}oe sò l} {heflec v~lda o~ `d} nhhe v~lhf n| d ]vdvh mox~v l} eovo~fled~la| v~lhf n| mox~v'gd~vlda io~ v`h }dgh dmv%

• Hdm` |hd~! v`h Fh{d~vghev admb} jx~l}flmvloe oyh~ }ogh }xnjhmv} le lv}leyh}vlcdvloe}% V`h}h d~h v`h mlylalde}! io~hlce edvloeda} sò d~h eov }xnjhmv vo

46 Bla{dv~lmb! F%! ^h}elmb! @%! ^xcclh~o! B%! Moeo}mhevl! A%! def GmMdxah|! J% >;;3,% F~xc'idmlalvdvhf! lemd{dmlvdvhf!def io~mlnah ~d{h: D edvloeda }vxf|% Sd}`lecvoe! FM: X%]% Fh{d~vghev oi Jx}vlmh%







>6 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

XMGJ,! def xelfhevlilhf }xnjhmv} sò d~h ~h{o~vhf vo `dyh }hpxdaa| d}}dxavhf]h~ylmh ghgnh~}%

• S`he v`h FoF `d} jx~l}flmvloe oyh~ v`h }xnjhmv {h~}oe,! v`h }xnjhmv“} glalvd~|moggdefh~ l} ~h}{oe}lnah io~ ~hylhslec v`h leyh}vlcdvloe def gdblec d{{~o{~ldvhlelvlda fl}{o}lvloe fhml}loe} s`he }x{{o~vhf n| }xiilmlhev hylfhemh% Le Jxeh >;4>!

v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h fl~hmvhf v`dv }xnjhmv lelvlda fl}{o}lvloe fhml}loe} io~ v`hm~lgh} oi ^d{h! ]hpxda D}}dxav! def Eoemoe}he}xda ]ofog| nh gdfh dv v`h]{hmlda Mox~v Gd~vlda Moeyhelec Dxvò~lv| ahyha v|{lmdaa| d Moaoeha o~ Edy|Md{vdle,% Dv v`h G]D}! v`h ]x{h~levhefhev d Alhxvhedev Cheh~da o~ d YlmhDfgl~da, l} v`h md}h lelvlda fl}{o}lvloe dxvò~lv|%

o Moggdefh~} fo eov gdbh }xm` fhml}loe} n| v`hg}hayh}% Glalvd~|dvvo~eh|} d}}l}v moggdefh~} le lfhevli|lec v`h m`d~ch} v`dv mde nh gdfh!v`h d{{~o{~ldvh ghde} oi dff~h}}lec }xm` m`d~ch}! def {xel}`ghev} v`dvmde nh dfglel}vh~hf li }x{{o~vhf n| v`h hylfhemh%

o V`h~h d~h gde| md}h} hdm` |hd~ s`he fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe l} {~hmaxfhf

l%h%! eov {o}}lnah, fxh vo ahcda l}}xh} o~ hylfhevld~| {~onahg} slv` d md}h%Io~ hpdg{ah! s`he v`h leyh}vlcdvloe idla} vo }òs }xiilmlhev hylfhemh oi deoiihe}h vo {~o}hmxvh o~ s`he v`h ylmvlg fhmaleh} vo {d~vlml{dvh le v`h

jx}vlmh {~omh}}! d moggdefh~ gd| nh {~hmaxfhf i~og vdblec dmvloedcdle}v d }xnjhmv%

• Le v`h fdvd v`dv ioaaos}! s`he go~h v`de oeh lelvlda fl}{o}lvloe fhml}loe io~ dmvloel} leyoayhf h%c%! s`he eoejxflmlda {xel}`ghev l} ioaaoshf n| de dfglel}v~dvlyhfl}m`d~ch,! }xnjhmv fl}{o}lvloe l} oea| ~h{o~vhf oemh {h~ }xnjhmv% V`l} l} foehdmmo~flec vo v`h go}v }h~lox} fhml}loe vdbhe n| v`h moggdefh~! s`lm` lefh}mheflec o~fh~ l} {~hih~~da oi mox~v'gd~vlda m`d~ch}! eoejxflmlda {xel}`ghev!dfglel}v~dvlyh fl}m`d~ch! def ov`h~ dfyh~}h dfglel}v~dvlyh dmvloe}% Dv v`h G]D}!dfyh~}h dfglel}v~dvlyh dmvloe} lemaxfh v`h mdfhv/glf}`l{gde fl}ml{aled~| }|}vhg%

S@OG LV FH]M^LNH]: • Xe~h}v~lmvhf def ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} md{vx~h }hpxda d}}dxav} mogglvvhf n| o~

dcdle}v ]h~ylmh ghgnh~}% Le v`l} fomxghev! }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} {~lgd~la|leyoayh mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe% @oshyh~! {ho{ah oxv}lfh oi v`h X%]% D~ghfIo~mh} }oghvlgh} ylmvlglzh d ]h~ylmh ghgnh~ o~ mde nh ylmvlglzhf n| d ]h~ylmhghgnh~% Leio~gdvloe fh}m~lnlec v`h}h ylmvlg} def }xnjhmv} l} da}o lemaxfhf lev`h ioaaoslec }vdvl}vlm}! d} d~h ~h{o~v} oi {~h'}h~ylmh }hpxda d}}dxav lemlfhev}%

•

De Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v oi }hpxda d}}dxav mde lemaxfh oeh o~ go~h ylmvlg}! oeh o~go~h }xnjhmv}! def oeh o~ go~h m~lgh}% V`h~hio~h! v`h exgnh~ oi ~h{o~v}foh} eov htxda v`h exgnh~ oi ylmvlg} o~ v`h exgnh~ oi }xnjhmv}%

• ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}! n| {oalm|! oea| leyoayh oeh ylmvlg {h~ ~h{o~vhf lemlfhev% Le^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}! eo {h~}oedaa| lfhevlildnah leio~gdvloe l} gdlevdlehf io~daahchf }xnjhmv}%




>8 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

• Fhgoc~d{`lm} leio~gdvloe oe ylmvlg} def }xnjhmv} l} oea| f~dse i~og mog{ahvhf leyh}vlcdvloe} oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} def i~og ]D^M ~hmo~f} oi ylmvlg} le^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}%

S@HE LV @D[[HEHF:

• V`h leio~gdvloe le v`l} ~h{o~v l} f~dse i~og }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} gdfh vo v`hG]D dxvò~lvlh} fx~lec D[\ 44'4> 4 Jxeh >;44 vo =4 Gd| >;4>,%

• V`h fdvd v`dv ioaaos} l} d }ed{}òv le vlgh% Le ov`h~ so~f}! v`h ioaaoslecleio~gdvloe fh}m~lnh} v`h }vdvx} oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v}! leyh}vlcdvloe}! def}xnjhmv fl}{o}lvloe} oe =4 Gd| >;4>‖v`h ad}v fd| oi D[\ 44'4>%

• ]ogh leyh}vlcdvloe} hpvhef dm~o}} D[\}% Io~ hpdg{ah! lv oivhe vdbh} }hyh~dagoev`} vo leyh}vlcdvh d ~h{o~v oi }hpxda d}}dxav% D} d ~h}xav! v̀ o}h leyh}vlcdvloe}v`dv sh~h o{hehf vosd~f v`h hef oi v`h D[\ v|{lmdaa| md~~| oyh~ vo v`h ehpv D[\%V`h~hio~h! v`h leio~gdvloe {~h}hevhf le v`l} ~h{o~v l} eov alehd~! ghdelec v`dv v`hexgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} ~hmhlyhf fx~lec v`h |hd~ slaa eov nh htxda vo v`h

exgnh~ oi mog{ahvhf leyh}vlcdvloe} fx~lec v`h |hd~%• ]xnjhmv fl}{o}lvloe fhml}loe} mde da}o hpvhef dm~o}} D[\}% D} d ~h}xav! d

{o~vloe oi fl}{o}lvloe} d~h ‑{heflec‗ o~ eov |hv ~h{o~vhf dv v`h hef oi v`h |hd~%V`h Fh{d~vghev v~dmb} v`h}h {heflec fl}{o}lvloe} def ~htxl~h} v`h Glalvd~|]h~ylmh} vo ~h{o~v oe v`hg le }xn}htxhev |hd~}“ ~h{o~v}%

• Xefh~ v`h Fh{d~vghev“} ]D[^ [oalm|! v`h~h l} eo vlgh alglv d} vo s`he }oghoehmde ~h{o~v d }hpxda d}}dxav vo d ]D^M o~ GMLO% V`x}! le de| clyhe |hd~! v`hFh{d~vghev gd| eov oea| ~hmhlyh ~h{o~v} dnoxv lemlfhev} v`dv ommx~~hf fx~lec v`hmx~~hev |hd~! nxv da}o lemlfhev} v`dv ommx~~hf le {~hylox} |hd~} o~ {~lo~ vo d]h~ylmh ghgnh~“} heal}vghev o~ moggl}}loelec v`dv sh~h eov ~h{o~vhf xevla v`h

mx~~hev |hd~%

@OS LV“] CDV@H^HF: • Fdvd dnoxv Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} l} f~dse i~og oiilmlda

leyh}vlcdvloe} moefxmvhf n| v`h GMLO}% Dmdfhg| ]D^M} moaahmv fdvd dnoxv^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav%

• Hdm` D[\! v`h Xefh~ ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h io~ [h~}oeeha def ^hdfleh}}}xnglv} d fdvd mdaa vo v`h G]D} vo moaahmv v`h ~htxl~hf }vdvl}vlmda def md}h}|eo{}l} fdvd% FoF ]D[Ô dcc~hcdvh} def deda|zh} v`l} fdvd%

S@\ LV“] MOAAHMVHF: • Moec~h}} ~htxl~h} fdvd dnoxv v`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda

d}}dxav ~h{o~v} def v`h oxvmogh oi v`h daahcdvloe} gdfh dcdle}v hdm` }xnjhmv%

• V`h Fh{d~vghev da}o moaahmv} v`l} fdvd vo leio~g ]D[^ {oalm|! {~oc~dgfhyhao{ghev! def oyh~}lc`v%




>3 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

DCC^HCDVH ^H[O^V] OI ]HPXDA D]]DXAV

V`l} }hmvloe mao}ha| ioaaos} v`h iaos m`d~v }òse le Hp`lnlv 4% [olev} le v`h iaos m`d~v`dyh nhhe adnhahf slv` d ahvvh~ v`dv mo~~h}{oef} vo v`h leio~gdvloe le v`h vhpv v`dvioaaos}%

Le D[\ 44'4>! mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe sh~h leyoayhf le d vovda oi 0; ~h{o~v} oi }hpxdad}}dxav gdfh vo v`h G]D} Hp`lnlv 4! [olev D,! ~h{~h}hevlec de lem~hd}h oi 48 ~h{o~v}i~og D[\ 4;'44%

• V`h G]D} ~hmhlyhf 6> Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} leyoaylec mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe d}hlv`h~ v`h ylmvlg o~ }xnjhmv oi d }hpxda d}}dxav leyh}vlcdvloe Hp`lnlv 4! [olev N,%

• V`h G]D} lelvldaa| ~hmhlyhf 6> ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} leyoaylec mdfhv} defglf}`l{ghe d} ylmvlg} oi }hpxda d}}dxav% o Iox~ oi v`h ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} advh~ moeyh~vhf vo Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} def

d~h lemaxfhf le v`h 6> xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} ~hih~hemhf dnoyh! ahdylec =0^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} ~hgdlelec dv v`h hef oi D[\ 44'4> Hp`lnlv 4! [olev M,%

Oi v`h =0 ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}! 4> ~h{o~v} sh~h io~ de lemlfhev oi }hpxdad}}dxav v`dv ommx~~hf {~lo~ vo v`h mdfhv o~ glf}`l{gde hevh~lec glalvd~|]h~ylmh% V`h ~hgdlelec >9 ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} sh~h io~ lemlfhev} v`dvommx~~hf fx~lec glalvd~| }h~ylmh%

• Le v`h 0; ~h{o~v} vo G]D dxvò~lvlh} v`l} |hd~! 34 mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe~h{o~vhf v`h| `df nhhe v`h ylmvlg oi }ogh io~g oi }hpxda d}}dxav! ~declec i~og~d{h vo xesdevhf }hpxda voxm`lec%48

o == mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe gdfh o~ moeyh~vhf vo de Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v o =0 mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe gdfh def gdlevdlehf ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}

]hpxda d}}dxav l} oeh oi v̀ h go}v xefh~~h{o~vhf m~lgh} le v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh}% H}vlgdvh}}xcch}v v`dv ihsh~ v`de 48( oi }hpxda d}}dxav} le d moaahch heyl~oeghev d~h hyh~~h{o~vhf vo v`h {oalmh%49!43 V`l} ~h{o~vlec nh`dylo~ l} gl~~o~hf dv v`h G]D}% Dmmo~flecvo v`h >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| ! oea| dnoxv 44( oi mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe sò hp{h~lhemhfxesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv leflmdvhf oe v`h }x~yh| v`dv v`h| n~oxc`v v`h gdvvh~ vo dglalvd~| dxvò~lv|% ^h}hd~m` }òs} v`dv ylmvlg} sò ~h{o~v v`h m~lgh d~h go~h albha| vo}hhb def ~hmhlyh ghflmda v~hdvghev def ov`h~ io~g} oi d}}l}vdemh%40

!4<

V`h Fh{d~vghev“} >;;8 [oalm| oe v`l} }xnjhmv fl~hmv} c~hdvh~ }hpxda d}}dxav {~hyhevloe!hemox~dch} lem~hd}hf ~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda d}}dxav! lg{~oyh} ~h}{oe}h md{dnlalvlh} io~ylmvlg}! def hemox~dch} ylmvlg} vo {d~vlml{dvh le glalvd~| jx}vlmh dmvloe}! li v`h| }ofh}l~h% V`l} {oalm| leiaxhemhf v`h fhyhao{ghev oi v`h Fh{d~vghev“} }v~dvhclm {ade def

48 Oeh mdfhv sd} ~h{o~vhf d} v`h ylmvlg le vso }h{d~dvh! xe~hadvhf leyh}vlcdvloe}% V`h ~hgdlelec ~h{o~v} flf eovleyoayh mdfhv} o~ glf}`l{ghe d} ylmvlg}%49 Bla{dv~lmb! hv% da%! >;;3,%43 B~hn}! M%! Aleftxl}v! M%! Sd~eh~! V%! Il}`h~! N%! Gd~vle! ]% >;;3,% V`h Mdg{x} ]hpxda D}}dxav ]vxf|% Sd}`lecvoe! FM: X] Fh{d~vghev oi Jx}vlmh! Edvloeda M~lgleda Jx}vlmh ^h}hd~m` ]h~ylmh% Fomxghev E~% >>448=%40 Xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv l} v`h }x~yh| vh~g io~ v`h m~lgh oi }hpxda d}}dxav! s`lm` lemaxfh} ~d{h vo dnx}lyh }hpxdamoevdmv% 4< ^def! G%! ^heel}oe! M%! ) FOJ% >;;>,% ^d{h def ]hpxda D}}dxav: ^h{o~vlec vo [oalmh def Ghflmda Dvvhevloe!4<<>”>;;; ROealehW% Dydladnah: `vv{://nj}%oj{%x}foj%coy/lefhp%mig?v|7 {nfhvdla)llf744==%

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=%20pbdetail&iid=1133







>0 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

ilyh {~lo~lvlh} le >;;<% D} v`h~h l} eo mlylalde gofha vo cxlfh Fh{d~vghev hiio~v}! v`hfhyhao{ghev oi v`l} {ade! lv} d{{almdvloe vo v`h ilhaf! def v`h lfhevlilmdvloe oi ghdelecixaghv~lm} `d} nhhe de lvh~dvlyh {~omh}}% V`h Fh{d~vghev nhcde d}}omldvlec mh~vdleghv~lm} slv` lv} }v~dvhclm {~lo~lvlh} d} d ghde} vo moefxmv oyh~}lc`v oi v`h ]D[^{~oc~dg%

V`h ioaaoslec }hmvloe fh}m~lnh} dcc~hcdvh fdvd dnoxv }hpxda d}}dxav dv v`h dmdfhglh}%@oshyh~! lv }òxaf nh eovhf v`dv v`h ghv~lm} lfhevlilhf io~ hdm` }v~dvhclm {~lo~lv| fo eovlg{a| d mdx}h def hiihmv ~hadvloe}`l{% Le ov`h~ so~f}! fdvd foh} eov moemax}lyha|lfhevli| v`h idmvo~} nh`lef v`h lem~hd}h o~ fhm~hd}h le de| {d~vlmxad~ fdvd {olev% Fh}{lvhv`l} }ò~vmoglec le hp{adedvo~| md{dnlalv|! v`h Fh{d~vghev nhalhyh} v`dv lv! v`h ]h~ylmh}!def v`h dmdfhglh} `dyh v`h dnlalv| vo gdbh `ha{ixa m`dech x}lec v`h }v~dvhclm {~lo~lvlh}vo cxlfh v`h hiio~v} oi daa leyoayhf% V`h i~xlv} oi v`h}h hiio~v} o~ v`h ehhf io~ fliih~hevd{{~odm`h} gd| leiaxhemh v`h oxvmogh} le fdvd fl}mx}}hf nhaos% V`h Fh{d~vghev slaamoevlexh so~b vo lg{~oyh v`h txdalv| def hp{adedvo~| md{dnlalv| oi v`h ghv~lm} lv v~dmb}%

S`lah ~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav `dyh iaxmvxdvhf }lemh v`h Fh{d~vghev }vd~vhf bhh{lecv~dmb oi G]D fdvd le D[\ ;6';8! v`h G]D} }òs de oyh~daa x{sd~f v~hef le ylmvlg~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav }lemh D[\ ;0';<% Davòxc` oeh }hpxda d}}dxav l} voo gde|!v`h oyh~daa lem~hd}h le ylmvlg ~h{o~vlec nh`dylo~ }lemh D[\ ;0';< l} hemox~dclec! d} lv l}moe}l}vhev slv` v`h Fh{d~vghev“} coda vo n~lec go~h ylmvlg} io~sd~f vo ~h{o~v v`h m~lgh%S`he ]h~ylmh ghgnh~} ~h{o~v }hpxda d}}dxav}! v`h Fh{d~vghev l} nhvvh~ {o}lvloehf vo{~oylfh ~h}ox~mh} vo ylmvlg} def òaf vò}h sò mogglv }hpxda d}}dxav dmmoxevdnah! d}d{{~o{~ldvh% V`l} ~h{o~vlec lem~hd}h l} laax}v~dvhf le Hp`lnlv >d! s`lm` }òs} v`h vovdaexgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} gdfh vo v`h G]D} oyh~ v`h {d}v }hyhe D[\}%

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Vovda ^h{o~v}

Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}

^h{o~v} ̂ hgdlelec ^h}v~lmvhf




>< FHMHGNH^ >;4>

~h{~h}hevhf n| v`h fovvhf aleh}% Le D[\ 44'4>! vshayh mdfhv}/glf}`l{ghe gdfh^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} def oeh mdfhv gdfh de Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v io~ de lemlfhev v`dvommx~~hf {~lo~ vo v`hl~ hev~| levo d Dmdfhg|%

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Vovda ̂ h{o~v}

Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}

^h{o~v} ̂ hgdlelec ̂ h}v~lmvhf

^h{o~v} Gdfh io~ de Lemlfhev

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=; FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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D[\ 44'4> XE^H]V^LMVHF ^H[O^V] OI ]HPXDA D]]DXAV

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>; Davòxc` v`l} vh~g foh} eov d{{hd~ le v`h XMGJ! io~ v`h {x~{o}h} oi v`h ]DC^ ]x~yh|! lv l} x}hf vo ~hih~ vo d~dech oi dmvlylvlh} v`dv v`h XMGJ {~o`lnlv}! lemaxflec mog{ahvhf o~ dvvhg{vhf }hpxda levh~mox~}h! eoemoe}he}xda}ofog| o~da o~ deda }hp,! {hehv~dvloe n| de onjhmv! def v`h xesdevhf voxm`lec oi chelvdald def ov`h~ }hpxdaa| ~hadvhfd~hd} oi v`h nof|%>4 V`h h}vlgdvhf exgnh~ oi ylmvlg} l} fhyhao{hf x}lec v`h ]DC^ }x~yh| h}vlgdvhf xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv{~hydahemh ~dvh} gxavl{alhf n| v`h dmdfhg| mdfhv/glf}`l{ghe {o{xadvloe dv v`h vlgh oi v`h }x~yh|% Lv }òxaf nheovhf v`dv v`h vlghi~dgh moyh~hf n| v`h ]DC^ ]x~yh| txh}vloe {h~vdlelec vo xesdevhf }hpxda moevdmv hp{h~lhemhfle v`h |hd~ {~lo~ vo s`he v`h }x~yh| sd} moefxmvhf def foh} eov dasd|} dalce hpdmva| slv` v`h D[\% D} d ~h}xav! v`h]DC^ ]x~yh| ylmvlg exgnh~} d~h oea| h}vlgdvh} ! fxh vo v`h }dg{alec h~~o~ d}}omldvhf slv` }x~yh| fdvd def v`h}alc`va| fliih~hev vlghi~dgh}% Ehyh~v`hah}}! v`h Fh{d~vghev x}h} v`h}h h}vlgdvh} d} de leflmdvo~ oi {~onahg }hyh~lv|dv hdm` oi v`h dmdfhglh}%

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Mdfhv ) Glf}`l{gdeYlmvlg} le Xe~h}v~lmvhf def^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} oi ]hpxda D}}dxav vo

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=4 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

• == oi v`h Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} leyoayhf mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe d} ylmvlg}

o Oeh mdfhv gdfh de Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v ~hadvlec vo d }hpxda d}}dxav v`dvommx~~hf {~lo~ vo dmdfhg| gdv~lmxadvloe%

Oemh de Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v oi }hpxda d}}dxav l} gdfh! Fh{d~vghev {oalm| ~htxl~h} v`dv

v`h ~h{o~v nh io~sd~fhf vo de GMLO io~ leyh}vlcdvloe Hp`lnlv 4! [olev F,% Fh{heflecx{oe v`h mog{ahplv| oi v`h daahchf m~lgh! de leyh}vlcdvloe mde vdbh d ihs shhb} vo}hyh~da goev`} vo mog{ahvh% Eov daa oi v`h ~h{o~v} gdfh le d clyhe |hd~ d~h mog{ahvha|leyh}vlcdvhf n| v`h hef oi v`dv |hd~%

• Oi v`h 6> m~lgleda leyh}vlcdvloe} lelvldvhf fx~lec D[\ 44'4>! >= leyh}vlcdvloe}sh~h mog{ahvhf le D[\ 44'4>% V`h oxvmogh} oi v`h ov`h~ 4< leyh}vlcdvloe} slaanh ~h{o~vhf le io~v`moglec |hd~}“ ~h{o~v} Hp`lnlv 4! [olev I,%o 43 leyh}vlcdvloe} oi }hpxda d}}dxav i~og {~lo~ ~h{o~vlec {h~lof} D[\ 4;'44,

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}xnjhmv} Hp`lnlv 4! [olev C, sh~h mog{ahvhf fx~lec D[\44'4> oeh }xnjhmvsd} leyh}vlcdvhf vslmh io~ xe~hadvhf lemlfhev},%o N| v`h hef oi D[\ 44'4>! ahcda dxvò~lv| def fl}{o}lvloe `df |hv vo nh

fhvh~glehf io~ 8 }xnjhmv} oi leyh}vlcdvloe} mao}hf le D[\44'4> Hp`lnlv 4![olev @,% Fl}{o}lvloe io~ v`h}h }xnjhmv} slaa nh fomxghevhf le ixvx~h ~h{o~v}%

S`he de Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v oi }hpxda d}}dxav l} gdfh! v`h GMLO} leyh}vlcdvh daadaahchf yloadvloe} oi glalvd~| ads moevdlehf le v̀ h ~h{o~v% @oshyh~! vo mog{a| slvàhcl}advhf ~h{o~vlec ~htxl~hghev}! v`h Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} d~h mdvhco~lzhf n| v`h go}v}h~lox} }hpxda d}}dxav lei~dmvloe daahchf% Hp`lnlv 8 }òs} v`h }hpxda d}}dxav m~lgh}leyh}vlcdvhf io~ v`h 6> Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} gdfh le D[\ 44'4>% Lv }òxaf nh eovhf v`dv

v`h m~lgh leyh}vlcdvhf glc`v eov dasd|} ~h}xav le v`h }dgh m~lgh nhlec m`d~chf o~dff~h}}hf slv` fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe% Io~ hpdg{ah! li v`h m~lgh oi ‑̂ d{h‗ l} daahchf defleyh}vlcdvhf! nxv oea| hylfhemh io~ v`h m~lgh oi ‑S~oecixa ]hpxda Moevdmv‗ l}}x}vdevldvhf fx~lec v`h leyh}vlcdvloe! v`he oea| v`h m~lgh oi ‑S~oecixa ]hpxda Moevdmv‗mde nh m`d~chf%




== FHMHGNH^ >;4>

Fl}{o}lvloe oi Mog{ahvhf Leyh}vlcdvloe}

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[olev J,%• Oeh }xnjhmv sd} d mlylalde sò sd} eov }xnjhmv vo glalvd~| ads Hp`lnlv 4! [olev B,%

^h{o~v} oi leyh}vlcdvloe oe v`h >3 }xnjhmv} slv`le v`h ahcda dxvò~lv| oi v`h FoF sh~h{~oylfhf vo G]D dxvò~lvlh} vo moe}lfh~ io~ d{{~o{~ldvh fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe Hp`lnlv 4![olev E,:

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fhmalehf nhmdx}h G]D dxvò~lvlh} fhvh~glehf v`h daahcdvloe} dcdle}v v`h}xnjhmv} sh~h xeioxefhf Hp`lnlv 4! [olev T,%

>> Oeh oi v`h }xnjhmv} sd} leyh}vlcdvhf go~h v`de oemh io~ d }hpxda d}}dxav m~lgh%




=6 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

Fhgoc~d{`lm} oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}

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Hp`lnlv 3 }òs} ylmvlg def }xnjhmv chefh~% Hp`lnlv 0 laax}v~dvh} ylmvlg def }xnjhmv }vdvx}|hd~ le }mòoa! dmvlyh fxv| ghgnh~! mlylalde! hvm%,% Mdfhv} def Glf}`l{ghe le v`hl~ il~}v|hd~ oi }mòoa d~h htxlydahev vo moaahch i~h}`ghe2 iox~v` |hd~ mdfhv} d~h moaahch}helo~}%

Hp`lnlv 3: Chefh~ oi Ylmvlg} def ]xnjhmv}! Mog{ahvhf Leyh}vlcdvloe} oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf^h{o~v}! D[\ 44'4>%

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Ylmvlg Chefh~

Gdah!=9 ]xnjhmv}

Ihgdah!4 ]xnjhmv

Xebeose!> ]xnjhmv}

]xnjhmv Chefh~




=8 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

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=9 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

D[\ 44'4> ^H]V^LMVHF ^H[O^V] OI ]HPXDA D]]DXAV

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daahcdvloe nhlec gdfh% D} slv` Xe~h}v~lmvhf ̂ h{o~v}! ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} mde nh gdfhio~ lemlfhev} v`dv ommx~~hf le {~lo~ ~h{o~vlec {h~lof} def lemlfhev} v`dv ommx~~hf {~lo~ voglalvd~| }h~ylmh%

Le D[\ 44'4>! v`h~h sh~h 6> lelvlda ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav%

• Oi v`h 6> ~h{o~v}! iox~ moeyh~vhf vo Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} dv v`h ~htxh}v oi v`hylmvlg%

• Dv v`h mao}h oi D[\ 44'4>! =0 ~h{o~v} ~hgdlehf ^h}v~lmvhf%>= o 4> mdfhv}/glf}`l{ghe gdfh d ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v def onvdlehf }h~ylmh}

io~ d }hpxda d}}dxav v`dv ommx~~hf {~lo~ vo glalvd~| }h~ylmh%o >9 mdfhv}/glf}`l{ghe gdfh d ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v def onvdlehf }h~ylmh}

io~ d }hpxda d}}dxav v`dv ommx~~hf s`lah le glalvd~| }h~ylmh%

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=3 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

Fhgoc~d{`lm} oi ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v} oi ]hpxda D}}dxav

V`h ioaaoslec leio~gdvloe {h~vdle} vo mdfhv} def glf}`l{ghe s`o gdfh d ^h}v~lmvhf^h{o~v oi }hpxda d}}dxav% Hp`lnlv 4; }`os} v`h mdvhco~lh} oi ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}~h{o~vhf vo v`h G]D} def Hp`lnlv} 44 def 4> {~oylfh v`h ylmvlg chefh~ def c~dfh fdvd!~h}{hmvlyha|%

Hp`lnlv 4;: Mdvhco~lh} oi ^h}v~lmvhf ̂ h{o~v} oi ]hpxda D}}dxav! D[\ 44'4>%

Hp`lnlv 44: Chefh~ oi Ylmvlg} gdblec ̂ h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}! D[\ 44'4>%

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6; FHMHGNH^ >;4>

V`h Fh{d~vghev slaa da}o so~b slv` hp{h~v} le dmdfhgld def dfyomdm| c~ox{} vohydaxdvh hpl}vlec fdvd def lfhevli| dfflvloeda {dv`sd|} io~ levh~yhevloe def {~oc~dghe`demhghev% Clyhe v`dv v̀ h dmdfhglh} `dyh shaa'h}vdnal}`hf ~h}{oe}h }|}vhg} le{admh! ]D[^O {ade} vo }`liv v`h iomx} oi lv} oe'}lvh d}}h}}ghev yl}lv} i~og {oalm|mog{aldemh vo `ha{lec hdm` G]D {~oc~h}} vosd~f dm`lhylec d mxavx~h i~hh i~og }hpxda

`d~d}}ghev def yloahemh%

MOEMAX]LOE

[~hyhevlec }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav dv v`h G]D}! d} shaa d} dm~o}} v`hVovda Io~mh! ~hgdle} d {~lo~lv| io~ v`h Fh{d~vghev% V`~oxc`oxv D[\ 44'4>! v`h G]D}so~bhf vo dff~h}} }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def d}}dxav n| le}vlvxvloedalzlec {~hyhevloe!hemox~dclec ~h{o~vlec! lg{~oylec ~h}{oe}h! he`demlec }|}vhg dmmoxevdnlalv|! deflem~hd}lec ]D[^ xefh~}vdeflec def dsd~heh}}% Sh hp{hmv v`h dmdfhglh} vo gdbhix~v`h~ {~oc~h}}! mog{ahvh oxv}vdeflec dmvloe lvhg} def ~hmogghefdvloe} i~og{~hylox} D[\}! def moe}lfh~ ehs }oaxvloe} io~ dff~h}}lec d~hd} oi moemh~e lfhevlilhf

v`~oxc` v`h >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| fx~lec D[\ 4>'4=%

V`h Fh{d~vghev def G]D} `dyh vdbhe }vh{} vo {~hyhev def ~h}{oef vo }hpxda d}}dxavdef `d~d}}ghev! nxv v`h~h l} }vlaa gxm` so~b vo fo% V`h Fh{d~vghev l} mogglvvhf vohe}x~lec v`h }dihv|! flcelv|! def shaa'nhlec oi lv} ixvx~h ahdfh~} dv v`h G]D} def slaamoevlexh vo so~b vosd~f} dm`lhylec d malgdvh i~hh oi }hpxda d}}dxav def `d~d}}ghev%




D ' 4 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

D[[HEFLMH]

D[[HEFLP D: DMÔE\G FLMVLOED^\

DIO]L Dl~ Io~mh Oiilmh oi ]{hmlda Leyh}vlcdvloe}

D[\ Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~D^V Dmdfhg| ^h}{oe}h VhdgNMV Nd}lm Mdfhv V~dlelecMNV Mdfhv Nd}lm V~dlelecMMD]D Moao~dfo Modalvloe Dcdle}v ]hpxda D}}dxavMLF M~lgleda Leyh}vlcdvloe} Flyl}loeMGHO Moggdef Gdedchghev Htxda O{{o~vxelv|M[F Mhevh~ io~ [h~}oeda Fhyhao{ghevMS[ Mxavx~h def MalgdvhFHOM] Fhihe}h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| Malgdvh ]x~yh|FHOGL Fhihe}h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| Gdedchghev Le}vlvxvh

FLD Fl~hmvo~ oi Levh~moaahcldvh Dvàhvlm}FGFM Fhihe}h Gde{osh~ Fdvd Mhevh~FoF Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}hHO Htxda O{{o~vxelv|HOD Htxda O{{o~vxelv| Dfyl}o~CXLFH Cxlfdemh! Xefh~}vdeflec! Leio~gdvloe! Fl~hmvloe! HfxmdvloeAM]S Almhe}hf Malelmda ]omlda So~bh~AHA Ahdfh~}`l{ Hv`lm} def AdsGFM Glf}`l{gde Fhyhao{ghev Mhevh~GOX Ghgo~defxg oi Xefh~}vdeflecG]D Glalvd~| ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg|EML] Edyda M~lgleda Leyh}vlcdvloe} ]h~ylmh[HH^ [h~}oeda Hv`lm} def Hfxmdvloe ^h{~h}hevdvlyh}[GH> [~oih}}loeda Glalvd~| Hv`lm Hfxmdvloe[O]@ [~hyhevloe def ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev[[M [hdb [h~io~gdemh Mhevh~^DM ^h}lfhev Dchev le M`d~ch]DDG ]hpxda D}}dxav Dsd~heh}} Goev`]DM ]{hmlda Dchev le M`d~ch]DMGC ]hpxda D}}dxav Md}h Gdedchghev C~ox{]DC^ ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| Chefh~ ^hadvloe}]DIH ]hpxda D}}dxav Io~he}lm Hpdg]DEH ]hpxda D}}dxav Ex~}h Hpdgleh~]D[^ ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h]D[Ô ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h Oiilmh]D^ ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h]D^N ]hpxda D}}dxav ^hylhs Nod~f]D^M ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Moo~fledvo~]D^V ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Vhdg]D]'@^ ]{hmlda D}}l}vdev vo v`h ]x{h~levhefhev io~ @xgde ^hadvloe}]M[GH ]lgoe Mhevh~ io~ [~oih}}loeda Glalvd~| Hv`lm




D ' > FHMHGNH^ >;4>

]@D[H ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def D}}dxav [~hyhevloe Hfxmdvloe]@D^[ ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev/D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h def [~hyhevloe]JD ]vdii Jxfch DfyomdvhXMGJ Xelio~g Mofh oi Glalvd~| Jx}vlmhX]DID Xelvhf ]vdvh} Dl~ Io~mh Dmdfhg|

X]MM Xelvhf ]vdvh} Mo~{} oi Mdfhv}X]GD Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~| Dmdfhg|X]ED Xelvhf ]vdvh} Edyda Dmdfhg|YD Ylmvlg DfyomdvhYSA Ylmvlg Slveh}} Aldl}oeYSAO Ylmvlg Slveh}} Aldl}oe Oiilmh~

Il~}v Mad}} Iox~v` |hd~ dv v`h Dmdfhg|! l%h%! ]helo~,]hmoef Mad}} V`l~f |hd~ dv v`h Dmdfhg|! l%h%! Jxelo~,V`l~f Mad}} ]hmoef |hd~ dv v`h Dmdfhg|! l%h%! ]o{`ogo~h,

Iox~v` Mad}} Mdfhv Il~}v |hd~ dv v`h Dmdfhg|! l%h%! I~h}`gde,




N ' 4 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

D[[HEFLP N: ADS ^HTXH]VLEC ^H[O^V

EDVLOEDA FHIHE]H DXV@O^LZDVLOE DMVIO^ IL]MDA \HD^ >;;3 [XNALM ADS 4;<'=96

]HM% 8=>% ^HYL]LOE DEF MAD^LILMDVLOE OI ^HTXL^HGHEV] SLV@ ^H][HMVVO ]X^YH\] DEF ^H[O^V] MOEMHÊLEC ]HPXDA @D^D]]GHEV DEF]HPXDA YLOAHEMH DV V@H ]H^YLMH DMDFHGLH]%

(d, Moflilmdvloe def ^hyl}loe vo Hpl}vlec ^htxl~hghev io~ ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg|[oalm| oe ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def ]hpxda Yloahemh%''

(4, Xelvhf }vdvh} glalvd~| dmdfhg|%''M`d{vh~ 6;= oi vlvah 4;! Xelvhf]vdvh} Mofh! l} dghefhf n| dfflec dv v`h hef v`h ioaaoslec ehs }hmvloe:

]hm% 6=94% [oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh

d, ^htxl~hf [oalm|%''Xefh~ cxlfdemh {~h}m~lnhf n| v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h!v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h D~g| }`daa fl~hmv v`h ]x{h~levhefhev oi v`h Dmdfhg| vo {~h}m~lnh d{oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh d{{almdnah vo v`h mdfhv} def ov`h~{h~}oeeha oi v`h Dmdfhg|%

n, Gdvvh~} Vo Nh ]{hmlilhf le [oalm|%''V`h {oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh {~h}m~lnhf xefh~ v`l} }hmvloe }`daa lemaxfh }{hmlilmdvloe oi v`h ioaaoslec:

4, [~oc~dg} vo {~ogovh dsd~heh}} oi v`h lemlfhemh oi ~d{h!dmtxdlevdemh ~d{h! def ov`h~ }hpxda oiihe}h} oi d m~lgleda edvx~h v`dv leyoayhmdfhv} o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%

>, [~omhfx~h} v`dv d mdfhv }òxaf ioaaos le v`h md}h oi de ommx~~hemh oi}hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh! lemaxflec‖

D, li v`h mdfhv mòo}h} vo ~h{o~v de ommx~~hemh oi }hpxda`d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh! d }{hmlilmdvloe oi v`h {h~}oe o~ {h~}oe} vosòg v`h daahchf oiihe}h }òxaf nh ~h{o~vhf def v`h o{vloe} io~moeilfhevlda ~h{o~vlec2

N, d }{hmlilmdvloe oi de| ov`h~ {h~}oe sòg v`h ylmvlg }òxafmoevdmv2 def

M, {~omhfx~h} oe v`h {~h}h~ydvloe oi hylfhemh {ovhevldaa|ehmh}}d~| io~ {~ooi oi m~lgleda }hpxda d}}dxav%=, [~omhfx~h} io~ fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe le md}h} oi daahchf m~lgleda }hpxda

d}}dxav leyoaylec d mdfhv o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%6, De| ov`h~ }demvloe dxvò~lzhf vo nh lg{o}hf le d }xn}vdevldvhf md}h oi

}hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec d mdfhv o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha le ~d{h! dmtxdlevdemh ~d{h! o~ de| ov`h~ m~lgleda }hpxda oiihe}h!s`hv`h~ io~mlnah o~ eoeio~mlnah%

8, ^htxl~hf v~dlelec oe v`h {oalm| io~ daa mdfhv} def ov`h~ Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha! lemaxflec v`h }{hmlilm v~dlelec ~htxl~hf io~ {h~}oeeha sò {~omh}}daahcdvloe} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha%(m, Deexda D}}h}}ghev%''4, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h! v`~oxc` v`h ]hm~hvd~|

oi v`h D~g|! }`daa fl~hmv v`h ]x{h~levhefhev vo moefxmv dv v`h Dmdfhg| fx~lec hdm`




N ' > FHMHGNH^ >;4>

Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~ de d}}h}}ghev! vo nh dfglel}vh~hf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev oiFhihe}h! vo fhvh~gleh v`h hiihmvlyheh}} oi v`h {oalmlh}! v~dlelec! def {~omhfx~h} oi v`hDmdfhg| slv` ~h}{hmv vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha%

>, Io~ v`h d}}h}}ghev dv v`h Dmdfhg| xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, slv` ~h}{hmv vo de

Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~ v`dv nhcle} le de off'exgnh~hf mdahefd~ |hd~! v`h ]hm~hvd~| oiv`h D~g| }`daa moefxmv d }x~yh|! vo nh dfglel}vh~hf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h! oiDmdfhg| {h~}oeeha''

D, vo ghd}x~h''l, v`h lemlfhemh! fx~lec v`dv {~oc~dg |hd~! oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev

def }hpxda yloahemh hyhev}! oe o~ oii v`h Dmdfhg| ~h}h~ydvloe! v`dv `dyhnhhe ~h{o~vhf vo oiilmlda} oi v`h Dmdfhg|2 def

ll, v`h lemlfhemh! fx~lec v`dv {~oc~dg |hd~! oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghevdef }hpxda yloahemh hyhev}! oe o~ oii v`h Dmdfhg| ~h}h~ydvloe! v`dv `dyheov nhhe ~h{o~vhf vo oiilmlda} oi v`h Dmdfhg|2 defN, vo d}}h}} v`h {h~mh{vloe} oi Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha oi''

l, v`h {oalmlh}! v~dlelec! def {~omhfx~h} oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha2ll, v`h heio~mhghev oi }xm` {oalmlh}2lll, v`h lemlfhemh oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh

leyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha2 defly, de| ov`h~ l}}xh} ~hadvlec vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemhleyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%

(f, Deexda ^h{o~v%''4, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h D~g| }`daa fl~hmv v`h]x{h~levhefhev oi v`h Dmdfhg| vo }xnglv vo v`h ]hm~hvd~| d ~h{o~v oe }hpxda`d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ {h~}oeeha dv v`h Dmdfhg| io~

hdm` Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~%>, Hdm` ~h{o~v xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, }`daa lemaxfh! io~ v`h Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~moyh~hf n| v`h ~h{o~v! v`h ioaaoslec:

D, V`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav}! ~d{h}! def ov`h~ }hpxda oiihe}h}leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha v`dv `dyh nhhe ~h{o~vhf voDmdfhg| oiilmlda} fx~lec v`h {~oc~dg |hd~ def! oi v`o}h ~h{o~vhf md}h}! v`hexgnh~ v`dv `dyh nhhe }xn}vdevldvhf%

N, V`h {oalmlh}! {~omhfx~h}! def {~omh}}h} lg{ahghevhf n| v`h]hm~hvd~| oi v`h D~g| def v`h ahdfh~}`l{ oi v`h Dmdfhg| le ~h}{oe}h vo }hpxda`d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeehafx~lec v`h {~oc~dg |hd~%

M, D {ade io~ v`h dmvloe} v`dv d~h vo nh vdbhe le v`h ioaaoslec Dmdfhg|{~oc~dg |hd~ ~hcd~flec {~hyhevloe oi def ~h}{oe}h vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%

=, Hdm` ~h{o~v xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, io~ de Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~ v`dv nhcle} lede off'exgnh~hf mdahefd~ |hd~ }`daa lemaxfh v`h ~h}xav} oi v`h }x~yh| moefxmvhf le v`dv{~oc~dg |hd~ xefh~ }xn}hmvloe m,>,%




N ' = FHMHGNH^ >;4>

6,D, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h D~g| }`daa v~de}glv vo v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h! defvo v`h Nod~f oi Yl}lvo~} oi v`h Dmdfhg|! hdm` ~h{o~v ~hmhlyhf n| v`h ]hm~hvd~| xefh~v`l} }xn}hmvloe! vochv`h~ slv` v`h ]hm~hvd~|#} mogghev} oe v`h ~h{o~v%

N, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h }`daa v~de}glv hdm` }xm` ~h{o~v! vochv`h~ slv` v`h]hm~hvd~|#} mogghev} oe v`h ~h{o~v! vo v`h Mogglvvhh oe D~ghf ]h~ylmh} oi v`h ]hedvh

def v`h Mogglvvhh oe D~ghf ]h~ylmh} oi v`h @ox}h oi ^h{~h}hevdvlyh}%

(>, Xelvhf ]vdvh} Edyda Dmdfhg|%''M`d{vh~ 9;= oi vlvah 4;! Xelvhf ]vdvh}Mofh! l} dghefhf n| dfflec dv v`h hef v`h ioaaoslec ehs }hmvloe:

]hm% 9<0;% [oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh

(d, ^htxl~hf [oalm|%''Xefh~ cxlfdemh {~h}m~lnhf n| v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h!v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h Edy| }`daa fl~hmv v`h ]x{h~levhefhev oi v`h Edyda Dmdfhg| vo{~h}m~lnh d {oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh d{{almdnah vo v`hglf}`l{ghe def ov`h~ {h~}oeeha oi v`h Edyda Dmdfhg|%

n, Gdvvh~} Vo Nh ]{hmlilhf le [oalm|%''V`h {oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh {~h}m~lnhf xefh~ v`l} }hmvloe }`daa lemaxfh }{hmlilmdvloe oi v`h ioaaoslec:4, [~oc~dg} vo {~ogovh dsd~heh}} oi v`h lemlfhemh oi ~d{h!

dmtxdlevdemh ~d{h! def ov`h~ }hpxda oiihe}h} oi d m~lgleda edvx~h v`dv leyoayhglf}`l{ghe o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%

>, [~omhfx~h} v`dv d glf}`l{gde }òxaf ioaaos le v`h md}h oi deommx~~hemh oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh! lemaxflec''

D, li v`h glf}`l{gde mòo}h} vo ~h{o~v de ommx~~hemh oi }hpxda`d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh! d }{hmlilmdvloe oi v`h {h~}oe o~ {h~}oe} vosòg v`h daahchf oiihe}h }òxaf nh ~h{o~vhf def v`h o{vloe} io~moeilfhevlda ~h{o~vlec2

N, d }{hmlilmdvloe oi de| ov`h~ {h~}oe sòg v`h ylmvlg }òxafmoevdmv2 defM, {~omhfx~h} oe v`h {~h}h~ydvloe oi hylfhemh {ovhevldaa|

ehmh}}d~| io~ {~ooi oi m~lgleda }hpxda d}}dxav%=, [~omhfx~h} io~ fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe le md}h} oi daahchf m~lgleda }hpxda

d}}dxav leyoaylec d glf}`l{gde o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%6, De| ov`h~ }demvloe dxvò~lzhf vo nh lg{o}hf le d }xn}vdevldvhf md}h oi

}hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec d glf}`l{gde o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha le ~d{h! dmtxdlevdemh ~d{h! o~ de| ov`h~ m~lgleda }hpxda oiihe}h!s`hv`h~ io~mlnah o~ eoeio~mlnah%

8, ^htxl~hf v~dlelec oe v`h {oalm| io~ daa glf}`l{ghe def ov`h~ Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha! lemaxflec v`h }{hmlilm v~dlelec ~htxl~hf io~ {h~}oeeha sò {~omh}}daahcdvloe} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha%

(m, Deexda D}}h}}ghev%''4, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h! v`~oxc` v`h ]hm~hvd~|oi v`h Edy|! }`daa fl~hmv v`h ]x{h~levhefhev vo moefxmv dv v`h Dmdfhg| fx~lec hdm`Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~ de d}}h}}ghev! vo nh dfglel}vh~hf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev oiFhihe}h! vo fhvh~gleh v`h hiihmvlyheh}} oi v`h {oalmlh}! v~dlelec! def {~omhfx~h} oi v`h




N ' 6 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

Dmdfhg| slv` ~h}{hmv vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha%

>, Io~ v`h d}}h}}ghev dv v`h Dmdfhg| xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, slv` ~h}{hmv vo deDmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~ v`dv nhcle} le de off'exgnh~hf mdahefd~ |hd~! v`h ]hm~hvd~| oiv`h Edy| }`daa moefxmv d }x~yh|! vo nh dfglel}vh~hf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h! oi

Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha''D, vo ghd}x~h''l, v`h lemlfhemh! fx~lec v`dv {~oc~dg |hd~! oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev

def }hpxda yloahemh hyhev}! oe o~ oii v`h Dmdfhg| ~h}h~ydvloe! v`dv `dyhnhhe ~h{o~vhf vo oiilmlda} oi v`h Dmdfhg|2 def

ll, v`h lemlfhemh! fx~lec v`dv {~oc~dg |hd~! oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghevdef }hpxda yloahemh hyhev}! oe o~ oii v`h Dmdfhg| ~h}h~ydvloe! v`dv `dyheov nhhe ~h{o~vhf vo oiilmlda} oi v`h Dmdfhg|2 defN, vo d}}h}} v`h {h~mh{vloe} oi Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha oi''

l, v`h {oalmlh}! v~dlelec! def {~omhfx~h} oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha2

ll, v`h heio~mhghev oi }xm` {oalmlh}2lll, v`h lemlfhemh oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemhleyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha2 def

ly, de| ov`h~ l}}xh} ~hadvlec vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxdayloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%

(f, Deexda ^h{o~v%''4, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h Edy| }`daa fl~hmv v`h]x{h~levhefhev oi v`h Edyda Dmdfhg| vo }xnglv vo v`h ]hm~hvd~| d ~h{o~v oe }hpxda`d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec glf}`l{ghe o~ ov`h~ {h~}oeeha dv v`hDmdfhg| io~ hdm` Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~%

>, Hdm` ~h{o~v xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, }`daa lemaxfh! io~ v`h Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~

moyh~hf n| v`h ~h{o~v! v`h ioaaoslec:D, V`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav}! ~d{h}! def ov`h~ }hpxda oiihe}h}leyoaylec glf}`l{ghe o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha v`dv `dyh nhhe ~h{o~vhf voEdyda Dmdfhg| oiilmlda} fx~lec v`h {~oc~dg |hd~ def! oi v`o}h ~h{o~vhf md}h}!v`h exgnh~ v`dv `dyh nhhe }xn}vdevldvhf%

N, V`h {oalmlh}! {~omhfx~h}! def {~omh}}h} lg{ahghevhf n| v`h]hm~hvd~| oi v`h Edy| def v`h ahdfh~}`l{ oi v`h Edyda Dmdfhg| le ~h}{oe}h vo}hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec glf}`l{ghe o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha fx~lec v`h {~oc~dg |hd~%

M, D {ade io~ v`h dmvloe} v`dv d~h vo nh vdbhe le v`h ioaaoslec Dmdfhg|{~oc~dg |hd~ ~hcd~flec {~hyhevloe oi def ~h}{oe}h vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec glf}`l{ghe o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%=, Hdm` ~h{o~v xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, io~ de Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~ v`dv nhcle} le

de off'exgnh~hf mdahefd~ |hd~ }`daa lemaxfh v`h ~h}xav} oi v`h }x~yh| moefxmvhf le v`dv{~oc~dg |hd~ xefh~ }xn}hmvloe m,>,%

6,D, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h Edy| }`daa v~de}glv vo v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h! defvo v`h Nod~f oi Yl}lvo~} oi v`h Edyda Dmdfhg|! hdm` ~h{o~v ~hmhlyhf n| v`h ]hm~hvd~|xefh~ v`l} }xn}hmvloe! vochv`h~ slv` v`h ]hm~hvd~|#} mogghev} oe v`h ~h{o~v%

N, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h }`daa v~de}glv hdm` }xm` ~h{o~v! vochv`h~ slv` v`h




N ' 9 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

v`h Dl~ Io~mh }`daa moefxmv d }x~yh|! vo nh dfglel}vh~hf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h!oi Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha''

D, vo ghd}x~h''l, v`h lemlfhemh! fx~lec v`dv {~oc~dg |hd~! oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev

def }hpxda yloahemh hyhev}! oe o~ oii v`h Dmdfhg| ~h}h~ydvloe! v`dv `dyh

nhhe ~h{o~vhf vo oiilmlda} oi v`h Dmdfhg|2 defll, v`h lemlfhemh! fx~lec v`dv {~oc~dg |hd~! oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghevdef }hpxda yloahemh hyhev}! oe o~ oii v`h Dmdfhg| ~h}h~ydvloe! v`dv `dyheov nhhe ~h{o~vhf vo oiilmlda} oi v`h Dmdfhg|2 defN, vo d}}h}} v`h {h~mh{vloe} oi Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha oi''

l, v`h {oalmlh}! v~dlelec! def {~omhfx~h} oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha2

ll, v`h heio~mhghev oi }xm` {oalmlh}2lll, v`h lemlfhemh oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh

leyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha2 defly, de| ov`h~ l}}xh} ~hadvlec vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda

yloahemh leyoaylec Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%

(f, Deexda ^h{o~v%''4, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h Dl~ Io~mh }`daa fl~hmv v`h]x{h~levhefhev oi v`h Dmdfhg| vo }xnglv vo v`h ]hm~hvd~| d ~h{o~v oe }hpxda`d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ {h~}oeeha dv v`h Dmdfhg| io~hdm` Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~%

>, Hdm` ~h{o~v xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, }`daa lemaxfh! io~ v`h Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~moyh~hf n| v`h ~h{o~v! v`h ioaaoslec:

D, V`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav}! ~d{h}! def ov`h~ }hpxda oiihe}h}leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha v`dv `dyh nhhe ~h{o~vhf voDmdfhg| oiilmlda} fx~lec v`h {~oc~dg |hd~ def! oi v`o}h ~h{o~vhf md}h}! v`h

exgnh~ v`dv `dyh nhhe }xn}vdevldvhf%N, V`h {oalmlh}! {~omhfx~h}! def {~omh}}h} lg{ahghevhf n| v`h]hm~hvd~| oi v`h Dl~ Io~mh def v`h ahdfh~}`l{ oi v`h Dmdfhg| le ~h}{oe}h vo}hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha fx~lec v`h {~oc~dg |hd~%

M, D {ade io~ v`h dmvloe} v`dv d~h vo nh vdbhe le v`h ioaaoslec Dmdfhg|{~oc~dg |hd~ ~hcd~flec {~hyhevloe oi def ~h}{oe}h vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda yloahemh leyoaylec mdfhv} o~ ov`h~ Dmdfhg| {h~}oeeha%=, Hdm` ~h{o~v xefh~ {d~dc~d{` 4, io~ de Dmdfhg| {~oc~dg |hd~ v`dv nhcle} le

de off'exgnh~hf mdahefd~ |hd~ }`daa lemaxfh v`h ~h}xav} oi v`h }x~yh| moefxmvhf le v`dv{~oc~dg |hd~ xefh~ }xn}hmvloe m,>,%

6,D, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi v`h Dl~ Io~mh }`daa v~de}glv vo v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h!def vo v`h Nod~f oi Yl}lvo~} oi v`h Dmdfhg|! hdm` ~h{o~v ~hmhlyhf n| v`h ]hm~hvd~|xefh~ v`l} }xn}hmvloe! vochv`h~ slv` v`h ]hm~hvd~|#} mogghev} oe v`h ~h{o~v%

N, V`h ]hm~hvd~| oi Fhihe}h }`daa v~de}glv hdm` }xm` ~h{o~v! vochv`h~ slv` v`h]hm~hvd~|#} mogghev} oe v`h ~h{o~v! vo v`h Mogglvvhh oe D~ghf ]h~ylmh} oi v`h ]hedvhdef v`h Mogglvvhh oe D~ghf ]h~ylmh} oi v`h @ox}h oi ^h{~h}hevdvlyh}%




N ' 3 FHMHGNH^ >;4>

(n, Ix~v`h~ Leio~gdvloe I~og Mdfhv} def Glf}`l{ghe dv v`h ]h~ylmhDmdfhglh} oe ]hpxda D}}dxav def ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev L}}xh}%''

(4, X}h oi iomx} c~ox{} io~ |hd~} s`he }x~yh| eov ~htxl~hf%''Le de||hd~ le s`lm` v`h ]hm~hvd~| oi d glalvd~| fh{d~vghev l} eov ~htxl~hf n| ads vomoefxmv d }x~yh| dv v`h }h~ylmh Dmdfhg| xefh~ v`h ]hm~hvd~|#} jx~l}flmvloe oe

gdvvh~} ~hadvlec vo }hpxda d}}dxav def }hpxda `d~d}}ghev l}}xh} dv v`dvDmdfhg|! v`h ]hm~hvd~| }`daa {~oylfh io~ iomx} c~ox{} vo nh moefxmvhf dv v`dvDmdfhg| io~ v`h {x~{o}h} oi d}mh~vdlelec leio~gdvloe ~hadvlec vo }hpxda d}}dxavdef }hpxda `d~d}}ghev l}}xh} dv v`dv Dmdfhg|%

>, Lemax}loe le ~h{o~v%''Leio~gdvloe d}mh~vdlehf i~og d iomx} c~ox{moefxmvhf {x~}xdev vo {d~dc~d{` 4, }`daa nh lemaxfhf le v`h ]hm~hvd~|#} deexda~h{o~v vo Moec~h}} oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh dv v`h }h~ylmhdmdfhglh}%

=, ]h~ylmh dmdfhglh}%''Io~ {x~{o}h} oi v`l} }xn}hmvloe! v`h vh~g }h~ylmhDmdfhg| ghde} v`h ioaaoslec:

D, V`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~| Dmdfhg|%

N, V`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Edyda Dmdfhg|%M, V`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Dl~ Io~mh Dmdfhg|%m, ^h{hda oi [~lo~ Ads%'']hmvloe 8>3 oi v`h Edvloeda Fhihe}h Dxv`o~lzdvloe Dmv

io~ Il}mda \hd~ >;;6 [xnalm Ads 4;0'4=92 443 ]vdv% 469<2 4; X%]%M% 6==4 eovh, l}~h{hdahf%

f, Mah~lmda Dghefghev}%''4, V`h vdnah oi }hmvloe} dv v`h nhcleelec oi m`d{vh~ 6;= oi vlvah 4;! Xelvhf

]vdvh} Mofh! l} dghefhf n| dfflec dv v`h hef v`h ioaaoslec ehs lvhg:

6=94% [oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh%

>, V`h vdnah oi }hmvloe} dv v`h nhcleelec oi m`d{vh~ 9;= oi }xm` vlvah l}dghefhf n| dfflec dv v`h hef v`h ioaaoslec ehs lvhg:

9<0;% [oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh%

=, V`h vdnah oi }hmvloe} dv v`h nhcleelec oi m`d{vh~ <;= oi }xm` vlvah l}dghefhf n| dfflec dv v`h hef v`h ioaaoslec ehs lvhg:

<=94% [oalm| oe }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda yloahemh%




D[^LA >;4> M ' 4

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]xggd~| oi ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h{o~v}




D[^LA >;4> M ' >

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D[^LA >;4> M ' =

Xe~h}v~lmvhf ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h{o~v} (Moevlexhf,




D[^LA >;4> M ' 6





D[^LA >;4> M ' 8





D[^LA >;4> M ' 9





D[^LA >;4> M ' 3

^h}v~lmvhf ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h{o~v}




D[^LA >;4> M ' 0

^h}v~lmvhf ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h{o~v} (Moevlexhf,




D[^LA >;4> M ' <

Ylmvlg ]h~ylmh}




D[^LA >;4> M ' 4;

Moe}oalfdvhf ]hpxda D}}dxav ]|eo{}h}




D[^LA >;4> M ' 44

Moe}oalfdvhf ]hpxda D}}dxav ]|eo{}h} (Moevlexhf,




D[^LA >;4> M ' 4>

Moe}oalfdvhf ]hpxda D}}dxav ]|eo{}h} (Moevlexhf,




D[^LA >;4> M ' 4=

]hpxda @d~d}}ghev ^h{o~v}




D[^LA >;4> M ' 46

]hpxda @d~d}}ghev ^h{o~v} (Moevlexhf,



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Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ >;44'>;4> Deexda ^h{o~v oe]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def Yloahemh dv v`h Glalvd~|]h~ylmh Dmdfhglh}: Le}v~xmvloe} def Vhg{advh

[~oc~dggdvlm Fdvd

V`h {x~{o}h oi v`l} ~h{o~v l} vo fhvh~gleh v`h hiihmvlyheh}} oi {oalmlh}! v~dlelec! def{~omhfx~h} oi v`h Dmdfhg| slv` ~h}{hmv vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def yloahemh leyoaylecDmdfhg| {h~}oeeha io~ Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ D[\, >;44'>;4>%

Eovh: V`h D[\ 44'4> l} }{hmlilmdaa| i~og Jxeh 4! >;44 vo Gd| =4! >;4>

Hphmxvlyh ]xggd~|

Oyh~ v`h mox~}h oi v`h Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ D[\, >;44'>;4>! v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh}Glalvd~| Dmdfhg| X]GD, so~bhf fhml}lyha| oe v`h dmvloe lvhg} i~og v`h D[\ >;;4;'>;44 d}}h}}ghev s`lah moevlexlec vo dfydemh v`h dmdfhg|“} {~oc~dg oe v`h{~hyhevloe oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def yloahemh% V`h {~oc~h}}lyh v~dlelec oi v`h X]Mo~{} oi Mdfhv} def v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~| Dmdfhg| [~h{d~dvo~| ]m`ooaX]GD[], Mdfhv Mdeflfdvh} v`~oxc` nov` io~gda def leio~gda hfxmdvloe n| v`hX]GD ]vdii def Idmxav| ~h}xavhf le lg{~oyhf xefh~}vdeflec oi v`h ]hpxda @d~d}}ghevD}}dxav ^h}{oe}h def [~hyhevloe ]@D^[, {~oc~dg%

V`h Mdfhv v~dlelec {~oc~dg ~halh} oe v`h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| HO, ah}}oe} oi {~hyhevloeoi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def m~hdvlec def gdlevdlelec d {o}lvlyh moggdef malgdvh io~ daa

{h~}oeeha% V`h}h ah}}oe} d~h hgnhffhf le v`h Mdfhv ̂ h}{hmv [~oc~dg% Bh| vhehv}oi v`h ^h}{hmv [~oc~dg d~h v`dv hyh~| `xgde nhlec `d} leilelvh so~v` def flcelv|% V`hMdfhv ^h}{hmv Oiilmh~} def EMO} le hdm` mdfhv mog{de| {~oylfh {hh~ d}}l}vdemh vov`hl~ Mdfhv m`dle oi moggdef def ihaaos mog{de| ghgnh~}% Mdfhv} d~h lev~ofxmhfvo ]@D^[ v~dlehf il~}v ~h}{oefh~} io~ }gdaa c~ox{ idmlalvdvloe io~ v~dlelec% % ]vdii defidmxav| ghgnh~} d~h da}o v~dlehf def leio~ghf oi v`h ]@D^[ {~oc~dg%

Fx~lec D[\ >;44'>;4>! X]GD ~hmhlyhf vso xe~hadvhf io~gda mog{adlev} oi }hpxda

http://www.sapr.mil/



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^h{~h}hevdvlyh} HO^, }v~xmvx~h! glf'ahyha {~oc~dg gdedchghev Rli de|W! def

{~oc~dg gdedchghev,

• ov`h~ {h~}oeeha leyoayhf def v`hl~ ~oah} le |ox~ Dmdfhg|“} [O]@ def ]D[^

[~oc~dg}

• fomxghev ~hvhevloe {oalm| lg{ahghevdvloe

• ov`h~ [ahd}h hp{adle,

V`h coyh~elec ~hcxadvloe} io~ [~hyhevloe oi ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev [O]@, def ]hpxdaD}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h ]D[^, [~oc~dg dv v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~|Dmdfhg| X]GD, lemaxfh: D^ 9;;'>;! D~g| Moggdef [oalm|! ^d{lf Dmvloe ^hyl}loe 6Dxcx}v >;44 da}o ~hyl}hf oe >; ]h{vhgnh~ >;4>,! M`d{vh~} 3 def 0! [~hyhevloe oi]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h [~oc~dg!~h}{hmvlyha|2 def v`h X]GD [oalm| 4>3'4;! ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h]D[^, [~oc~dg! X]GD [oalm| [~hyhevloe oi ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev! fdvhf >; Jxa| >;4>!Glalvd~| Htxda O{{o~vxelv| [oalm|! fdvhf >; Jxa| >;4>! def HO Mog{adlev [~omhfx~h}!

fdvhf < Jxa| >;4>%

V`h cheh~da o~cdelzdvloeda }v~xmvx~h oi Sh}v [olev“} [O]@ def ]D[^ moo~fledvloe l}dmmog{al}`hf v`~oxc` 6 ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev / D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h def [~hyhevloe]@D^[, [~oc~dg mh~vlilhf ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Moo~fledvo~} ]D^M, def 40]@D^[ [~oc~dg mh~vlilhf Ylmvlg Dfyomdvh}% V`h ]{hmlda D}}l}vdev vo v`h Moggdefdevio~ @xgde ^hadvloe} ]DM'@^, }h~yh} d} v`h X] Mo~{} oi Mdfhv} X]MM, ]D^M{~oylflec }x{{o~v vo v`h Mo~{} oi Mdfhv} def X]MM }vdii% X]MM `d} vso mh~vlilhfYlmvlg Dfyomdvh}: d moxe}hao~ le v`h Mhevh~ io~ [h~}oeda Fhyhao{ghev M[F, def v`hX]MM Htxda O{{o~vxelv| Dfyl}o~ HOD,% V`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~| Dmdfhg|[~h{d~dvo~| ]mòoa X]GD[], l} d }xno~fledvh }v~xmvx~h vo v`h Moggdefdev! X]MM%

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V`h X]MM Moggdefdev moefxmv} d goevà| @xgde ^hadvloe}/Mhevh~ io~ [h~}oedaFhyhao{ghev @^/M[F, x{fdvh% V`h x{fdvh {~oylfh} v`h Moggdefdev leio~gdvloe oeo{he }hpxda d}}dxav md}h}! v~hef} oi mdfhv} }hhblec moxe}halec }h~ylmh}! mx~~lmxaxg!htxda o{{o~vxelv| mog{adlev}! def ov`h~ on}h~ydvloe} oi mx~~hev Mdfhv alih% V`h X]MM]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Vhdg ghhv} txd~vh~a| vo m~o}}'v~dle def vo lfhevli| {o}}lnahlg{~oyhghev} o~ v~dlelec o{{o~vxelvlh} io~ v`h vhdg“} ~h}{oe}h vo lemlfhev} oi }hpxda

d}}dxav%

8%> [ahd}h lemaxfh d }|eo{}l} oi v`h io~gda {~omh}}h}! {d~vlml{dev}! def fdvd moaahmvloedmvlylvlh} v`dv }x{{o~v oyh~}lc`v oi v`h {~oc~dg} lemaxflec n| eov alglvhf vo:

• {~oc~dg gdedchghev ~hylhs} • }vh{} vdbhe vo dff~h}} ~hmogghefdvloe} i~og {d}v hpvh~eda oyh~}lc`v dmvlylvlh}!

}xm` d} vò}h {h~io~ghf n|: o Coyh~eghev Dmmoxevdnlalv| Oiilmh CDO,



44

o FoF Le}{hmvo~ Cheh~da LC, o Fhihe}h Vd}b Io~mh oe ]hpxda D}}dxav le v`h Glalvd~| ]h~ylmh} FVI'

]DG],

• mog{~h`he}lyh ghv~lm} vo moaahmv! deda|zh def ~h{o~v oe {~oc~dg lg{~oyhghev}• }vdefd~flzhf ]D[^/[O]@ ~htxl~hghev}! vh~gleoaoc|! {~ovomoa}! def cxlfhaleh}

io~ le}v~xmvloeda gdvh~lda}• ~h}hd~m` def fdvd moaahmvloe dmvlylvlh} v`dv `dyh vdbhe {admh slv`le |ox~ Dmdfhg|

fx~lec v`h {d}v il}mda |hd~

• lelvldvloe o~ hphmxvloe oi de| }x~yh| io~ v`h {x~{o}h oi leio~glec o~ lg{~oylecDmdfhg| [O]@ def ]D[^ {~oc~dgglec! lemaxflec `lcàlc`v} oi dydladnahileflec}

• lelvldvloe o~ hphmxvloe oi de| hg{l~lmda ~h}hd~m` o~ hydaxdvloe {~ojhmv vo leio~g o~lg{~oyh Dmdfhg| [O]@ def ]D[^ {~oc~dgglec! lemaxflec `lcàlc`v} oidydladnah ileflec}

V`h {~lgd~| ghde} oi oyh~}lc`v oi v`h ]D[^ {~oc~dg dv Sh}v [olev l} v`h goevà|

]hpxda D}}dxav ^hylhs Nod~f ]D^N,! s`lm` l} dvvhefhf n| daa }helo~ ahdfh~}]x{h~levhefhev! Moggdefdev! Fhde oi v`h Dmdfhglm Nod~f! v`h Fl~hmvo~ oiLevh~moaahcldvh Dvàhvlm}! moaoeha'ahyha moggdefh~} def v`h ~hclghevda vdmvlmda oiilmh~}ndvvdaloe'ahyha moggdefh~}, oi v`h Mo~{} oi Mdfhv}% Dfflvloedaa|! v`h iox~ ]D^M}! v`hYlmvlg Dfyomdvh} mx~~heva| {~oylflec dfyomdm|! ]JD! MLF! v`h Damoòa def ]xn}vdemhDnx}h [~oc~dg D]D[,! V`h X]GD ]x{h~levhefhev m`dl~} v`h ]D^N! s`lm` moyh~} v`h~hylhs oi v`h {~oc~dg“} {~oc~h}}! x{moglec hyhev}! def ~hmheva| mao}hf def o{he}hpxda d}}dxav md}h},% Ehs moggdefh~} dvvheflec v`h ]D^N} d~h {~oylfhf deoyh~ylhs oi v`h ]D^N def v`hl~ ~oah def ~h}{oe}lnlalv| le dvvhefdemh! d} oxvalehf leD~g| ^hcxadvloe 9;;'>;%

Le dfflvloe vo md}h gdedchghev ~hylhs! v`h ]D^N} ~hylhs {d}v def x{moglec v~dlelecdef {~oc~dg hyhev}% V`h mog{ahvloe oi gdefdvo~| v~dlelec {~oc~h}} oi ]vdii! Idmxav|def }x{{o~v {h~}oeeha% V`h Mog{~h`he}lyh ]@D^[ Mx~~lmxaxg Fhyhao{ghev Vhdg{~oylfhf de oxv'n~lhi vo v`h ]D^N oe v`hl~ ~hmogghefdvloe}! s`lm` lemaxfhf~hmogghefhf ghv~lm} vo moaahmv! deda|zh def ~h{o~v oe {~oc~dg lg{~oyhghev}% V`hghv~lm fdvd `d} eov nhhe deda|zhf dv v`h vlgh oi ~h{o~v }xngl}}loe%

9% Lg{~oyh Beosahfch def Xefh~}vdeflec oi ]D[^

9%4% Al}v levh~eda def hpvh~eda }vdbhòafh~} io~ }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav io~|ox~ Dmdfhg|% [ahd}h lemaxfh de| moaadno~dvloe slv` ov`h~ hevlvlh}%

V`h~h d~h exgh~ox} }vdbhòafh~} oi v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~| Dmdfhg|“} ]hpxda@d~d}}ghev/D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h ) [~hyhevloe ]@D^[, [~oc~dg% ]ogh oi v`h levh~eda}vdbhòafh~} lemaxfh v`h X] Mo~{} oi Mdfhv} def v`h Mdfhv Mdeflfdvh}! v`h }vdii!idmxav|! }x{{o~v {h~}oeeha! def v`h Dmdfhg| ahdfh~}`l{ vhdg% Ov`h~ levh~eda}vdbhòafh~} lemaxfh v`h oe'{o}v o~cdelzdvloe} v`dv {~oylfh ylmvlg md~h! }xm` d} v`hBhaah~ D~g| Moggxelv| @o}{lvda! ads heio~mhghev! def M~lgleda Leyh}vlcdvloeMoggdef% Hpvh~eda }vdbhòafh~} oi v`h X]GD ]@D^[ [~oc~dg lemaxfh {d~hev} defehpv'oi'ble oi v`h X] Mo~{} oi Mdfhv} def v`h Mdfhv Mdeflfdvh}! aomda moggxelvlh}!



4>

daxgel oi X]GD! Fh{d~vghev oi v`h D~g|! Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h! v`h Dgh~lmde{ho{ah! def v`h {ho{ah oi io~hlce moxev~lh} slv` sòg ox~ Mdfhv} levh~dmv fx~lecleflylfxda dfydemhf fhyhao{ghev v~l{}%

Sh moevlexh vo {d~veh~ slv` v`h Ghevda @hdav` D}}omldvh} oi O~dech Moxev|! Lem% def

v`hl~ ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Vhdg ]D^V, hiio~v}% V`h| so~b slv` x} oe ox~ ‑Sdab'd'Glah‗ hyhev}% Sh nhcde {d~veh~lec slv` v`h aomda moaahch}“ }hpxda d}}dxav ~h}{oe}h{~oylfh~}! }`d~lec ah}}oe} ahd~ehf def v~dlelec/hfxmdvloeda ~h}ox~mh}%

9%>% [ahd}h fh}m~lnh v`h {oalmlh}! v~dlelec! {~omhfx~h}! def lelvldvlyh} lg{ahghevhf o~dfydemhf fx~lec D[\ 44'4> vo leio~g def hfxmdvh v`h }vdbhòafh~} al}vhf dnoyh dnoxv}hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav%

Aomdaa|! v`h Sh}v [olev {d~veh~}`l{ slv` Ghevda @hdav` D}}omldvh} oi O~dech Moxev|!Lem% def v`hl~ ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Vhdg ]D^V, moevlexh}% V`h| so~b slv` x} oeox~ ‑Sdab'd'Glah‗ hyhev}! def fl}{ad| d }lemh~h moemh~e io~ ~h}{hmvlec def }x{{o~vlec

v`h Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h“} {oalmlh} ~hcd~flec ylmvlg md~h% Le D[\ >;44'>;4>! X]MMnhcde {d~veh~lec slv` v`h aomda moaahch}“ }hpxda d}}dxav ~h}{oe}h {~oylfh~}! }`d~lecah}}oe} ahd~ehf def v~dlelec/hfxmdvloeda ~h}ox~mh}%

Oe d }v~dvhclm ahyha! v`h ]x{h~levhefhev n~lhihf }hyh~da moec~h}} ghgnh~} oe v`hX]GD ]@D^[ [~oc~dg% ]hyh~da moec~h}}loeda ghgnh~} }hev fhahcdvloe} oi }vdiighgnh~} oe yl}lv} vo v`h dmdfhg| vo letxl~h dnoxv v`h ]@D^[ [~oc~dg% Fhahcdvloe}vo Sh}v [olev d{{hd~hf vo `dyh {o}lvlyh hp{h~lhemh} s`lm` sh~h ~hleio~mhf n| v`hl~levh~dmvloe} slv` Mdfhv}! {~hylhslec v`h Mdfhv {~ofxmhf io~mh {~ovhmvloe ylfho! defvox~} v`~oxc` }hyh~da oi v`h nd~~dmb} nxlaflec}% V`h nd~~dmb} vox~} lemaxfhmog{d~l}oe} oi v`h yd~lox} moeilcx~dvloe} oi d~m`lvhmvx~h! }hmx~lv| mdgh~d ad|oxv}!

gdlevhedemh oi xelv levhc~lv|! s`lah glelglzlec fl}vdemh} vo chefh~'d}}lcehf }òsh~def volahv idmlalvlh}%

3% Fdvd io~ Mdfhv/Glf}`l{gde ^h{o~v}3%4% [ahd}h {~oylfh d ed~~dvlyh v`dv }xggd~lzh} v`h ~h{o~v} gdfh fx~lec D[\ 44'4>lemaxflec nxv eov alglvhf vo:

• vovda exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v}

• exgnh~ oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}

• exgnh~ oi ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}

• ~h{o~v} moeyh~vhf i~og ^h}v~lmvhf vo Xe~h}v~lmvhf • fl}{o}lvloe} io~ leyh}vlcdvloe} oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}

• exgnh~ oi io~gda def leio~gda }hpxda `d~d}}ghev mog{adlev} • fl}{o}lvloe} io~ leyh}vlcdvloe oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev mog{adlev}

V`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} Glalvd~| Dmdfhg| ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Vhdg ]D^V, ~hmhlyhf48 ~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav fx~lec Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ >;44'>;4>%

Vovda exgnh~ oi ~h{o~v}: 48^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}: =



4=

Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}: 4> Eovh: Oeh oi v`h xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} sd} d moeyh~}loe i~og~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v ~hefh~hf le D[\ >;4;'>;44 vo de xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v le D[\ >;44'>;4>% V`h~h sh~h zh~o moeyh~}loe} oi D[\ >;44'>;4> ~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} vo xe~h}v~lmvhf~h{o~v} le v`h ~h{o~vlec {h~lof%,

V`h 4; leyh}vlcdvloe} oi v`h xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} n| MLF ~h}xavhf le hlv`h~ ileflec} oi d}hpxda d}}dxav oiihe}h! ov`h~ v`de d }hpxda d}}dxav oiihe}h o~ le}xiilmlhev hylfhemh leo~fh~ vo h}vdnal}` {~ondnah mdx}h oi d }hpxda d}}dxav oiihe}h% Vso leyh}vlcdvloe} sh~hlelvldvhf n| mlylalde ads heio~mhghev dchemlh}% Le oeh oi vò}h md}h}! v`h Mdfhv ylmvlghahmvhf vo eov moo{h~dvh slv` v`h leyh}vlcdvloe oi v`h xebeose }xnjhmv% V`h ov`h~ md}h~hgdle} xefh~ leyh}vlcdvloe le v`h ]vdvh oi Leflded%

Daa! nxv oeh oi v`h ylmvlg} ~hefh~lec ~h{o~v} sh~h ihgdah2 daa nxv oeh d Mdfhv% Daa! nxvoeh oi v`h daahchf }xnjhmv} sh~h gdah% Le vso md}h}! v`h daahchf }xnjhmv} sh~hmlylalde}% Le 0 oi v`h 4> xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}! damoòa sd} x}hf n| hlv`h~ v`h ylmvlg o~ v`h}xnjhmv% Le = oi v`h 0 md}h}! oea| v`h }xnjhmv lgnlnhf le damoòa {~lo~ vo v`h daahchf

d}}dxav% V`h ~h}{oe}lnah x}h oi damoòa ~hgdle} de d~hd oi moemh~e io~ ox~ Mdfhv}%]hyh~da oi v`h md}h} leyoayhf mdfhv} nhvshhe sòg v`h~h sh~h {~hylox} fdvlec~hadvloe}`l{} nhvshhe v`h ylmvlg def }xnjhmv%

X]GD ~hmhlyhf vso mog{adlev} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev i~og Mdfhv}2 nov` sh~h io~gda%Oeh oi v`h mog{adlev} leyoayhf de daahcdvloe oi {`|}lmda def yh~nda `d~d}}ghev! v`hleyh}vlcdvloe oi v`l} mog{adlev ~h}xavlec le d }xn}vdevldvloe oi v`h daahchf nh`dylo~}% V`h}xnjhmv sd} }h{d~dvhf i~og v`h Mo~{} oi Mdfhv}% V`h ov`h~ mog{adlev oi }hpxda`d~d}}ghev sd} xe}xn}vdevldvhf% @oshyh~! v`h daahchf }xnjhmv ~hmhlyhf d ahvvh~ oi~h{~lgdef! def v`h m`dle'oi'moggdef òeo~hf v`h mog{adledev‐} ~htxh}v io~ v~de}ih~ vodeov`h~ mog{de|%

0% Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh|0%4% Li dydladnah! {ahd}h ~hylhs v`h ileflec} oi v`h >;4> ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| Chefh~^hadvloe} ]x~yh| moefxmvhf n| v`h Fhihe}h Gde{osh~ Fdvd Mhevh~ FGFM,% Hp{adleòs v`l} fdvd ~hiahmv} |ox~ Dmdfhg|“} dm`lhyhghev! {~oc~h}} o~ ehhf io~ lg{~oyhghevle:

• malgdvh oi moeilfhemh vo ~h{o~v def }hhb `ha{• {~hyhevloe oi }hpxda d}}dxav

• dmmh}} def beosahfch oi ~h}ox~mh} io~ ghflmda md~h def moxe}halec• xefh~}vdeflec oi ^h}v~lmvhf def Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec o{vloe}

• beosahfch oi v`h ~h{o~vlec {~omh}} io~ }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav

• v~dlelec oe òs vo dyolf }lvxdvloe} v`dv lem~hd}h ~l}b oi }hpxda yloahemh• xefh~~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav

^h}xav} oi v`h }x~yh| sh~h eov dydladnah io~ lemax}loe le v`l} ~h{o~v%

0%>% [ahd}h fh}m~lnh òs |ox~ Dmdfhg| slaa d{{a| }{hmlilm ~h}xav} oi v`h >;4> ]h~ylmhDmdfhg| Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh| vo }hpxda d}}dxav def }hpxda `d~d}}ghev {~hyhevloedef ~h}{oe}h%



46

^h}xav} oi v`h }x~yh| sh~h eov dydladnah io~ lemax}loe le v`l} ~h{o~v%

<% [ade} io~ D[\ 4>'4=<%4 [ahd}h fh}m~lnh v`h {ade io~ dmvloe} v`dv d~h vo nh vdbhe le D[\ 4>'4= ~hcd~flec

{~hyhevloe def ~h}{oe}h vo }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav leyoaylec Dmdfhg|{h~}oeeha! lemaxflec nxv eov alglvhf vo:• {~hyhevloe oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav

• lg{~oylec ylmvlg ~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda d}}dxav def beosahfch oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev~h{o~vlec ~h}ox~mlec

• ~h}{oe}h vo ylmvlg}

• oyh~}lc`v dmvlylvlh}• }vdbhòafh~ oxv~hdm`

Fx~lec v`h D[\ >;4>'>;4=! X]MM slaa lemo~{o~dvh v`h Mdfhv} Dcdle}v ]hpxda@d~d}}ghev/D}}dxav MD]@/D, [~oc~dg% Lelvldaa|! v`h Mdfhv} slaa nh v~dlehf vo lem~hd}h

v`hl~ fh{v` oi xefh~}vdeflec dnoxv v`h m~lgh} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav%MD]@D Mdfhv} d~h hp{hmvhf vo }h~yh d} le'òx}h! beosahfchdnah ~h}lfhev} oi v`hnd~~dmb} dnah vo hp{adle v`h ~h{o~vlec {~omh}} io~ mog{adlev} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~~h{o~v lemlfhev} oi }hpxda d}}dxav! def dnah vo {~oylfh de le'{h~}oe `def'oii vo ]@D^[{h~}oeeha% Ahdelec io~sd~f levo D[\ >;4='>;46! MD]@D Mdfhv} slaa `dyh v`ho{{o~vxelv| io~ d Glalvd~| Leflylfxda Dfydemhf Fhyhao{ghev GLDF, le o~fh~ vo dvvhefv`h ]@D^[ [~oc~dg V~dlelec Mox~}h% V`l} slaa hednah v`h Mdfhv} vo {~oylfh de lelvlda{~oyl}loe oi ylmvlg dfyomdm|! slv` d `def'oii vo ov`h~ il~}v ~h}{oefh~} io~ aoec'vh~gylmvlg md~h%

Sh slaa h}vdnal}` mlylalde ixaa'vlgh {o}lvloe} io~ v`h X]GD ]D^M def Ylmvlg Dfyomdvh% Lv

l} hp{hmvhf v`dv v`h {h~}oe} v`dv slaa ixailaa v`h}h ~oah} slaa so~b vo lem~hd}h ~h{o~vlec def{~oylfh lg{~oyhf oxv~hdm`% [d~hev} def Ehpv'oi'Ble oi Mdfhv} slaa nh {~oylfhf v`hmoevdmv leio~gdvloe io~ v`h ]@D^[ ^h}{oe}h {òeh le o~fh~ vo glelglzh v`hommx~~hemh oi ~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} moeyh~vlec vo xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}'''eov dv v`h ylmvlg“}mòo}lec% Hfxmdvlec v`h {d~hev} def ehpv'oi'ble slaa lem~hd}h dsd~heh}} oi v`h}lemh~lv| slv` s`lm` X]GD def v`h D~g| `defah v`h m~lgh} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def}hpxda d}}dxav%

Sh}v [olev slaa lemo~{o~dvh d v~dlelec {~oc~dg d} d {d~v oi v`h {~oc~dg gdedchghev~hylhs} v`dv d~h moefxmvhf slv`le v`h ]hpxda D}}dxav ^hylhs Nod~f}% X]GD slaax{fdvh v`h ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe ) ^h}{oe}h ]D[^, [~oc~dg [oalm|!

lemo~{o~dvlec v`h advh}v {~oyl}loe} oxvalehf le d{{almdnah! ads! {oalm| def ~hcxadvo~|cxlfdemh% X]GD slaa lg{~oyh lv} advh~da levh~dmvloe slv` v`h ov`h~ glalvd~| }h~ylmhdmdfhg| G]D, ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Vhdg} ]D^V, n| moefxmvlec txd~vh~a|ghhvlec} def ~hleylco~dvlec v`h deexda G]D ]D^V moeih~hemh% V`h}h hiio~v} d~hhp{hmvhf vo lg{~oyh v`h }`d~lec oi nh}v {~dmvlmh} def ~h}ox~mh} dm~o}} v`h }h~ylmhdmdfhglh}%

4;% ]vdvx} oi [d}v Dmvloe Lvhg} def ^hmogghefdvloe} le {~hylox} ~h{o~v}



48

4;%4 Io~ v`h ioaaoslec }hmvloe! ~hih~ vo v`h D[\4;'44 ^h{o~v oe ]hpxda @d~d}}ghevdef Yloahemh io~ d al}v oi v`h mx~~hev dmvloe lvhg} def {d}v ~hmogghefdvloe} io~ |ox~Dmdfhg|% Al}v hdm` dmvloe lvhg o~ ~hmogghefdvloe yh~ndvlg i~og v`h ~h{o~v deffh}m~lnh le fhvdla |ox~ {~oc~h}} le dff~h}}lec v`h lvhg% Io~ hdm` lvhg {~oylfh o~fh}m~lnh hylfhemh oi mog{aldemh! |ox~ d}}h}}ghev oi v`h lvhg“} mog{ahvloe h%c% le

{~oc~h}}! mao}hf,! def de h}vlgdvhf mog{ahvloe fdvh io~ v`o}h lvhg} moe}lfh~hf vo nh le{~oc~h}}%

]hh dvvdm`ghev%



4% Xe~h}v~lmvhf ̂ h{o~v}



>% ^h}v~lmvhf ̂ h{o~v}



=% Ylmvlg} ]h~ylmh}



HEMAO]X^H >:

XELVHF ]VDVH] EDYDA DMDFHG\

]HAI'D]]H]]GHEV



HEMAO]X^H =:

XELVHF ]VDVH] DL^ IO^MH DMDFHG\

]HAI'D]]H]]GHEV



Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ >;44'>;4> Deexda ^h{o~v oe]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def Yloahemh dv v`h Glalvd~| ]h~ylmh Dmdfhglh}

Xelvhf ]vdvh} Dl~ Io~mh Dmdfhg|

HPHMXVLYH ]XGGD^\

V`h X]DID ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Moo~fledvo~ ]D^M, ~hmhlyhf 8> ~h{o~v} oi}hpxda d}}dxav fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% V`l} l} de lem~hd}h i~og == ~h{o~vhf }hpxda d}}dxav}le D[\ 4;'44 FoF Deexda ^h{o~v oe ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev ) Yloahemh dv v`h Glalvd~|]h~ylmh Dmdfhglh}! Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ >;4;'>;44,% V`l} |hd~! oi v`h 8> ~h{o~vhf}hpxda d}}dxav}! >4 sh~h Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}! =4 sh~h ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}% Iox~ oi v`h>4 Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} sh~h ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} i~og {~hylox} |hd~} v`dv sh~h moeyh~vhfi~og ^h}v~lmvhf vo Xe~h}v~lmvhf fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% Sh d~h ò{hixa v`dv v`l} oyh~daalem~hd}h le ~h{o~v} l} de leflmdvo~ oi v~x}v le v`h ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def^h}{oe}h ]D[^, {~oc~dg! òshyh~ sh x~ch mdxvloe le levh~{~hvlec v`h}h ilcx~h} d} lvmdeeov nh fhilelvlyha| fhvh~glehf li v`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav} d~h lem~hd}lec hdm`D[\ def/o~ v`dv moggdef l} dsd~h oi go~h }hpxda d}}dxav lemlfhev} fxh vo lem~hd}hfv~x}v le v`h ~h{o~vlec {~omh}}% Lv l} lg{o~vdev vo eovh v`dv oi v`h 8> }hpxda d}}dxav md}h}!4> sh~h ~h{o~v} gdfh ~hcd~flec }hpxda d}}dxav} v`dv ommx~~hf {~lo~ vo hev~| vo X]DID{~lo~'vo'}h~ylmh,2 v`l} 4>;( lem~hd}h oyh~ v`h {~hylox} |hd~ oi {~lo~'vo }h~ylmh ~h{o~v}moxaf }lceli| v~x}v le v`h ]D[^ }|}vhg% V`h~h sh~h > moeyh~}loe} i~og ~h}v~lmvhf voxe~h}v~lmvhf v`dv ommx~~hf le D[\ 44'4>% Lv }òxaf nh eovhf v`dv 6 oi v`h >4 Xe~h}v~lmvhf~h{o~v} sh~h ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} i~og {~hylox} D[\} v`dv sh~h moeyh~vhf i~og ^h}v~lmvhfvo Xe~h}v~lmvhf fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% Vdbhe vochv`h~ slv` v`h 4> md}h} leyoaylec {~lo~'vo'}h~ylmh }hpxda d}}dxav}! v`h vovda exgnh~ oi ehs ~h{o~v} moemh~elec lemlfhev} v`dvommx~~hf s`lah mdfhv} sh~h he~oaahf dv X]DID l} =9%

Edvloeda }vdvl}vlm} moevlexh vo }òs v`dv }hpxda d}}dxav l} oeh oi v`h go}v xefh~~h{o~vhfm~lgh} le Dgh~lmd% Vò}h dvvheflec moaahch}! v|{lmdaa| dchf 40 vo >6 |hd~} oaf! d~hh}{hmldaa| yxaeh~dnah vo }hpxda d}}dxav% D }vxf| le >;;3 oi mlylalde moaahch} ~hyhdahf v`dvx{sd~f} oi ==( oi soghe d~h }hpxdaa| d}}dxavhf fx~lec v`hl~ moaahch |hd~}%Deov`h~ ~hdalv| l} v`dv gde| }vxfhev} d~h d}}dxavhf {~lo~ vo dvvheflec moaahch%Xeio~vxedvha|! lemoglec X]DID mdfhv} d~h eov lggxeh vo v`l} l}}xh% Deoe|gox}{oaalec oi v`h lemoglec mad}} oi >;49 leflmdvhf v`dv >3( oi ihgdah} def 9( oi gdah}~h{o~vhf nhlec }hpxdaa| d}}dxavhf {~lo~ vo hevh~lec X]DID% Le D[\44'4>! v`h~h sh~h 4>[~lo~'vo']h~ylmh X]DID, }hpxda d}}dxav} ~h{o~vhf%

X]DID ~hgdle} mogglvvhf vo gdlevdlelec de oxv}vdeflec ylmvlg'iomx}hf ]D[^{~oc~dg% X]DID“} ]D[^ {~oc~dg! }hpxda `d~d}}ghev {~hyhevloe {~oc~dg}! [hdb[h~io~gdemh Mhevh~! def ov`h~ `ha{lec dchemlh} d~h iomx}hf oe v`h}h def ~hadvhfl}}xh}% Hfxmdvloe! mxavx~h m`dech! def ylmvlg md~h d~h v`h {~lgd~| iomx}h} oi X]DID“}]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h {~oc~dg% ]lemh v`h {~oc~dg“} lemh{vloe!X]DID moevlexh} vo nhem`gd~b edvloeda mlylalde def glalvd~| nh}v {~dmvlmh} le o~fh~ vo~hdalzh lg{~oyhghev} le }hpxda d}}dxav {~hyhevloe! ~h{o~vlec def ylmvlg md~h%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >

V`h 4;v` Dl~nd}h Slec Htxda O{{o~vxelv| 4; DNS/HO, Oiilmh }vdef} nh`lef v`h Dl~Io~mh ‑Zh~o Voah~demh‗ [oalm| n| moaadno~dvlec slv` ahdfh~}`l{ le {~hyhevloe oi xeadsixafl}m~lgledvloe def }hpxda `d~d}}ghev% S`he xeadsixa fl}m~lgledvloe o~ }hpxda`d~d}}ghev l} daahchf! lgghfldvh def ~hahydev dmvloe} d~h vdbhe vo leyh}vlcdvh! mad~li|!def ~h}oayh daa daahchf l}}xh} vo he}x~h de| {~oyhe xeadsixa nh`dylo~ l} }vo{{hf def

d{{almdnah fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe l} vdbhe dcdle}v oiihefh~},%

Le D[\ 44'4>! hahyhe Moggdefh~ So~bhf L}}xh} MSL}, sh~h {~omh}}hf n|4;DNS/HO2 }hyhe oi hahyhe sh~h fomxghevhf d} }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def 6 sh~h }hpfl}m~lgledvloe% Daa oiihefh~} ~hmhlyhf }ogh io~g oi fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe v`dv sd} htxda vov`h fhc~hh oi v`h oiihe}h%

4% [ÔC^DG OYH^YLHS

4%4 Cheh~da Oyh~ylhs oi X]DID“} [~hyhevloe oi ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev ([O]@, def]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h (]D[^, [~oc~dg

4%4%4 Dxvò~lzlec }h~ylmh def Dmdfhg| ~hcxadvloe}

V`h Dl~ Io~mh Dmdfhg|“} [~hyhevloe oi ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev [O]@, def ]hpxdaD}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h ]D[^, {~oc~dg} d~h ~xe le dmmo~fdemh slv` DIL =9'9;;4 >< ]h{v >;;0 ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h ]D[^, [~oc~dg defX]DID =9'=8;> [h~io~gdemh Ghd}x~h} >;;6,%V`h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| HO, Oiilmhdf`h~h} vo def moe}v~xmv} lv} [O]@ le dmmo~fdemh slv` DIL =9'>3;9! Htxda O{{o~vxelv|[~oc~dg Glalvd~| def Mlylalde! 8 Omv 4;%

4%4%> O~cdelzdvloeda }v~xmvx~h oi X]DID“} [O]@ def ]D[^ {~oc~dg}

∞ X]DID [O]@ `d} vso }h{d~dvh {~oc~dg}% V`h il~}v l} o~cdelzhf xefh~ v`h 4; DNS

HO Oiilmh! s`lm` }h~yh} v`h 4; DNS def mdfhv slec {h~gdehev {d~v|% V`l} oiilmh

`d} d Mdfhv Slec aldl}oe! de hp{h~lhemhf Fhihe}h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| Gdedchghev

Le}vlvxvhFHOGL,'v~dlehf EMO! sò so~b} }{hmlilmdaa| slv` mdfhv}! slv` de oiilmh

aomdvhf le ]ljde @daa le v`h mdfhv d~hd%

∞ V`h }hmoef [O]@ {~oc~dg l} v`h @xgde ^h}ox~mh} V~dlelec def Hfxmdvloe

@^)VH, Oiilmh o~cdelzhf xefh~ v`h Mdfhv Slec def ~h{o~v} fl~hmva| vo v`h Ylmh

Moggdefdev oi Mdfhv} io~ Mxavx~h def Malgdvh% V`h @^VH {~oc~dg {~lgd~la| dmv}

le d moe}xavdev def oyh~}lc`v ~oah io~ daa mdfhv HO ~hadvhf v~dlelec%

∞V`h ]D^M l} da}o o~cdelzhf xefh~ v`h Mdfhv Slec def so~b} fl~hmva| io~ v`h Ylmh

Moggdefdev oi Mdfhv}% V`h ]D^M {~oylfh} ~h}{oe}h def {~hyhevloe hfxmdvloe

v~dlelec io~ v`h hevl~h X]DID le}vdaadvloe def d choc~d{`lmdaa| }h{d~dvhf xelv C]X,

aomdvhf dv [xhnao! MO%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v =

4%4%= Ov`h~ {h~}oeeha leyoayhf def v`hl~ ~oah} le |ox~ Dmdfhg|“} [O]@ def

]D[^ {~oc~dg}

∞ ]D[^ def [O]@ moaadno~dvh slv` def m~o}}'~hih~ mdfhv}! dl~ghe/{h~gdehev {d~v|!{~h{ }mòoa mdfhv mdeflfdvh}! def }vxfhev} dvvheflec v`h ialc`v }m~hhelec }mòoa dv

[xhnao slv` v`h [hdb [h~io~gdemh Mhevh~! Ghevda @hdav`! 4;v` Ghflmda C~ox{! defGhgo~lda @o}{lvda ]DIH hpdg},%

∞ ]D[^ def [O]@ moaadno~dvh slv` ov`h~ gl}}loe} {d~veh~} vo lemaxfh! nxv eov alglvhfvo! X]DID 8/0/< ]v~dvhclm [ade} def [~oc~dg}! ^htxl~hghev}! Le}vlvxvloeda^h}hd~m` def D}}h}}ghev}! Fl~hmvlyh}! [oalmlh} def Levhc~dvloe,! [xnalm Diidl~}! v`hDvàhvlm Fh{d~vghev! v`h Fhde oi v`h Idmxav| def v`h Le}{hmvo~ Cheh~da%

∞ [O]@ def ]D[^ da}o moaadno~dvh slv` def }`d~h v~dlelec ~h}ox~mh} slv` v`h ov`h~i~oev ~dech nd}h} lemaxflec Iv% Md~}oe! Nxmbah| DIN! [hvh~}oe def ]m`~lhyh~ DIN%

4%4%6 Fomxghev ~hvhevloe {oalm| lg{ahghevdvloe

∞ X]DID ]D[^ gdedch} eo~gda fomxghev ~hvhevloe slv` oyh~}lc`v def cxlfdemh∞ {~oylfhf n| v`h X]DID Leio~gdvloe gdedchghev LG, Oiilmh% V`h ]D^M l}

∞ ~h}{oe}lnah io~ ~hmo~f} gdlevdlehf io~ {x~{o}h} oi ylmvlg md}h gdedchghev%

∞ [~hylox}a|! vò}h ~hmo~f} sh~h gdlevdlehf lefhilelvha| le dmmo~fdemh slv`

∞ DIL =9'9;;4! ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h! >< ]h{vhgnh~ >;;0%

∞

∞ Le Gd~m` >;4>! v`h Dl~ Io~mh lg{ahghevhf v`h Fhihe}h ]hpxda D}}dxav Lemlfhev

∞ Fdvdnd}h F]DLF, def daa ylmvlg md}h gdedchghev ~hmo~f} d~h eos ~hvdlehf le∞ F]DLF slv` ~hvhevloe oi 8; |hd~}% Dfflvloedaa|! v`h FF Io~g ><4;! Ylmvlg

∞ ^h{o~vlec [~hih~hemh ]vdvhghev mde eos nh x{aodfhf levo v`h F]DLF% FVG

∞44';9>! .Fomxghev ^hvhevloe le Md}h} oi ^h}v~lmvhf def Xe~h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v}

∞ oi ]hpxda D}}dxav. ~htxl~h} v`dv sh ~hvdle d `d~f mo{| oi v`h FF Io~g ><4;∞ io~ 8 |hd~} i~og v`h fdvh oi d ^h}v~lmvhf ^h{o~v! moe}l}vhev slv` FoF

∞ cxlfdemh io~ v`h }vo~dch oi {h~}oedaa| lfhevlildnah leio~gdvloe [LL,%

∞ ∞ [h~ DIL =='=>>! ^hmo~f} Gdedchghev [~oc~dg def DIL =9'>3;9!Htxda O{{o~vxelv|

[~oc~dg Glalvd~| def Mlylalde! 8 Omv 4;! v`h 4; DNS/HO Oiilmh gdedch} fomxghev

~hvhevloe slv` oyh~}lc`v def cxlfdemh {~oylfhf n| v`h Nd}h ^hmo~f} Gdedchghev

Oiilmh% V`h HO ]x{h~levhefhev def v`h EMOLM oi v`h HO ]dvhaalvh Oiilmh d~h v`h HO

^hmo~f} Mx}voflde} def {d~vlml{dvh le ~hmo~f} ~hylhs def le}{hmvloe} d} ~htxl~hf

n| DI/HO def v`h Nd}h ^hmo~f} Gdedchghev Oiilmh% V`h HO Oiilmh“} ID^G l}dvvdm`hf vo v`h 4; DNS Moggdef ]hmvloe ]vdii sò moefxmv {h~loflm ~hmo~f}

le}{hmvloe}! ]DY}! def {~oylfh moe}xavdvloe d} ehmh}}d~| vo gdlevdle def x{bhh{

~hmo~f}% V`h ~hvhevloe {oalm| io~ HO oiilmlda ~hmo~f} l} vo fh}v~o| divh~ > |hd~}%

>% LE]VLVXVLOEDALZH [^HYHEVLOE ]V^DVHCLH] LE V@H GLALVD^\ MOGGXELV\



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 6

>%4 [oalmlh}! V~dlelec! [~omhfx~h} def Lelvldvlyh} Lg{ahghevhf o~ DfydemhfFx~lec D[\ 44'4> vo [~hyhev ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def ]hpxda D}}dxav

>%4%4 Hiio~v} n| X]DID vo {~ogovh d mxavx~h oi {~hyhevloe

∞V`h go}v hiihmvlyh ]D[^ hiio~v} vo le}vlaa v`h gh}}dch} oi {~hyhevloe! ~h}{hmv! defslecgde nh`dylo~ d~h eov {h~io~ghf le d ydmxxg% Vo {~ogovh v`l} ad~ch~! `hdav`lh~mxavx~h! X]DID ]D[^ so~b} vo le}vlaa v`h}h ydaxh} caondaa| v`~oxcòxv X]DID{~oc~dg hahghev} nov` levh~edaa| vo v`h mdfhv slec def hpvh~edaa| slv` Gl}}loe[d~veh~}% ]D[^'v`hghf {~oc~dg} d~h fhyhao{hf def {~ogovhf le {d~veh~}`l{ slv`v`h }{oe}o~lec dchem| io~ s`lm` v`h v~dlelec l} vd~chvhf% Io~ hpdg{ah! ]D[^moev~dmvhf F~% Jdmb}oe Bdvz! ioxefh~ oi v`h GY[ modm`lec {~oc~dg! dv X]DID“}[~h{d~dvo~| ]mòoa% Oyh~ =; mdfhv mdeflfdvh} ~hmhlyhf d >'fd| levhe}lyh mox~}hv~dlelec v`hg vo nh ~oah gofha} oi hiihmvlyh n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe% D} go}v oi v`hmdfhv mdeflfdvh} hevh~ X]DID v`h ehpv |hd~! v`l} l} d c~hdv leyh}vghev% Mx~~heva|!mdfhv} d~h eov gdefdvhf n| Dl~ Io~mh vo dvvhef v`h N|}vdefh~ Levh~yhevloe V~dlelec

NLV, v`dv l} ~htxl~hf oi Dl~ Io~mh {h~gdehev {d~v|% X]DID ]D[^ def ahdfh~}`l{nhalhyh v`l} v~dlelec l} m~lvlmda io~ mdfhv}% V`h~hio~h! X]DID ]D[^ moev~dmvhf slv`F~% Fo~ov`| Hfsd~f}! ioxefh~ oi v`h C~hhe Fov {~oc~dg! vo m~hdvh d mdfhvn|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe {~oc~dg io~ mdfhv}% ]D[^ da}o so~bhf slv` v`h X]DIDmoggl}}loelec hfxmdvloe {~oc~dg vo fhyhao{ d ‑go~da mox~dch‗ ah}}oe s`lm` x}h}d vso'{d~v ylfho }mhed~lo {~ogovlec n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe fx~lec d f~xc'idmlalvdvhf}hpxda d}}dxav% V`h go~da mox~dch ah}}oe moevlexh} vo nh vdxc`v n| }helo~ oiilmh~}i~og yd~lhf md~hh~ ilhaf}%

∞ HO {~ogovh} d mxavx~h oi {~hyhevloe v`~oxc` @^)VH def moevlexox} moaadno~dvloeslv` Dl~ Oiilmh~ Moggdeflec DOM, def Dmdfhg| Glalvd~| V~dleh~ DGV, }vdii vohe}x~h dsd~heh}} oi v`h X]DID ‑zh~o‗ voah~demh {oalm| def df`h~hemh vo DI

fl~hmvlyh} coyh~elec {~hyhevloe oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev%

>%4%> Hfxmdvloe def v~dlelec lelvldvlyh} d}}omldvhf slv` n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe o~d{{~o{~ldvh ~l}b ~hfxmvloe v`dv foh} eov nadgh ylmvlg}

X]DID ]D[^ so~b} le vdefhg slv` v`h [hdb [h~io~gdemh Mhevh~! v`h @xgde^hadvloe} V~dlelec def Hfxmdvloe @^VH, Oiilmh! def v`h 4; DNS Htxda O{{o~vxelv|Oiilmh! iomx}lec oe oyh~d~m`lec v`hgh} v`dv d~h levhc~dvhf def ~hleio~mhf n| hdm`{~oc~dg% Dcdle v`l} |hd~! v`h v`hgh oi h}vdnal}`lec gxvxdaa| ~h}{hmvixa chefh~ ~hadvloe}sd} mxavlydvhf v`~oxc` 4, fhilelvloe} oi nov` }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxavdm~o}} d moevlexxg oi `d~gixa nh`dylo~! >, }mhed~lo'nd}hf fl}mx}}loe! =, ~oah {ad|lec

lemaxflec }ogh v`dv d~h mdfhv'fhyhao{hf,! def ov`h~ ~hadvhf v~dlelec ghvòf}% V`h}hhiio~v} d~h x}hf le o~fh~ vo laax}v~dvh òs }hpxda `d~d}}ghev mde h}mdadvh levo }hpxdad}}dxav def vo lfhevli| v`h lg{o~vdemh oi lfhevli|lec def }vo{{lec }hpxda `d~d}}ghevNHIO^H lv fhyhao{} levo d}}dxav% V`h}h ghvòf} def vhdm`lec {olev} d~h lemo~{o~dvhfdm~o}} v`h}h ~hadvhf gl}}loe hahghev} vo ~hleio~mh bh| gh}}dch} def lfhevli| v`hlg{o~vdemh oi hd~a| levh~yhevloe%

>%4%>%4 Nd}lm Mdfhv V~dlelec NMV,



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 8

Nd}lm Mdfhv V~dlelec nhcle} oe le'{~omh}}lec fd| def moevlexh} xevla v`h }vd~v oi v`hdmdfhglm |hd~% NMV hg{`d}lzh} v`h ixefdghevda moemh{v} oi glalvd~| o~cdelzdvloe:f~laa! hv`lm}! òeo~! Dl~ Io~mh `h~lvdch def {`|}lmda v~dlelec% Nd}lm mdfhv} da}o }vxf| v`hglalvd~| ~oah le Dgh~lmde }omlhv| def v`h Dl~ Io~mh#} gl}}loe def o~cdelzdvloe%

NMV vh}v} mdfhv}# ghevda def {`|}lmda dnlalvlh} def `ha{} v`hg v~de}lvloe i~og mlylalde voglalvd~| alih% Mdfhv} fhyhao{ dah~veh}}! {`|}lmda hefx~demh! hgovloeda ~h}lalhemh! }hai'~haldemh! dvvhevloe vo fhvdla! {xemvxdalv| def leflylfxda lelvldvlyh d} v`h| d~h }xnjhmvhf vo~lco~ox} fl}ml{aleh% Oe v`hl~ il~}v fd|! mdfhv} d~h l}}xhf maov`lec def ~hmhlyh v`hl~ ~oogdef }txdf~oe d}}lceghev}% V`h| }shd~ de odv` oi daahcldemh vo }x{{o~v def fhihef v`hMoe}vlvxvloe oi v`h Xelvhf ]vdvh} def idlvìxaa| fl}m`d~ch v`hl~ fxvlh} d} mdfhv}% D {xnalm}shd~lec'le mh~hgoe| vdbh} {admh oe v`h }hmoef fd| oi NMV%

NMV moe}l}v} oi vso {`d}h}! nov` dfglel}vh~hf n| x{{h~ mad}} mdfhv} slv`moggl}}loehf oiilmh~} }h~ylec d} dfyl}h~} def slv` v`h moggdefdev oi mdfhv}

{~oylflec oyh~daa }x{h~yl}loe% V`h il~}v {`d}h oi NMV vdbh} {admh le v`h Mdfhv D~hd defl} fhyovhf vo glalvd~| o~lhevdvloe {~oc~dg} slv` de hg{`d}l} oe ahd~elec nd}lm glalvd~|}blaa} def ~h}{oe}lnlalvlh}! lg{~oylec {`|}lmda moeflvloelec def dfd{vlec vo vhdgso~bv`~oxc` mog{hvlvlyh }{o~v}% V`h }hmoef {`d}h oi NMV moe}l}v} {~lgd~la| oi ilhaf'v~dlelecdmvlylvlh} moefxmvhf dv v`h Jdmb} Ydaah| hemdg{ghev }lvh ilyh glah} eo~v` oi v`h MdfhvD~hd% Mdfhv} gd~m` vo v`h mdg{}lvh! moe}v~xmv d vhev mlv| def alyh v`h~h io~ 40 fd|}% V`hmdfhv} hp{def v`hl~ glalvd~| o~lhevdvloe! ahd~e shd{oe} }blaa} def fhyhao{ v`hl~ ghevdadef {`|}lmda moeilfhemh v`~oxc` m`daaheclec on}vdmah}%

]hpxda D}}dxav ~hadvhf {~hyhevloe def v~dlelec io~ mdfhv} dv X]DID nhcle} lgghfldvha|x{oe v`hl~ d~~lyda:

∞ Oe fd| vso oi NMV! daa Nd}lm Mdfhv} ~hmhlyh d ‑@ha{lec Dchemlh} N~lhi‗ slv` d iomx}oe }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~vlec o{vloe}! }x{{o~v ~h}ox~mh}! def moevdmv leio~gdvloe% V`h@ha{lec Dchemlh} N~lhi da}o lemaxfh} d fl}mx}}loe oi nd}lm @xgde ^hadvloe} @^,def HO {oalm|! ~h{o~vlec leio~gdvloe def cxlfdemh% Advh~ le NMV! Nd}lm Mdfhv} ylhsle chefh~ }h{d~dvh c~ox{}, def fl}mx}} ‑I~deb: V`h Xefhvhmvhf ^d{l}v!‗ d ylfho n|F~% Fdylf Al}db% Dfflvloedaa|! v`l} |hd~ v`h ]D[^ Oiilmh ~hm~xlvhf 6 hp{h~lhemhf!}hd}oehf ]D^M} vo `ha{ vhdm` v`h ‑I~deb‗ ah}}oe vo v`h nd}lm mdfhv}%

∞ D m`dech v`l} |hd~ io~ v`h ‑I~deb‗ v~dlelec sd} v`h dfflvloe oi d 4 fhc~hh }helo~,ihgdah Mdfhv sò mo'vdxc`v def idmlalvdvhf v`l} v~dlelec io~ v`h ihgdah nd}lm mdfhv}%Nd}lm Mdfhv} da}o ~hmhlyh dfflvloeda @xgde ^hadvloe} v~dlelec le NMV idmlalvdvhf n|

Fhihe}h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| Gdedchghev Le}vlvxvh FHOGL,'v~dlehf {h~}oeeha i~ogdm~o}} v`h Dl~ Io~mh% ]h}}loe} lemaxfh Glalvd~| HO def @^ dsd~heh}} v~dlelec [d~v}L ) LL,%

>%4%>%> Ov`h~ 6v` mad}} |hd~ v~dlelec



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 9

V`h 6v` mad}} |hd~ mdfhv“} fhyhao{ghevda ~oah l} v`dv oi ‑ioaaosh~‗% Daa ]D[^ v~dlelec io~v`h 6v` mad}} |hd~ l} m~hdvhf def moefxmvhf vo nh moe}l}vhev slv` v`h ~oah oi d ‑ioaaosh~‗%]{hmlilm v~dlelec io~ 6v` mad}} |hd~ mdfhv} lemaxfhf:

∞ Daa 6v` mad}} mdfhv} dvvhef {~h}hevdvloe} oi ‑]hp ]lceda}‗ slv`le v`h il~}v goev` oi v`h

dmdfhglm {~oc~dg |hd~ v`dv iomx}h} oe gdah/ihgdah moggxelmdvloe! fdvlec!levlgdm| d} shaa d} }hpxda d}}dxav {~hyhevloe def n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe%

∞ Soghe“} def ghe“} `hdav` n~lhilec} d~h moefxmvhf le advh Dxcx}v oi v`h dmdfhglm|hd~ n| mdfhv ghflmda malelm }vdii def lemaxfh fl}mx}}loe oi }hpxdaa| v~de}glvvhffl}hd}h} def moev~dmh{vlyh}%

∞ ]hpxda ~l}b gdedchghev! vdxc`v n| v`h [hdb [h~io~gdemh Mhevh~ }vdii! l} fh}lcehfvo dff~h}} {h~}oeda fhml}loe} dnoxv }hp `hdav`| ~hadvloe}`l{}! moe}hev fhalnh~dvhdef mahd~ moggxelmdvloe,! def moe}htxhemh} def ~l}b} oi }hpxda dmvlylv| slv`le v`hmoevhpv oi DI mo~h ydaxh} def {~oih}}loeda lgdch,%

∞ ‑\ox Fh}h~yh vo Nh @h~h$‗ {~h}hevhf n| cxh}v }{hdbh~ G}% Yh~dxefd Jdmb}oe sò}{hdb} vo nov` ghe def soghe le chefh~ }h{d~dvh c~ox{}, }`d~lec `h~

govlydvloeda }vo~| oi nhlec d ~d{h }x~ylyo~% ]`h vdab} }{hmlilmdaa| vo ihgdah mdfhv}dnoxv }hai'h}vhhg! n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe! }x{{o~vlec oeh deov`h~! def òs voedylcdvh v`h xeltxh m`daahech} oi nhlec d sogde dv X]DID% G}% Jdmb}oedff~h}}h} ghe dnoxv ylmvlg hg{dv`|! d{{~o{~ldvh nh`dylo~} vosd~f ihgdahvhdggdvh}! def n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe%

∞ ‑]hp def ]xn}vdemh Dnx}h [xel}`ghev} Xefh~ v`h XMGJ‗ X]DID FI Ads Fh{vn~lhi,%

∞ ‑[~ogovlec Flyh~}lv|‗ @xgde ^hadvloe} Ah}}oe l} vdxc`v n| MS @^VH }vdii! volemaxfh levh~{h~}oeda ~hadvloe} nhvshhe chefh~}! }omlhvda {h~mh{vloe} def }hpxda`d~d}}ghev%

>%4%>%= =~f

mad}} |hd~ v~dlelec

V`h =~f mad}} |hd~ nxlaf} oe def hp{def} {~hylox} }hpxda d}}dxav def }hpxda`d~d}}ghev ah}}oe} def l} moe}l}vhev slv` v`h X]DID oiilmh~ fhyhao{ghev }|}vhg =~f |hd~ mdfhv“} fhyhao{ghevda ~oah oi so~blec oe ‑levh~{h~}oeda‗ nh`dylo~% V`h =~f mad}}|hd~ v~dlelec l} d} ioaaos}:

∞ DI ]D[^ [oalm| def ]h~ylmh} Mdfhv Deexda ]D[^ V~dlelec, ~hleio~mh} {~lo~v~dlelec {ax} iomx}h} oe mdfhv}“ ~oah} d} slecghe def hgh~clec }x{h~yl}o~}% Lvlemo~{o~dvh} md}h }vxflh} chd~hf vosd~f `ha{lec mdfhv} fhyhao{ d{{~o{~ldvhlevh~{h~}oeda ~hadvloe}`l{ }blaa}% V`l} v~dlelec l} {~h}hevhf n| }txdf~oe DOM} def

DGV} sò ~hmhlyh v~dlelec {~lo~ vo v`hl~ n~lhilec mdfhv}% Vo }vdefd~flzh v`h v~dlelecgh}}dch! v`h ]D^M m~hdvhf d ylfho vd{h io~ v`h ~htxl~hf deexda ]D[^ v~dlelec%V`l} ylfho da}o lemaxfhf vso mx~~hev ylfho}' oeh iomx}lec oe ylmvlg hg{dv`| def v`hov`h~ oe moe}hev% V`h ]D^M {~oylfhf v~dlelec io~ daa DOM}! DGV}! def d}}omldvh}vo ix~v`h~ le}x~h }vdefd~flzdvloe def lg{~oyh v`h txdalv| oi v`h {~h}hevdvloe%]txdf~oe [HH^} d}}l}v v`h DOM def DGV slv` {~h}hevdvloe def fl}mx}}loe oi dfhyhao{ghevdaa| d{{~o{~ldvh }hpxda d}}dxav }mhed~lo%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 3

∞ ‑Gd| L Bl}} \ox?!‗ {~h}hevhf n| cxh}v }{hdbh~ G~% Glbh Foglv~lz! hfxmdvh} mdfhv}oe moe}hev def moggxelmdvloe slv`le }hpxda ~hadvloe}`l{} def levlgdm|% V`l} |hd~G~% Foglv~z“} {~h}hevdvloe lemaxfhf n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe leio~gdvloe% Fdvdmoaahmvloe sd} dcdle xvlalzhf io~ v`l} {~h}hevdvloe vo md{vx~h {o}v'vh}v fdvd x}lec mhaa{òeh vhmèoaoc|%

∞‑^h}{hmv def ^h}{oe}lnlalv|‗ ^^, so~b}ò{/}hgled~ l} de hp{h~lhevldaa|'nd}hflevh~dmvlyh 3'òx~ {~oc~dg fh}lcehf d~oxef v`h moemh{v oi flcelv| def ~h}{hmv defl} moefxmvhf le moemh~v slv` v`h Mhevh~ io~ M`d~dmvh~ def Ahdfh~}`l{ Fhyhao{ghev%

∞ ^^ lemaxfh} }{hmlilm fl}mx}}loe} oi ehcdvlyh def {o}lvlyh levh~dmvloe} nhvshhe gdahdef ihgdah mdfhv}%

>%4%>%6 >ef mad}} |hd~ v~dlelec

V`h >ef mad}} |hd~ da}o nxlaf} oe def hp{def} {~hylox} }hpxda d}}dxav def }hpxda`d~d}}ghev ah}}oe}! le aleh slv` v`h X]DID oiilmh~ fhyhao{ghev }|}vhg slv` v`hl~ ~oahd} v`h ‑ghgnh~‗ oi d vhdg% V`h v~dlelec io~ v`h >ef mad}} |hd~ mdfhv l} d} ioaaos}:

∞ ‑]hp Oiihefh~}! ]h~ylmh Ghgnh~}! def \ox: Ahdfh~}`l{ Nh|oef v`h Onylox}‗ ‗ sd}{~h}hevhf n| cxh}v }{hdbh~! io~gh~ D~g| M~lgleda Leyh}vlcdvloe} Flyl}loe dchev! G~%^x}}haa ]v~def% V`l} n~lhilec `lcàlc`v} {~oilah} oi v|{lmda }hp oiihefh~} def òs v`h|o{h~dvh le v`h glalvd~| heyl~oeghev% Lv da}o lev~ofxmh} v`h moemh{v oi v`h ‑v`l~f{h~}oed‗% V`h {~h}hevdvloe `lcàlc`v} fliilmxavlh} le lfhevli|lec }hp oiihefh~} sò`dyh h}vdnal}`hf v`hg}hayh} d} v`h ‑elmh cx|/cda‗ o~ v`h ‑oxv}vdeflec dl~gde/mdfhv‑sòg v`h| gd| oeh fd| }x{h~yl}h% V`h n~lhilec da}o xefh~}mo~h} v`h lg{o~vdemh oinhalhylec ylmvlg} s`he v`h| mogh io~sd~f def fl}{ha} v`h ida}h ~h{o~vlec g|v`%

∞ ‑Gdedclec Flyh~}lv|‗ @xgde ^hadvloe} ah}}oe {~oylfh} }x{h~yl}o~|'ahyha fl}mx}}loeoi ahdfh~}`l{ dm~o}} v`h flyh~}lv| }{hmv~xg vo lemaxfh chefh~'~hadvhf l}}xh}%

∞‑Go~da Mox~dch‗ Moggl}}loelec Hfxmdvloe MH, ah}}oe {~oylfh} vso ylfho'nd}hf}mhed~lo} d~oxef n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe v`hgh} i~og v`h ‑S`dv Soxaf \ox Fo?‗vhahyl}loe }h~lh}% Mdfhv} fl}mx}} v`h dmvxda nh`dylo~} oi n|}vdefh~} le }lgxadvhf}lvxdvloe}% Ah}}oe iomx} l} oe v`h nd~~lh~} vo levh~yhelec le }xm` }lvxdvloe} def òsvo oyh~mogh v`hg%

∞ DI Dmmh}}loe} N~lhilec} a )aa, fx~lec v`h nhcleelec oi v`hl~ dmdfhglm |hd~% V`l} l}DI'gdefdvhf! DHVM'fhyhao{hf ylfho/}mhed~lo'nd}hf v~dlelec dff~h}}lec {oalm|%

>%4%>%8 4}v mad}} |hd~ v~dlelec

V`h 4}v mad}} |hd~ da}o nxlaf} oe def hp{def} {~hylox} }hpxda d}}dxav def }hpxda

`d~d}}ghev ah}}oe}! le aleh slv` v`h X]DID oiilmh~ fhyhao{ghev }|}vhg slv` v`hl~ ~oahd} v`h ‑o~cdelzdvloeda‗ ahdfh~ vo {~h{d~h v`hg io~ v`hl~ hev~| levo v`h o{h~dvloeda Dl~Io~mh d} ahdfh~}% V`h v~dlelec io~ v`h 4}v mad}} |hd~ mdfhv l} d} ioaaos}:

∞ G}% Deeh Gxem`! JF! sd} dffhf d} d ehs }xnjhmv gdvvh~ hp{h~v }{hdbh~ io~ il~}vmad}} mdfhv} v`l} |hd~% ]`h fhalyh~hf d {~h}hevdvloe mdaahf ‑V`h XebeoseMoe}{l~dvo~‗ s`lm` nxlaf} oe G~% ^x}}haa ]v~def“} {~h}hevdvloe ~hcd~flec{h~{hv~dvo~}% V`l} {~h}hevdvloe vhdm`h} òs v`h xelv malgdvh mde moev~lnxvh vo v`h



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 0

nhalhi v`dv d {~hfdvo~ l} ~hdaa| d coof {h~}oe lemd{dnah oi d}}dxav% ]`h {~h}hev} d`lc` {~oilah }hpxda d}}dxav md}h lemaxflec dmvxda idmv} def fdvd vo laax}v~dvh v`hmoeialmv le m~hflnlalv| nhvshhe ylmvlg} def {h~{hv~dvo~}%

∞ ‑Dff~h}}lec @^ L}}xh}‗ l} d `xgde ~hadvloe} ah}}oe! vdxc`v n| @^VH% Lv l} de le'fh{v` fl}mx}}loe oi dmvxda md}h }vxflh} def òs ahdfh~} oi m`d~dmvh~ }òxaf

~h}{oef% Lv da}o leio~g} mdfhv} dnoxv dydladnah }x{{o~v ~h}ox~mh} def `ha{lecdchemlh}%

>%4%>%9 >ef def 4}v mad}} mdfhv} ” }{hmldalzhf ]D[^ jon v~dlelec

∞ NMV Mdf~h V~dlelec iomx}h} oe v~dlelec daa NMV mdf~h vo dff~h}} d{{~o{~ldvh defled{{~o{~ldvh levh~dmvloe} slv` Nd}lm Mdfhv}% V`h iomx} oi v`h v~dlelec l} oe~h}{hmvixa ahdfh~}`l{ def }hvvlec d {o}lvlyh `xgde ~hadvloe} malgdvh%

∞Mdfhv Glalvd~| Cxlfdemh Oiilmh~} GCO, v~dlelec iomx}h} oe ~hmocelzlec Nd}lm Mdfhvehhf} def moeehmvlec v`hg vo d{{~o{~ldvh `ha{lec dchemlh}% D }{hmlilm v~dlelecnaomb dff~h}}h} v`h X]DID ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h [~oc~dg def NMV ~h}{oe}h{~omhfx~h}%

∞ ]xggh~ \oxv` [~oc~dg} Mdf~h ]mlhemh/]{o~v mdg{}, v~dlelec io~ mdfhv mdf~hlemaxfh} ^hylhs oi X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg}! {oalmlh}! def {~omhfx~h} io~ ~hih~~lecmlylalde def xefh~dch }hpxda d}}dxav}%

>%4%>%3 ]D[^'~hadvhf v~dlelec io~ daa mdfhv}

∞ Yloahemh Dsd~heh}} l} d X]DID'slfh {~oc~dg mx}voglzhf io~ mdfhv} v`dv hp{def}

v`h fl}mx}}loe oi yloahemh vo lemaxfh fl}mx}}lec v`h moev~d}v nhvshhe }hpxda d}}dxavyloahemh yh~}x} eoe'}hpxda d}}dxav yloahemh%

∞ Damoòa Dsd~heh}} l} d {~oc~h}}lyh! fhyhao{ghevda {~oc~dg! n| mad}} |hd~! io~{~ogovlec ~h}{oe}lnah nh`dylo~ slv` hg{`d}l} oe v`h aleb nhvshhe damoòa gl}x}hdef }hpxda d}}dxav%

∞ Levhc~dvloe oi ]D[^ moemh{v} le m`d~dmvh~ fhyhao{ghev def mdfhv MH ah}}oe}%

∞ Soghe“} Io~xg} oiih~ de o{{o~vxelv| io~ ~oxef vdnah fl}mx}}loe} slv` hyh~| mad}}|hd~ ihgdah mdfhv%

∞ D ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hydahemh Ylfho sd} m~hdvhf le moaadno~dvloe slv` v`h ]D[^{~oc~dg def @T X]DID/D8/0/< x}lec hpl}vlec fdvd i~og v`h >;4; Fhihe}hGde{osh~ Fdvd Mhevh~ ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh| def v`h >;4;

So~b{admh def Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh| oi v`h Dmvlyh Fxv| Ghgnh~}% V`h ]hpxdaD}}dxav ]D, {~hydahemh ylfho sd} }òse vo {h~gdehev {d~v| vo lemaxfh modm`h}def idmxav|! def mdfhv} yld moggdefh~“} mdaa} def/o~ ov`h~ fh}lcedvhf ghhvlecvlgh}%

>%4%>%0 [h~gdehev {d~v| v~dlelec



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v <

∞ X]DID ]D[^ def [O]@ v~dlelec moevlexh} vo nh d {~odmvlyh def mog{~h`he}lyhhefhdyo~ v`dv }hhb} vo gdlevdle {o}lvlyh }`liv} le mxavx~h v`dv d~h ~oovhf le ~h}{hmvio~ daa def v`dv ex~vx~h `hdav`| chefh~ ~hadvloe}% V`h v~dlelec al}vhf nhaos fhyhao{}dsd~heh}} v`dv }hpxda d}}dxav foh} ommx~ def v`h {oalmlh} def {~omhfx~h}}x~~oxeflec {~hyhevloe oi def ~h}{oe}h vo lv% X]DID `d} d slfh ~dech oi v~dlelec

{~oc~dg}! moe}xavdvloe} def oxv~hdm` vo nov` mdfhv} def {h~gdehev {d~v|/}vdii%∞ X]DID ]D[^ v~dlehf oyh~ 46!;;; {h~gdehev {d~v| {h~}oeeha dm~o}} daa gl}}loe

hahghev} def mdfhv} fx~lec D[\ 44/4>% V`h ioaaoslec al}v l} laax}v~dvlyh oi v`h{~oc~dg} le {admh v`l} |hd~:

∞ Dmdfhg| ^h}{oe}h Vhdg D^V, Md}h Gdedchghev Vhdg v~dlelec

∞ Mdfhv ]{oe}o~ [~oc~dg% [~oylfhf nd}lm ]D[^ {~oc~dg leio! fhilelvloe}!s`dv vo fo li d mdfhv v`h| }{oe}o~ fl}mao}h}! òs vo ~hmocelzh nh`dylo~dam`dech}! òs vo ~h{o~v vo v`h ]D^M! òs d }{oe}o~ mde `ha{ idmlalvdvh d`hdav`| heyl~oeghev! def T/D%

∞ ]{~lec N~hdb Mdg{dlce sd} vlvahf ‑@dyh d ]shhv def ]dih ]{~lec N~hdb%‗]D[^ le moejxemvloe slv` v`h [hdb [h~io~gdemh Mhevh~! X]DID ]dihv|!

DFD[V! mdfhv [HH^ {~oc~dg! def v`h Mdfhv Damoòa So~blec C~ox{{~h}hevhf d ]{~lec N~hdb oxv~hdm` {~oc~dg dv Idl~m`laf @daa slv`leio~gdvloeda vdnah} gdeehf n| }vdii i~og v`h}h dchemlh} def mdfhv [HH^}def {~h}hevhf ‑Vd~chv @d~fhelec‗ }hai'fhihe}h {~oc~dg fhgoe}v~dvloe} defialh~} vo }lce x{ {d~vlml{dev}%

∞ X]DID ]D[^ v~dlehf oyh~ 46!;;; {h~gdehev {d~v| {h~}oeeha dm~o}} daa gl}}loe

∞ [~h{d~dvo~| ]mòoa v~dlelec iomx}hf oe ]D[^ {oalm| def ~h{o~vlec {~omh}} io~ mdfhvmdeflfdvh} slv` iomx}hf v~dlelec io~ idmxav|/}vdii%

∞ HO }{hmldal}v} vhdm` [O]@ vo ehs {h~gdehev {d~v| X]DID {h~}oeeha fx~lec Il~}vFxv| ]vdvloe slv`le =; fd|} oi d~~lyda% V`h| da}o moefxmv d ~hi~h}`h~ mox~}h fx~lecehsmogh~} def {~oylfh d Bh| [h~}oeeha N~lhi} vo daa ehs moggdefh~}! Moggdef

M`lhi} def Il~}v ]h~chdev} slv`le =; fd|} oi d~~lyda% Oeh'oe'oeh v~dlelec l} {~oylfhfio~ leflylfxda} sò mdeeov dvvhef v`h dnoyh mox~}h} d} shaa d} oiihefh~} oi v`h HO{oalm|% C~ox{ v~dlelec l} da}o {~oylfhf x{oe v`h ~htxh}v oi xelv moggdefh~}%

>%4%>%< Ehs v~dlelec io~ D[\ >;44/4>

∞ ]{~lec N~hdb vdnah x}hf d} de hd~a| ‐blmb oii“ oi ]hpxda D}}dxav Dsd~heh}} Goev`~l}b ~hfxmvloe def {~oc~dg yl}lnlalv|,%

∞ MS @^VH lelvldvhf fx~lec M`d~dmvh~ def Ahdfh~}`l{ Fhyhao{ghev mox~}h ‑^h}{hmvdef ^h}{oe}lnlalv|‗ }hpxda `d~d}}ghev }mhed~lo}/v~dlelec io~ daa 6v` mad}} mdfhv}%

>%4%= Moggxelmdvloe}! }omlda gd~bhvlec! def ghfld lelvldvlyh}

V`h ioaaoslec d~h hpdg{ah} oi v`h moggxelmdvloe} def }omlda gd~bhvlec lelvldvlyh} v`dvX]DID `d} hedmvhf le o~fh~ vo lem~hd}h yl}lnlalv| oi v`h ]D[^/[O]@ {~oc~dg}%

∞ ]D[^ def v`h Dmdfhg| ^h}{oe}h Vhdg D^V, ~hmocelzh v`h lg{o~vdemh oigd~bhvlec def }v~dvhclm moggxelmdvloe vo chv v`h so~f oxv dnoxv v`h }h~ylmh}



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 4;

{~oylfhf vo ylmvlg} oi }hpxda d}}dxav d} shaa d} v`h ~h}ox~mh} dydladnah vo v`hl~ mo'so~bh~}! }txdf gdvh}! moggdefh~}! le}v~xmvo~}! modm`h}! def ov`h~}%

∞ [O]@/HO! ]D^M def Ylmvlg Dfyomdvh} }vdiihf de leio~gdvloe vdnah le v`h mdfhvc|g fx~lec NMV Le'[~omh}}lec Fd| v`dv {~oylfhf lg{o~vdev alvh~dvx~h ~hcd~flec}hpxda `d~d}}ghev def d}}dxav%

∞]x{h~levhefhev def ]helo~ X]DID Ahdfh~}`l{ N|}vdefh~ Levh~yhevloe V~dlelec sd}mo'idmlalvdvhf n| v`h ]D^M G}% Vh~h}d Nhd}ah|, def G}% Deeh Gxem`! JF%

∞ V`h Idmxav| @defnoob lemaxfhf nd}lm ]D[^ {oalm|! fhilelvloe}! moevdmv leio! òs vo~h{o~v! def dfflvloeda ~h{o~vlec ~h}ox~mh}%

∞ V`h Mdfhv @defnoob lemaxfhf nd}lm ]D[^ {oalm|! fhilelvloe}! moevdmv leio~gdvloe!òs vo ~h{o~v! def dfflvloeda ~h{o~vlec ~h}ox~mh}%

∞ M~l}l} Md~f}/[oalm| Md~f} d~h {ombhv }lzhf slv` ]D^M moevdmv leio~gdvloe! vl{} oe`ha{lec }oghoeh le ehhf! lg{o~vdev `ha{lec dchem| leio%

∞ [~ogovloeda lvhg} lemaxfh x}hixa/ixemvloeda l%h% lvhg} v`h mdfhv} slaa x}h def bhh{,lvhg} }xm` d} mognledvloe `lcàlc`vh~/leb {he}! iad}àlc`v}! al{ ndag! sdvh~ novvah}!lfhevlilmdvloe md~f òafh~}! gdcehv}! mal{ gdcehv}! }xe}m~hhe! m~hflv md~f }lzhf lmh

}m~d{h~}! def ~hadvhf lvhg} lg{~levhf slv` v`h ]D^M moevdmv exgnh~% ∞ 4; DNS/HO! MS[@ def ]D^M Ylmvlg Dfyomdvh} gdeehf v`h [d~hev} Shhbhef

leio~gdvloe vdnah io~ daa mdfhv} def yl}lvlec {d~hev}%

∞ V`h ]{~lec N~hdb Vdnah sd} aomdvhf le Idl~m`laf @daa def lemaxfhf de leio~gdvloevdnah slv` d mòmoadvh ioxevdle! {~ogovloeda lvhg}! }hai'fhihe}h fhgo def }lce x{}!gdeehf n| ]D^M! ylmvlg dfyomdvh}! mdfhv [HH^}! DFD[V }vdii% V`l} vdnah sd}}v~dvhclmdaa| }hv x{ v`~hh fd|} {~lo~ vo v`h mdfhv“} ~hahd}h io~ }{~lec n~hdb%

∞ ]hpxda D}}dxav Dsd~heh}} Goev` ]DDG, ” D{~la >;4>

∞ V`l} |hd~ v`h fhml}loe sd} gdfh n| v`h ]D^M vo hecdch mdfhv} vo dmvxdaa|m~hdvh def lg{ahghev ]DDG% Oyh~ 0; mdfhv} yoaxevhh~hf vo fhyhao{ v`h ‑EoHpmx}h}‗ mdg{dlce% Hdm` shhb fx~lec D{~la `df d }{hmlda v`hgh% @lcàlc`v}

lemaxfhf d goylh oe v`h txdf elc`v! d ‑sdab d glah le v`hl~ }òh}‗ hyhev! dIdmhnoob {dch! d {o}vh~ mdg{dlce! def d >> glexvh {o}lvlyh vh}vlgoeldaylfho ihdvx~lec mx~~hev def {~hylox} mdfhv} sò `dyh oyh~mogh }hpxdad}}dxav%

∞ ‑@dyh d ]shhv def ]dih ]{~lec N~hdb‗ mdg{dlce lemaxfhf Vd~chv @d~fhelecfhgo def }lce x{} d} shaa d} {~hyhevloe! hfxmdvloe! dsd~heh}} def{~ovhmvloe {~ogovloe}%

∞ [o}vh~ Mdg{dlce} io~ nov` ]DDG def v`h ]omlda Eo~glec/Gd~bhvlecmdg{dlce}%

>%6 So~b Foeh vo Lg{ahghev o~ ]x{{o~v v`h Fh{d~vghev“} ]hpxda D}}dxav

[~hyhevloe ]v~dvhc|

X]DID ]D[^ moevlexdaa| }v~lyh} vo lg{~oyh lg{ahghevdvloe def }x{{o~v oi FoF ]D[^{~oc~dg ~htxl~hghev} def {~omhfx~h} {h~ FoFL 96<8%;>! >= Jxe! >;;9,%

∞ Moggdefh~}! DOM}! DGV}! }x{h~yl}o~}! def gdedch~} dv daa ahyha} ~hmhlyh}{hmldalzhf v~dlelec le d~hd} oi }hpxda d}}dxav {~hyhevloe vo lemaxfh ylmvlgoaoc|!



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 44

oiihefh~ nh`dylo~! FoF“} {oalm| io~ ylmvlg moaadvh~da gl}moefxmv! def ~h}{oe}h vo~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav% H=%4 def H=%>%4%>%,

∞ Mdfhv v~dlelec l} fhyhao{ghevda def lemo~{o~dvh} dfxav ahd~elec v`ho~|! def l} nd}hfx{oe v`h X]DID Oiilmh~ Fhyhao{ghev ]|}vhg def ‑[LVO‗ gofha}% H=%>%>%>%,

∞ V`h X]DID gxavl'fl}ml{aled~| md}h gdedchghev c~ox{! v`h Dmdfhg| ^h}{oe}h

Vhdg D^V,! ghhv} vslmh goevà|! hpmhhflec FoF ~htxl~hghev}% H=%>%6%=%,

>%4%8 Ghvòf} x}hf vo io}vh~ {~hyhevloe'~hadvhf modalvloe} def ehvso~b} (l%h%}xnjhmv gdvvh~ hp{h~v} moe}xavhf def leyoayhf,

V`h ioaaoslec }xnjhmv gdvvh~ hp{h~v} sh~h moe}xavhf def moev~dmvhf vo {~oylfh}{hmldalzhf ]D[^ v~dlelec fx~lec D[\ 44'4>:

∞ G}% Yh~dxefd Jdmb}oe! H}t! Dvvo~eh|! }{hmldalzh} le m`laf dnx}h alvlcdvloe def}hpxda d}}dxav ylmvlgoaoc|%

∞ G~% Glbh Foglv~z! ioxefh~ oi v`h ‐Fdvh ]dih [~ojhmv“! }{hmldalzh} le moe}hev l}}xh}%

∞ G~% ^x}}haa ]v~def! X]D Idgla| Dfyomdm| [~oc~dg} M~lgleda Flyl}loe V~dlelec

Fl~hmvo~! }{hmldalzh} le oiihefh~ nh`dylo~%∞ G}% Deeh Gxem`! JF! dvvo~eh| def FoF/DI moe}xavdev% Mo'dxvò~ oi v`h Dl~ Io~mh

N|}vdefh~ Levh~yhevloe V~dlelec {~oc~dg%

∞ F~% Fo~ov`| Hfsd~f} def F~% Jheelih~ ]d|~h! C~hhe Fov n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe{~oc~dg%

∞ G~% Jlg ^x}}haa! JF! JD Ahcda }{hmldal}v def moe}xavdev vo DI ]D[^ {~oc~dg}%

∞ F~% Jdmb}oe Bdvz! m~hdvo~ oi v`h GY[ n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe {~oc~dg%∞ Fhihe}h Htxda O{{o~vxelv| Gdedchghev Le}vlvxvh (FHOGL, V~dlehf le}v~xmvo~}

{~oylfh lelvlda }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def htxda o{{o~vxelv| v~dlelec vo 6 v` mad}} mdfhv}Idaa }hgh}vh~,%

Dfflvloedaa|! v`h ioaaoslec aomda dchemlh}/nd}h} sh~h i~htxheva| moe}xavhf fx~lec v`hmox~}h oi v`h D[\ def leylvhf vo exgh~ox} hfxmdvloe/oxv~hdm` hyhev} le de dvvhg{v voix~v`h~ }oalfli| v`h c~hdvh~ Moao~dfo ]{~lec} }hpxda d}}dxav def {~hyhevloe ~h}{oe}h{~oc~dg:

∞ VH]]D Dchem| fhflmdvhf }{hmlilmdaa| def }oaha| vo v`h l}}xh} oi fogh}vlm

yloahemh def }hpxda d}}dxav le Ha [d}o def Vhaah~ Moxevlh} le Moao~dfo, ∞ [hvh~}oe DIN

∞ Iv% Md~}oe

∞ Xelyh~}lv| Moao~dfo'Moao~dfo ]{~lec}

∞ Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda

>%4%9 ]vxflh} oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev o~ }hpxda d}}dxav {~hydahemh def/o~{~hyhevloe {~oc~dgglec hiihmvlyheh}} }x{{o~vhf o~ {h~io~ghf n| |ox~ Dmdfhg|

X]DID flf eov {h~io~g de| dmdfhglm }vxflh} ~hcd~flec }hpxda d}}dxav o~ }hpxda`d~d}}ghev fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% @oshyh~! X]DID flf {h~io~g v~hef deda|}l} fx~lec v`hmox~}h oi v`h D[\% V~hef deda|}l}/x{fdvh} sh~h {h~io~ghf goevà| io~ v`h]x{h~levhefhev}“ D^V x{fdvh} d} shaa d} Nod~f oi Yl}lvo~ NOY, yl}lv} fx~lec v`h D[\%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 4>

Dfflvloedaa|! `lc` ahyha deda|}l} sd} {h~io~ghf vo leyh}vlcdvh }{hmlilm fhgoc~d{`lm} oidaahchf {h~{hv~dvo~}%

X]DID l} mx~~heva| moe}v~xmvlec d {~oc~dg d}}h}}ghev ghv`ofoaoc| v`dv slaa daaos io~v`h ghd}x~hghev oi hiihmvlyheh}} oi ]D[^ ~hadvhf v~dlelec% X]DID ]D[^ l} so~blec

slv` X]DID} moggl}}loelec hfxmdvloe flyl}loe vo lfhevli| gl}}loe noxefd~lh} def}|eh~c| slv` de| ehs d}}h}}ghev ghv`ofoaoc|% V`h ehs d}}h}}ghev {~omh}} l}hp{hmvhf vo nh lg{ahghevhf glf D[\ 4>'4=%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 4=

>%4%3 Exgnh~ oi {h~}oeeha def mdfhv}/glf}`l{ghe (n| |hd~, sò ~hmhlyhf deexda[O]@ def ]D[^ v~dlelec

V`h ioaaoslec vdnah deeovdvh} v`h exgnh~ oi mdfhv}! n| mad}} |hd~! v`h exgnh~ oimdfhv} v`dv ~hmhlyhf D[\ 44'4> ]D[^! [O]@ def HO v~dlelec%

Mad}} Ghe Soghe Vovda>;4> 083 >=3 4;<6>;4= 08; >40 4;90>;46 0=6 >8> 4;09>;48 0;4 >>< 4;=;

Eovh: Mad}} }v~hecv` exgnh~} d} oi D{~la >;4>

>%4%3%4 V~dlelec ghvòf} def vlgh daaovvhf io~ v~dlelec

∞ X]DID xvlalzh} yd~lox} v~dlelec ghvòf} io~ ]D[^ def [O]@ v~dlelec% V`h}hghvòf} lemaxfh! nxv d~h eov alglvhf vo! Cxh}v ]{hdbh~ {~h}hevdvloe} i~og ]xnjhmvGdvvh~ Hp{h~v} ]GH},! mad}}~oog ahmvx~h i~og DOM/DGV}! [HH^}! def ]D[^}vdii% Dfflvloedaa|! gxavl'ghfld {~h}hevdvloe} def hyhev} sh~h moe}v~xmvhf le }x{{o~voi ]DDG le D{~la >;4>%

∞ V`h dio~hghevloehf v~dlelec hyhev} d~h vdxc`v le 8; gle! <; gle! def 4>; glenaomb} fh{heflec oe v`h edvx~h oi v`h v~dlelec def v`h daaomdvhf vlgh le v`h mdfhv}m`hfxah% Gde| oi v`h hyhev} v`dv ommx~~hf fx~lec ]DDG le D{~la >;4> ~dechf i~og9; gle vo 4>; gle! fh{heflec oe v`h hyhev }hh v`h ioaaoslec vdnah},%

Mdfhv ]D[^ V~dlelec

Mox~}h/Mad}} vlvah V~dlelec [~oylfh~ Vlgh Idaa/]{~lec Dxflhemh



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 46

daaovvhf

.]hp ]lceda} [~h}hevdvloeCxh}v ]{hdbh~ ]hp]lceda} ]vdii

<; gle Idaa 6 fhc~hh}

]hpxda D}}dxav Deexda ^hi~h}`h~ V~ecDOM/DGV def ]t[HH^

8; gle Idaa = fhc~hh}

]hpxda D}}dxav Deexda ^hi~h}`h~ V~ecDOM/DGV def ]t

[HH^

8; gle Idaa > fhc~hh}

]hpxda D}}dxav Deexda ^hi~h}`h~ V~ecDOM/DGV def ]t[HH^

8; gle Idaa 4 fhc~hh}

.Gd| L Bl}} \ox?. Moe}hev [~h}hevdvloeCxh}v ]{hdbh~Glbh Foglv~z

8; gle ]{~lec = fhc~hh}

.[h~{hv~dvo~}! ]hp D}}dxav! ) \ox.[~h}hevdvloe

Cxh}v ]{hdbh~^x}}haa ]v~def

8; gle ]{~lec > fhc~hh}

.V`h Xebeose Moe}{l~dvo~. [~h}hevdvloeCxh}v ]{hdbh~Deeh Gxem`

8; gle ]{~lec 4 fhc~hh}

.\ox Nhaoec @h~h. [~h}hevdvloeCxh}v ]{hdbh~Yh~dxefd Jdmb}oe

8; gle ]{~lec6 fhc~hhihgdah}

.Ylmvlg Hg{dv`|. [~h}hevdvloeCxh}v ]{hdbh~Yh~dxefd Jdmb}oe

8; gle ]{~lec6 fhc~hhgdah}

DI Dmmh}}loe} V~dlelec L ]D[^ }vdii )yoaxevhh~}

4>; gle ]{~lec > fhc~hh}

DI Dmmh}}loe} V~dlelec >]D[^ }vdii )yoaxevhh~}

4>; gle ]{~lec > fhc~hh}

Mdfhv HO/[O]@ Mox~}h} def Mad}}h}

Mox~}h/Mad}} vlvahV~dlelec [~oylfh~ Vlgh

daaovvhfIdaa/]{~lec Dxflhemh

Mdfhv @ha{lec Dchemlh} N~lhilecDOM/DGV/@^VH]vdii

48gle NMV 6 fhc~hh}

GHO/@^ Dsd~heh}} V~dlelec NMV,DOM/DGV/@^VH]vdii

4>; gle NMV 6 fhc~hh}

Chefh~ ^oah ]omldalzdvloe def ]hpl}g

DOM/DGV/@^VH

]vdii 8; gle Idaa 6 fhc~hh}

^h}{hmv ) ^h}{oe}lnlalv| ]hgled~DOM/DGV/@^VH]vdii

<; gleIdaa/ ]{~lec

= fhc~hh}

]x{h~yl}o~“} ^oah le Htxda O{{o~vxelv|DOM/DGV/@^VH]vdii

8; gle Idaa > fhc~hh}

Dff~h}}lec @^ L}}xh}/ @xgde ^hadvloe}DOM/DGV/@^VH]vdii

8; gle ]{~lec 4 fhc~hh}

Oeh'oe'oeh ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev V~dlelec HO ]{hmldal}v 9; gle Idaa6 fhc~hh

Oeh'oe'oeh ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev V~dlelec HO ]{hmldal}v 9; gle Idaa6 fhc~hh

Oeh'oe'oeh ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev V~dlelec HO ]{hmldal}v 9; gle Idaa= fhc~hh

Oeh'oe'oeh ^dmh Fl}m~lgledvloeV~dlelec

HO ]{hmldal}v 9; gle Idaa 6 fhc~hh

>%3%4%> Davh~edvlyh d~~dechghev} io~ leflylfxda} dn}hev fx~lec v~dlelec



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 48

∞ Exgh~ox} gdbh'x{ }h}}loe} d~h {~oylfhf io~ vò}h leflylfxda} xednah vo gdbh'x{gdefdvo~| ]D[^ o~ [O]@ v~dlelec% V`h gdbh'x{ }h}}loe} d~h {h~io~ghf dv v`hfl}m~hvloe oi v`h ahmvx~h~ def v`h mdfhv% Dfflvloedaa|! v`h~h d~h oivhe gxavl{ah}m`hfxahf }h}}loe} oi ]GH cxh}v }{hdbh~ {~h}hevdvloe} le s`lm` mdfhv} xednah vodvvhef v`hl~ }h}}loe gd| dvvhef deov`h~ oiih~lec% @oshyh~! vò}h mdfhv} v`dv d~h

dsd| i~og X]DID io~ hpvhefhf {h~lof}! }xm` d} dvàhvlm/dmdfhglm v~l{}! d~h oivhexednah vo dvvhef ]GH cxh}v }{hdbh~ {~h}hevdvloe}% V`h}h v~dlelec hyhev}! fxh vomo}v def }m`hfxalec l}}xh}! d~h xednah vo nh gdfh x{

=% LEM^HD]H MALGDVH OI YLMVLG MOEILFHEMH D]]OMLDVHF SLV@ ^H[O^VLEC

=%4 [oalmlh}! V~dlelec! [~omhfx~h}! def Lelvldvlyh} Lg{ahghevhf o~ DfydemhfFx~lec D[\ 44'4> vo Lem~hd}h d Malgdvh oi Ylmvlg Moeilfhemh D}}omldvhf slv`^h{o~vlec

∞ Daa ~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav d~h gdfh fl~hmva| vo v`h X]DID ]D^M! sò l} dydladnah

>6/3 yld Nadmbnh~~| dv F]E ==='3>3>! moggh~mlda 34<'==='3>3> o~ le {h~}oe! ;3=; ” 43=; G ” I dv D~eoaf @daa! ̂ oog 40;% Divh~ òx~}! v`h ylmvlg gd| ghhv slv` v`h]D^M le {h~}oe! nxv gx}v il~}v moevdmv v`h ]D^M n| {òeh vo }hv x{ d vlgh def }dihghhvlec {admh% Dv v`h lelvlda ghhvlec! daa ~h{o~vlec o{vloe} d~h hp{adlehf le fhvdla vov`h ylmvlg sò v`he }hahmv} `l} o~ `h~ ~h{o~vlec o{vloe% Li v`h ylmvlg mòo}h} v`h‑~h}v~lmvhf‗ o{vloe! v`h ylmvlg ~hmhlyh} leio~gdvloe ~hcd~flec }x{{o~v }h~ylmh}dydladnah vo v`hg xefh~ v`l} moeilfhevlda o{vloe% Li v`h ‑Xe~h}v~lmvhf‗ o{vloe l} mò}he!v`h ylmvlg ~hmhlyh} leio~gdvloe oe daa }x{{o~v }h~ylmh} def! d} shaa! ahcda!leyh}vlcdvlyh! def moggdef levh~yhevloe l} lelvldvhf% Io~ nov` ~h{o~vlec o{vloe}! li v`hd}}dxav sd} slv`le v`h slefos io~ moaahmvloe oi io~he}lm hylfhemh d{{~oplgdvha| 3>òx~},! v`h ylmvlg l} clyhe v`h o{vloe vo `dyh d ]DIH Hpdg {h~io~ghf dv Ghgo~lda

@o}{lvda le Moao~dfo ]{~lec} X]DID `d} eo {h~}oeeha m~hfhevldahf vo {h~io~g]DIH hpdg}! def ̀ d} d GOX slv` Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda,% Io~ nov` ‑~h}v~lmvhf‗ def‑Xe~h}v~lmvhf‗ o{vloe}! d ylmvlg dfyomdvh l} d}}lcehf li v`h ylmvlg }o mòo}h}% V`h]D^M da}o fl}mx}}h} v`h ‑Lefh{hefhev ~h{o~v‗ vo v`h ylmvlg! le ~hadvloe vo sò v`hylmvlg `d} fl}mao}hf v`h }hpxda d}}dxav vo! le v`h hyhev v`dv oeh oi v`h leflylfxda} v`hylmvlg fl}mao}hf vo fhmlfh} vo ~h{o~v vo d gdefdvo~| ~h{o~vh~ l%h% DOM! o~ DGV,% V`h]D^M def ylmvlg nov` }lce v`h Ylmvlg ^h{o~vlec [~hih~hemh ]vdvhghev FF Io~g><4;,%

∞ V`h X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg {oalm| l} }hv n| FoFL 96<8%;>! Jxe >;;9 def DIL =9'9;;4! ]h{v >;;3% Fxh vo fliih~hemh} le fhgoc~d{`lm}! mdfhv {o{xadvloe! def X]DIDhfxmdvloeda le}vlvxvloe ~htxl~hghev}! lg{ahghevlec v`h dnoyh cxlfdemh ~htxl~h}

}ogh iahplnlalv| def m`dech! h}{hmldaa| le ~hcd~f vo v~dlelec def mx~~lmxaxg~htxl~hghev} v`dv d~h eoe'hpl}vhev dv ov`h~ DI le}vdaadvloe}% X]DID ]D[^ o{h~dvh}xefh~ 4, v`h Oiilmh~ Fhyhao{ghev ]|}vhg OF], def >, v`h ‑[LVO‗ mdfhv 6'|hd~fhyhao{ghevda gofha% Vo io~gdaa| dff~h}} v`h}h fliih~hemh}! v`h X]DID ]D[^{~oc~dg `d} f~divhf d aomda le}v~xmvloe% V`l} f~div X]DIDL l} mx~~heva| le v`h ileda}vdch} oi moo~fledvloe slv` d vhevdvlyh ~hahd}h io~ moo~fledvloe glf D[\ 4>'4=%

=%4%4 Hemox~dclec v`h ~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda d}}dxav



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 49

=%4%4%4 ]vh{} vdbhe vo {xnalmlzh ~h{o~vlec o{vloe} ^h}v~lmvhf def Xe~h}v~lmvhf,

∞ V`h X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg `hdyla| ~hleio~mh} def {xnalmlzh} v`h yd~lox} ~h{o~vleco{vloe} fx~lec v`h exgh~ox} v~dlelec hyhev} d} fomxghevhf le ]hmvloe >% Dfflvloeda

hiio~v} oxv}lfh oi gdefdvo~| v~dlelec hyhev} vo {xnalmlzh def {~oylfh fhvdlahfleio~gdvloe d~h da}o `lcàlc`vhf le ]hmvloe >%=%

∞ Lem~hd}hf v~dlelec oi {h~gdehev {d~v|! vd~chvlec Fh{d~vghev oi Idmxav|! DvàhvlmFh{d~vghev! DOM/DGV}%

∞ ]D[^ {x~m`d}hf ehs Nadmbnh~~lh} io~ YD} def ]D^M! he`demhf moeehmvlylv| defmoggxelmdvloe} md{dnlalvlh} def hednahf v`h ‐h]D^M“ {~oc~dg vo ixemvloegdplgdaa|%

∞ NMV le'{~omh}}lec! leio~gdvloe vdnah} sh~h aomdvhf dv v`h mdfhv c|g%

∞ Idmxav| @defnoob! Mdfhv @defnoob! Mdfhv ]lc`v [lmvx~h lemaxfh nd}lm ]D[^ [oalm|def ~h{o~vlec {~omh}}%

∞ M~l}l} Md~f}/[oalm| Md~f} ” {ombhv'}lzhf `d~f {ad}vlm md~f} slv` d mxvoxv v`dv slaa ilv

slv` v`h {~op| md~f} }o mdfhv} slaa `dyh v`hg dv daa vlgh},! moevdle nd}lm ]D[^leio~gdvloe! vl{} oe `ha{lec }oghoeh le ehhf! def lg{o~vdev `ha{lec dchem| defhgh~chem| moevdmv leio~gdvloe%

∞ ]D[^ {o}vh~ fl}v~lnxvloe lemaxfh} {o}vh~} slv` nd}lm ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec {oalm| defmoevdmv leio~gdvloe! s`lm` d~h {o}vhf le `lc` v~diilm mdfhv d~hd} def le ndv`~oog}vdaa}%

∞ Mdfhv'fhyhao{hf ]DDG ‑Eo Hpmx}h}‗ {o}vh~}! Idmhnoob {dch! def > }ò~v ‐]DDGmoggh~mlda}‗ dfyh~vl}lec hyhev} def `lcàlc`vlec }hpxda d}}dxav {~hyhevloe%

∞ [d~hev Shhbhef leio~gdvloe vdnah} sh~h aomdvhf le D~eoaf @daa io~ daa mdfhv} defyl}lvlec {d~hev}%

=%4%4%> ]vh{} vdbhe vo {xnalmlzh v`h md~h }x{{o~v dydladnah slv` ~h{o~vlec

V`h X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg `hdyla| ~hleio~mh} def {xnalmlzh} v`h v|{h oi md~h def}x{{o~v dydladnah io~ ]D ylmvlg} dv v`h exgh~ox} v~dlelec hyhev} d} fomxghevhf le]hmvloe >% De dfflvloeda hiio~v oxv}lfh oi gdefdvo~| v~dlelec hyhev} vo {xnalmlzh def{~oylfh fhvdlahf leio~gdvloe l} da}o `lcàlc`vhf le ]hmvloe >%=%

=%4%4%= ]vh{} lelvldvhf vo ~hfxmh v`h }vlcgd d}}omldvhf slv` ~h{o~vlec }hpxda d}}dxav deflem~hd}h d malgdvh oi moeilfhemh slv` ~h{o~vlec

V`h X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg dff~h}}h} v`h }vlcgd io~ ~h{o~vlec fx~lec hyh~| ]D[^

v~dlelec }h}}loe ^hi ]hmvloe >, le de dvvhg{v vo m~hdvh d malgdvh oi moeilfhemh le~h{o~vlec }hpxda d}}dxav% Lv l} X]DID“} nhalhi v`dv ox~ hiio~v} d~h so~blec vo nhvvh~ v`hmalgdvh oi ~h{o~vlec d} hylfhemhf n| v`h moevlexda lem~hd}h le v`h exgnh~ oi ~h{o~vhf}hpxda d}}dxav md}h} oyh~ v`h ad}v v`~hh dmdfhglm {~oc~dg |hd~}%=%4%> Xefh~}vdef def oyh~mogh ~h{o~vlec m`daahech}

=%4%>%4 Fl}mx}} ~h{o~vlec m`daahech} def }oaxvloe} |ox~ Dmdfhg| fhyhao{hf deflg{ahghevhf



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 43

X]DID hemoxevh~} }hyh~da m`daahech} le ~h{o~vlec }hpxda d}}dxav}% V`h il~}v nd~~lh~ l}v`h fhad|hf ~h{o~vlec! ~h}xavlec le de lednlalv| vo moaahmv hylfhemh% @oshyh~! v`l} `d}nhhe lg{~oylec ~hmheva|! d} }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~vlec fhad|} `dyh fhm~hd}hf i~og dedyh~dch fhad| oi 0'4; goev`} vo ah}} v`de 6 goev`}% Davòxc` v`h ~h{o~v fhad| l}

fhm~hd}lec! lv }vlaa ~hgdle} d m`daahech% Ylmvlg} sò fhad| ~h{o~vlec v|{lmdaa| }v~xccahslv` `hdav`! c~dfh}! {`|}lmda hfxmdvloe! {`|}lmda vh}vlec }mo~h}! def levh~{h~}oeda~hadvloe}% Sh `dyh gdfh ox~ {~hyhevloe def dsd~heh}} v~dlelec def ~hmocelvloe hyhev}go~h ~onx}v vo dff~h}} v`l}% Sh `dyh dfflvloedaa| n~odfhehf ox~ v~dlelec vo lemaxfhyoaxevhh~} l%h% mdfhv m`d{ha yoaxevhh~}! [HH^}! hvm%, vo ~hleio~mh v`h lg{o~vdemh oihd~a| levh~yhevloe yld ]D^M io~ nov` ^h}v~lmvhf def Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec% ]hmoefa|!moeilfhevldalv| n~hdm`h} `dyh nhhe `lc`h~ v`l} {d}v D[\ {~lgd~la| fxh vo O]Lleyh}vlcdvloe} io~ ov`h~ m~lgh} slv` }hpxda d}}dxav} nhlec ‑‐~hyhdahf‗ fx~lec v`hleyh}vlcdvloe {~omh}}%

=%4%>%> Exgnh~ oi vlgh} Xe~h}v~lmvhf o~ ^h}v~lmvhf, s`h~h v`h moeilfhevldalv| oi d ~h{o~v

sd} n~hdm`hf io~ de| ~hd}oe

Moeilfhevldalv| sd} n~hdm`hf io~ 0 ~h{o~v}% Go}v oi v`h ~h{o~v} sh~h n~hdm`hf fxh voO]L leyh}vlcdvloe} oi eoe'}hpxda d}}dxav md}h} le s`lm` v`h }hpxda d}}dxav sd}lfhevlilhf fx~lec v`h leyh}vlcdvlyh {~omh}}%

=%4%= Idmlalvdvh v`h x}h oi ~h{o~vlec ghvòf} io~ }hpxda `d~d}}ghev

HO Oiilmh {h~}oeeha d~h dydladnah >6 òx~} d fd|% De oe'mdaa ~o}vh~ l} gdlevdlehf dv v`hMoggdef [o}v def ]hmx~lv| Io~mh}% Daa HO {h~}oeeha d~h v~dlehf vo {~omh}} }hpxda`d~d}}ghev md}h}% Hg{`d}l} ahvvh~} }lcehf n| v`h X]DID ]x{h~levhefhev d~h {o}vhfv`~oxcòxv X]DID def le hyh~| }txdf~oe le v`h mdfhv d~hd v`dv moevdle v`h le}v~xmvloe}io~ ~h{o~vlec }hpxda `d~d}}ghev% HO }{hmldal}v} levh~dmv oe d moevlexox} nd}l} slv`DOM} def DGV} vo d}}l}v le ~h{o~vlec l}}xh} v`dv idaa le v`h HO {x~ylhs v`dv d~hfomxghevhf oe moggdefh~ so~bhf l}}xh so~b}`hhv} def {~ogovh {~hyhevloe oi}hpxda `d~d}}ghev {~hyhevloe v`~oxc` hg{`d}l} def dsd~heh}} oi v`h X]DID ‑zh~o‗voah~demh {oalm| def df`h~hemh vo DI fl~hmvlyh} coyh~elec {~hyhevloe oi }hpxda`d~d}}ghev%

6% LG[ÔYH ]HPXDA D]]DXAV ^H][OE]H

6%4 [oalmlh}! V~dlelec [~omhfx~h}! def Lelvldvlyh} Lg{ahghevhf o~ DfydemhfFx~lec D[\ 44'4> vo ^h}{oef vo o~ Lg{~oyh v`h ^h}{oe}h vo Daahcdvloe} vo]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def ]hpxda D}}dxav



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 40

X]DID ]D[^! @^VH Oiilmh! M`d~dmvh~ def Ahdfh~}`l{ Fhyhao{ghev! def v`h 4; DNSHO Oiilmh} so~b vochv`h~ vo hemox~dch ~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxdad}}dxav% V`l} l} dmmog{al}`hf v`~oxc` gdefdvo~| DI {~h}m~lnhf v~dlelec! }x{{ahghevhfslv` Moggl}}loelec Hfxmdvloe MH, ah}}oe}! v`h ehs M`d~dmvh~ def Ahdfh~}`l{

Fhyhao{ghev ^^ {~oc~dg! }{hmlda hyhev} }xm` d} ]{~lec N~hdb Mdg{dlce def ]hpxdaD}}dxav Dsd~heh}} Goev` ]DDG,! def cxh}v }xnjhmv gdvvh~ hp{h~v {~h}hevh~} def{~oc~dg}% V~dlelec l} {~oylfhf slv` iomx} oe il~}v ~h}{oefh~}! [HH^}! ahdfh~}`l{! defmdfhv}% Hpdg{ah} oi v`h}h v~dlelec {~oc~dg} lemaxfh:

∞ ‑Go~da Mox~dch‗ MH Ah}}oe

∞ DI N|}vdefh~ Levh~yhevloe V~dlelec = }h{d~dvh gofxah}: ahdfh~}`l{! gdah! defihgdah,%

∞ Daa yoaxevhh~} def {h~}oeeha sò so~b fl~hmva| slv` mdfhv} le ov`h~ md{dmlvlh} }xm`d} M`d{ha ‑][L^H‗ yoaxevhh~}! mdfhv idgla| }{oe}o~}! modm`h}/dvàhvlm }vdii! idmxav|!mdfhv ialc`v aleh }vdii%

∞]{hmlda {~h}hevdvloe} }xm` d} ‑]hp ]lceda}‗! o~ ‑Gd| L Bl}} \ox?‗ G~% GlbhFoglv~z, ~hleio~mh v`h gh}}dch} oi ~h{o~vlec def so~b slv` X]DID ]D[^ }vdii vo‐vdlao~“ v`hl~ {~h}hevdvloe} vo lemaxfh mdfhv }{hmlilm }lvxdvloe} def hpdg{ah} vo hednahmdfhv} vo nhvvh~ ~hadvh vo%

Ov`h~ dvvhg{v} vo lem~hd}h ]D[^ def [O]@ {~oc~dg yl}lnlalv| def hfxmdvloe lemaxfh!nxv d~h eov alglvhf vo:

∞ NMV le'{~omh}}lec leio~gdvloe vdnah}%∞ Idmxav| @defnoob! Mdfhv @defnoob! Mdfhv ]lc`v [lmvx~h lemaxfh nd}lm ]D[^ [oalm|

def ~h{o~vlec {~omh}}h}%

∞M~l}l} Md~f}/[oalm| Md~f}% [ombhv'}lzhf `d~f {ad}vlm md~f} slv` d mxvoxv v`dv slaa ilvslv` v`h {~op| md~f} }o mdfhv} slaa `dyh v`hg dv daa vlgh},! moevdle nd}lm ]D[^leio~gdvloe! vl{} oe `ha{lec }oghoeh le ehhf! def lg{o~vdev `ha{lec dchem| defhgh~chem| moevdmv leio~gdvloe%

∞ ]D[^ {o}vh~ fl}v~lnxvloe lemaxfh} nd}lm ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec {oalm| def moevdmvleio~gdvloe {o}vh~} v`dv d~h aomdvhf le `lc` v~diilm mdfhv d~hd} def le ndv`~oog }vdaa}%

∞ Mdfhv'fhyhao{hf ]DDG ‑Eo Hpmx}h}‗ {o}vh~}! Idmhnoob {dch! def >, }ò~v‑]DDG moggh~mlda}‗ dfyh~vl}lec hyhev} def `lcàlc`vlec }hpxda d}}dxav {~hyhevloe%

∞ [d~hev Shhbhef leio~gdvloe vdnah le D~eoaf @daa io~ daa mdfhv} def yl}lvlec {d~hev}%

∞ HO {oalm| def yl}xda dlf} {o}vhf v`~oxcòxv v`h mdfhv }txdf~oe}%

6%4%4 Dydladnlalv| oi lgghfldvh! v~dlehf }hpxda d}}dxav def }hpxda `d~d}}ghev~h}{oe}h md{dnlalv|

∞ Daa ~h{o~v} oi }hpxda d}}dxav d~h gdfh fl~hmva| vo v`h X]DID ]D^M! sò l} dydladnah>6/3 yld Nadmbnh~~| dv F]E ==='3>3>! moggh~mlda 34<'==='3>3> o~ le {h~}oe! ;3=;

” 43=; G ” I dv D~eoaf @daa! ̂ oog 40;%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v 4<

∞ Daa YD“} def v`h ]D^M md~~| Nadmbnh~~lh} io~ he`demhf moeehmvlylv| defmoggxelmdvloe} md{dnlalvlh}%

∞ V~dlehf HO }{hmldal}v} d~h dydladnah dv v`h 4; DNS/HO Oiilmh def dv v`h ]ljde HO]dvhaalvh Oiilmh s`lm` l} {~o{h~a| htxl{{hf! {~lydvh def dmmh}}lnah le v`h mdfhv d~hd%HO ]{hmldal}v} d~h da}o dydladnah >6 òx~} d fd| yld v`h Moggdef [o}v 34<'==='

>9==%

6%4%> V`h exgnh~ oi ]D^M}! YD} def HO^} v~dlehf def v`h v|{h oi v~dlelec v`h|~hmhlyhf vo lemaxfh ~hi~h}`h~ v~dlelec

6%4%>%4 ]D[^ }vdii

V`h mx~~hev ]D^M }vdii l} mog{~l}hf oi: 4, ]D^M! 4, D}}l}vdev ]D^M! >, Ixaa'VlghYlmvlg Dfyomdvh}%

6%4%>%> V~dlelec ghvòf} def vlgh daaovvhf io~ ]D[^ v~dlelec

∞ X]DID“} ]D^M def YD} `dyh mog{ahvhf v`h gdefdvo~| 6; òx~ ylmvlg dfyomdvhv~dlelec dv v`h vlgh oi v`hl~ d{{olevghev% Nov` ylmvlg dfyomdvh} `dyh mog{ahvhf v`hedvloeda ylmvlg dfyomdvh mh~vlilmdvloe {~omh}} def gdlevdle v`dv hdm` |hd~ n|mog{ahvlec v`h ~htxl~hf moevlexlec hfxmdvloe òx~} deexdaa| vo gdlevdle v`hl~m~hfhevlda% V|{lmdaa| yld edvloeda ylmvlg dfyomdm| m~hfhevldahf {~oc~dg% V`h ]D^Mdvvhef} 6; òx~} oi deexda DI gdefdvo~| v~dlelec hdm` |hd~% V`h~h l} eo deexdam~hfhevldalec ~htxl~hghev/nof| io~ ]D^M}%

∞ Le dfflvloe vo v`h dnoyh! v`h ]D^M def YD} hecdch le edvloedaa| ~hmocelzhf ]xnjhmvGdvvh~ Hp{h~v v~dlelec% V`l} {d}v D[\ v~dlelec lemaxfhf! NLV slv` F~% Hfsd~f} 6;`~},! moe}hev l}}xh} slv` G~% Glbh Foglv~z 6 `~},! ylmvlg dfyomdm| le v`h ahcda def

leyh}vlcdvlyh {~oc~dg} slv` G}% Deeh Gxem` 49 `~},! ylmvlgoaoc| slv` G}%Yh~dxefd Jdmb}oe 0 `~},! aomda DIO]L ^hcloe 0 ]D[^ v~dlelec >6 `~},%Dfflvloedaa|! v`h ]D^M def YD} so~b slv` aomda }x{{o~v dchemlh}! }xm` d} VH]]D!v`h aomda ~d{h m~l}l} mhevh~! def v`h Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda ]DIH {~oc~dg%

6%4%>%= Davh~edvlyh d~~dechghev io~ leflylfxda} dn}hev fx~lec v~dlelec

Fxh vo mo}v def }m`hfxah moe}v~dlev}! v`h~h d~h eo davh~edvh d~~dechghev} io~ ]D[^}vdii xednah vo gdbh v~dlelec `haf dv X]DID% V`h ]D[^ }vdii gdbh} hyh~| dvvhg{v vofh'moeialmv v`hl~ }m`hfxah slv` {~ojhmvhf ]D[^ v~dlelec hyhev}% Hyh~| dvvhg{v l} gdfh vo

fh'moeialmv daa io~gda v~dlelec `haf oi X]DID c~oxef} d} shaa%

6%4%>%6 HO }vdii

V`h~h d~h mx~~heva| v`~hh ghgnh~} d}}lcehf vo v`h 4; DNS/HO Oiilmh% D mlylaldeFl~hmvo~! de H'3 }x{h~levhefhev def de H'9 EMOLM oi v`h ]dvhaalvh Oiilmh

6%4%>%8 V~dlelec ghvòf} def vlgh daaovvhf io~ HO v~dlelec



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >;

∞ Daa HO Fl~hmvo~}/]{hmldal}v} d~h ~htxl~hf mog{ahvh => òx~} oi GHO/HHO v~dleleclelvldaa| def v`he 0 òx~} oi ~hi~h}`h~ v~dlelec deexdaa|%

∞ HO Fl~hmvo~}/]{hmldal}v} d~h ~htxl~hf vo mog{ahvh => òx~} oi Ghfldvloe v~dlelec defv`he 0 òx~} oi ~hi~h}`h~ v~dlelec deexdaa|%

6%4%>%9 Davh~edvlyh d~~dechghev io~ leflylfxda} dn}hev fx~lec v~dlelec

V`h HO Fl~hmvo~ def HO }{hmldal}v} dvvhef} v~dlelec oxv}lfh oi X]DID def d~~dechv~dlelec yld VF\}%

6%4%= Exgnh~ oi {h~}oeeha v~dlehf vo nh ‑il~}v ~h}{oefh~}‗ vo lemlfhev} (lemaxflecm~lgleda leyh}vlcdvo~}! ads heio~mhghev! ghflmda {h~}oeeha! jxfch dfyomdvh}!YD}! ]D^M}! def m`d{adle},

X]DID ]D[^ {~oylfh} oecolec v~dlelec vo daa il~}v ~h}{oefh~}! s`lm` lemaxfh} nov`

mdfhv def {h~gdehev {d~v|% Vo{lm} d~h ~hahydev vo il~}v ~h}{oefh~“} ehhf} def lemaxfh}xnjhmv} }xm` d} ylmvlgoaoc|/v|{lmda ylmvlg nh`dylo~! oiihefh~ nh`dylo~! FoF“} ‑alc`vh~def advh~‗ {oalm| d} ~hadvhf vo moaadvh~da ylmvlg gl}moefxmv! òs vo so~b slv` ylmvlg}!~h{o~vlec }v~dvhclh}! òs vo fhda slv` d ylmvlg sò gd| nh fl}mao}lec vo d gdefdvo~|~h{o~vh~! v|{lmda md}h}/}mhed~lo} x}lec ~oah {ad|} def fl}mx}}loe! def ~hadvhf vo{lm}vovda dvvhefhh} d~h le noaf,:

∞ Mdfhv [HH^ v~dlelec ”” Dxc 44 ” 4>8 v~dlehf

∞ JD/DIO]L Deeh Gxem` v~dlelec ” Dxc 44 ” 48 v~dlehf

∞ DOM/DGV ]D[^ Le'}h~ylmh V~dlelec ” ]h{v 44 ” 6> v~dlehf∞ JD/O]L v~dlelec Deeh Gxem` v~dlelec ” Jde >;4> ” 44 v~dlehf

∞Il~}v ^h}{oefh~ V~dlelec JD! O]L! ]D[^! ]I], ” Gd| 4> ” 9; v~dlehf

∞ Mdfhv NMV Mdf~h Glalvd~| Cxlfdemh Oiilmh~ GCO, v~dlelec ” Gd| 4>' >; v~dlehf

∞ Ehs Dl~ Oiilmh~ Moggdeflec DOM, v~dlelec” Jxe 4>” >=v~dlehf∞ Ehs DOM O~lhevdvloe ]D[^ v~dlelec ” Gd| >;4> ” >4v~dlehf

∞ VOVDA Il~}v ^h}{oefh~} v~dlehf D[\ >;44/4> 7 =43 v~dlehf

6%4%6 Ylmvlg md~h lg{~oyhghev} nov` oe def oii'le}vdaadvloe

V`h go}v }lcelilmdev m`dech vo ylmvlg md~h `d} nhhe v`~oxc` v`h lem~hd}hfmoggxelmdvloe} nhvshhe oii'le}vdaadvloe }x{{o~v dchemlh} def X]DID ]D[^ }vdii%X]DID }vdii ghhv} ~hcxad~a| slv` lv} Moao~dfo ]{~lec} {d~veh~} def `d} lem~hd}hf lv}

jolev v~dlelec hyhev} s`h~h {o}}lnah% Lem~hd}hf moggxelmdvloe `d} ~h}xavhf le delem~hd}hf txdalv| oi md~h def fhm~hd}hf vlghaleh} le ]D ~h}{oe}h%

6%4%8 Dmdfhg| slfh d{{~odm`h} vo lemo~{o~dvh ]D[^ def [O]@ dv daaahyha} oi ahdfh~}`l{

X]DID ]D[^ def [O]@ }vdii he}x~h v`dv daa X]DID def 4; DNS }helo~ ahdfh~} def}vdii d~h leylvhf vo dvvhef v`h ]GH} cxh}v }{hdbh~ {~h}hevdvloe}% X]DID }helo~



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >4

ahdfh~}`l{ `d} dvvhefhf go}v! li eov daa! {d}v ]GH cxh}v }{hdbh~ {~h}hevdvloe}% Ledfflvloe vo oiih~lec gxavl{ah }h}}loe} oi ]GH cxh}v }{hdbh~ {~h}hevdvloe}! v`h X]DID]D[^ }vdii he}x~h} v`dv }{hmlda }h}}loe} d~h oiih~hf io~ daa ahyha} oi 4; DNS {h~}oeeha%

6%4%9 Dmmh}} vo ~h}ox~mh} def }x{{alh}

V`h~h sh~h eo l}}xh} vo ~h}ox~mh} def }x{{alh} le D[\ 44'4>%

6%4%3 Hpl}vlec cd{} le leyhevo~|! {h~}oeeha! def v~de}{o~vdvloe ~h}ox~mh}

∞ V`h~h sh~h eo l}}xh} o~ cd{} le leyhevo~| def v~de}{o~vdvloe io~ D[\ 44'4>%@oshyh~! d} }vdvhf le exgh~ox} FoF ]D[O hydaxdvloe} v`h 4; DNS ~htxl~h} dfhflmdvhf ]D^M vo }{hmlilmdaa| `defah 4; DNS def C]X }hpxda d}}dxav md}h}% V`hmoe}l}vhev deexda lem~hd}h le mdfhv md}h}! oi }oghvlgh} x{ vo 8;(! {admh}}lcelilmdev }v~dle def nx~fhe oe v`h hpl}vlec ]D[^ }vdii def gd| {ovhevlda fhv~dmvi~og v`h txdalv| oi md~h/}h~ylmh} mx~~heva| {~oylfhf vo ]D ylmvlg}% ^hih~hemh ]hmvloe

4; io~ fomxghevdvloe oi v`l} fhilmlhem|%∞ V~dlehf HO }{hmldal}v} d~h dydladnah dv v`h 4; DNS/HO Oiilmh def dv v`h ]ljde HO

]dvhaalvh Oiilmh s`lm` l} {~o{h~a| htxl{{hf! {~lydvh def dmmh}}lnah le v`h mdfhv d~hd

8% LG[ÔYH ]\]VHG DMMOXEVDNLALV\

8%4 Hphmxvloe oi Dmdfhg| Oyh~}lc`v [~oc~dg}

V`h X]DID ]D[^ def HO {~oc~dg} hphmxvh oyh~}lc`v v`~oxc` gde| dyhexh}! volemaxfh FoF def DI le}v~xmvloe}! le}{hmvloe}! }x~yh|}! def iomx} c~ox{}% Hpdg{ah} oiv`h}h dmmoxevdnlalv| ghvòf} d~h al}vhf nhaos:

∞ Dmdfhg| ^h}{oe}h Vhdg D^V,% D gxavl'fl}ml{aled~| }hpxda d}}dxav md}hgdedchghev vhdg moefxmv} md}h ~hylhs}! ghhvlec vslmh hdm` goev`

∞ V`h Mdfhv @ha{lec Dchem| Vhdg M@DV,% D gxavl'fl}ml{aled~| vhdg v`dv ghhv}goevà|! o~ oe de hgh~chev nd}l} li ehhfhf! vo ~hylhs def goelvo~ mdfhv}hp{h~lhemlec o~ xefh~colec fliilmxav vlgh} o~ {h~}oeda `d~f}`l{% V`l} vhdg! m`dl~hfn| v`h Ylmh Moggdefdev oi Mdfhv} io~ Mxavx~h def Malgdvh def l} mog{~l}hf oighflmda! ghevda `hdav`! mdfhv moxe}halec! ]D[^! def mdfhv ahdfh~}`l{ slv` v`hlevhev vo goelvo~ def `dyh ‐h|h} oe“ daa mdfhv} {admhf oe v`h Mdfhv} Dv ^l}b Al}vMDÂ,%

∞ ]hyh~da hpvh~eda d}}h}}ghev} d~h moefxmvhf h% c% FGFM Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh|

def Mdfhv Iomx} C~ox{}! FoF nl'deexda ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| D}}h}}ghev }lvh yl}lv,!]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def Yloahemh ]@)Y, ~h{o~v! FoFDD^! def X]DIDL =8;>[h~io~gdemh Gdedchghev d}}h}}ghev}%

∞ DI LC moefxmvhf v`hl~ nl'Deexda MXL le}{hmvloe} le Ihn~xd~| >;4>%∞ V`h X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg sd} ioxef le mog{aldemh def ~hmocelzhf io~ d

vhdg hpmhaahemh dsd~f%

∞ V`h XML ileflec} }òshf m`daahech} le v`h HO Oiilmh! nxv eoeh fl~hmva|~hadvhf vo v`h mdfhv }h~ylmh}%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >>

∞ Edvloeda }xnjhmv gdvvh~ hp{h~v} d~h moe}xavhf F~% Jdmb}oe Bdvz! F~% Fo~ov`|Hfsd~f}, vo moevlexdaa| ~hileh def lg{~oyh v`h txdalv| def dmmx~dm| oi daa {~h}hevhfleio~gdvloe%

∞ X]DID MS[ moefxmv} txd~vh~a| xelv }hai'le}{hmvloe}% ]D[^ x}h} v`h DI Le}{hmvloeM`hmbal}v d} d cxlfh%

∞V`h X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg o{h~dvh} xefh~ v`h dx}{lmh} oi FoFL 96<8%;>! Jxeh >=!>;;9 def DIL =9'9;;4! ]h{v >;;3%

8%> ]|eo{}l} oi v`h Io~gda [~omh}}h}! [d~vlml{dev}! def Fdvd Moaahmvloe Dmvlylvlh}v`dv ]x{{o~v Oyh~}lc`v oi v`h [~oc~dg}

Oyh~}lc`v def dmmoxevdnlalv| io~ v`h X]DID ]D[^ def HO {~oc~dg} ommx~} v`~oxcòxvhdm` dmdfhglm {~oc~dg |hd~2 def lv lemaxfh} }hai'le}{hmvloe! X]DID MS[ def MSd}}h}}ghev! DI goevà|/txd~vh~a|/deexda ~h{o~v}! FoF def Moec~h}}loeda deexda/nl'deexda }x~yh|}! d}}h}}ghev}! }lvh yl}lv}! def s~lvvhe ~h{o~v}% Vòxc` eov d FoF~htxl~hghev! X]DID ]D[^ l} d `lc` levh~h}v lvhg def {d~vlml{dev le ov`h~ X]DID

le}vlvxvloeda dmm~hflvdvloe}%

8%>%4 [~oc~dg Gdedchghev ^hylhs}

∞ D^V md}h gdedchghev vhdg ghhv} nl'shhba|2 hpmhhflec v`h oemh d goev` FoFdef DI }vdefd~f

∞ Fdvd moaahmvloe io~ X]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg hydaxdvloe def dmmoxevdnlalv| `d} nhhelg{ahghevhf n| ox~ ]omlda Eo~glec Mdg{dlce ” {~h/{o}v fdvd moaahmvloe dv ]D[^v~dlelec} def hfxmdvloeda {~oc~dg}%

∞ X]DID Ihn >;4> XML ]D[^ D}}h}}ghev ‑Oxv}vdeflec‗ ~dvlec%

∞ FoF ]D[Ô D}}h}}ghev >;44! ghv/hpmhhfhf daa }vdefd~f}%

∞DIL =9'=8;> X]DID [h~io~gdemh Ghv~lm} ” Dl~ Io~mh%

∞ FoFDD^ ” Fh{d~vghev oi Fhihe}h%∞ ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def Yloahemh ]@ ) Y, ~h{o~v nl'deexda ” Moec~h}}%

∞ FoF Txd~vh~a| ^h{o~v}2 v~dmb} ^h}v~lmvhf/Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}! ylmvlg }h~ylmh}! ahcdadef leyh}vlcdvlyh oxvmogh} io~ Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}%

∞ X]DID MS[ ]hai'Le}{hmvloe M`hmbal}v} txd~vh~a|,%

∞ X]DID Dmdfhglm Dmm~hflvdvloe def Edvloeda Moaahcldvh Dvàhvlm D}}omldvloe EMDD,mh~vlilmdvloe {~omh}} ~htxh}vhf X]DID ]D[^ {d~vlml{dvloe2 nov` m~hfhevldalecnoflh} adxfhf X]DID ]D[^ }vdii! ylmvlg }x{{o~v def dfyomdm|! def {~oc~dg}%

∞ Mog{~h`he}lyh Xelv Le}{hmvloe moefxmvhf n| v`h LC le Ihn~xd~| oi >;4> ioxef v`hX]DID ]D[^ {~oc~dg le mog{aldemh! slv` }hyh~da nhem`gd~b {~oc~dg}%

8%>%> ]vh{} Vdbhe vo Dff~h}} ^hmogghefdvloe} i~og [d}v Hpvh~eda Oyh~}lc`vDmvlylvlh}

[ahd}h ~hih~ vo ]hmvloe 4;%

8%>%= Mog{~h`he}lyh ghv~lm} vo moaahmv! deda|zh def ~h{o~v oe {~oc~dglg{~oyhghev%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >=

X]DID l} mx~~heva| moe}v~xmvlec d {~oc~dg d}}h}}ghev ghvòfoaoc| v`dv slaa daaos io~v`h ghd}x~hghev oi hiihmvlyheh}} oi ]D[^ ~hadvhf v~dlelec% X]DID ]D[^ l} so~blecslv` X]DID} moggl}}loelec hfxmdvloe flyl}loe vo lfhevli| gl}}loe noxefd~lh} def}|eh~c| slv` de| ehs d}}h}}ghev ghvòfoaoc|% V`h ehs d}}h}}ghev {~omh}} l}hp{hmvhf vo nh lg{ahghevhf glf D[\ 4>'4=%

8%>%6 ]vdefd~flzhf ]D[^ ^htxl~hghev}! Vh~gleoaoc|! [~ovomoa}! def Cxlfhaleh}io~ Le}v~xmvloeda Gdvh~lda}

V`h~h sh~h eo dfflvloeda X]DID hiio~v} vo }vdefd~flzh ]D[^ def/o~ [O]@ vh~gleoaoc|def cxlfhaleh} fx~lec D[\ 44'4>%

8%>%8 ^h}hd~m` def fdvd moaahmvloe dmvlylvlh} v`dv `dyh vdbhe {admh slv`le |ox~Dmdfhg| fx~lec v`h {d}v il}mda (dmdfhglm, |hd~

V`h~h sh~h eo dfflvloeda ~h}hd~m` o~ fdvd moaahmvloe hyhev} v`dv ommx~~hf fx~lec D[\

44'4> ov`h~ v`de D{~la >;4> ]DC^ }x~yh|%

8%>%9 Lelvldvloe o~ hphmxvloe oi de| }x~yh| io~ v`h {x~{o}h oi leio~glec o~lg{~oylec Dmdfhg| [O]@ def ]D[^ {~oc~dgglec! lemaxflec `lcàlc`v} oidydladnah ileflec}

Dl~ Io~mh Gde{osh~ Dchem| dfglel}vh~hf X]DID Malgdvh ]x~yh| vo X]DID[h~gdehev [d~v| def Mdfhv} le v`h idaa oi >;44% Oea| 48( oi mdfhv} ~h}{oefhf def v`hfdvd sd} oea| {~h}hevhf le v`h dcc~hcdvh }o eo ~haldnah moemax}loe} dnoxv v`h chefh~malgdvh o~ [O]@/HO {~oc~dg} moxaf nh gdfh%

8%>%3 Lelvldvloe o~ hphmxvloe oi de| hg{l~lmda ~h}hd~m` o~ hydaxdvloe {~ojhmv voleio~g o~ lg{~oyh Dmdfhg| [O]@ o~ ]D[^ {~oc~dgglec! lemaxflec `lcàlc`v} oidydladnah ileflec}

X]DID flf eov {h~io~g de| dmdfhglm }vxflh} ~hcd~flec }hpxda d}}dxav o~ }hpxda`d~d}}ghev fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% @oshyh~! X]DID flf {h~io~g v~hef deda|}l} fx~lec v`hmox~}h oi v`h D[\% V~hef deda|}l}/x{fdvh} sh~h {h~io~ghf goevà| io~ v`h]x{h~levhefhev“} D^V x{fdvh} d} shaa d} NoY yl}lv} fx~lec v`h D[\% Dfflvloedaa|! `lcàhyha deda|}l} sd} {h~io~ghf vo leyh}vlcdvh }{hmlilm fhgoc~d{`lm} oi daahchf{h~{hv~dvo~}%

9% LG[ÔYH BEOSAHFCH DEF XEFH^]VDEFLEC OI ]D[^

9%4 Al}v oi Levh~eda def Hpvh~eda ]vdbhòafh~}

Hpvh~eda ]vdbhòafh~}:

∞ VH]]D

∞ Moao~dfo ]{~lec} [oalmh Fh{d~vghev



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >6

∞ Ha [d}o Moxev| ]`h~lii“} Fh{d~vghev! FD“} Oiilmh! GDFF! def aomda `lc` }mòoa}def xelyh~}lvlh}

∞ Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda ]hpxda D}}dxav Io~he}lm Hpdg ex~}lec }vdii le'}h~ylmh∞ X]DID Nod~f oi Yl}lvo~}

Levh~eda ]vdbhòafh~}:

∞ X]DID {h~gdehev {d~v| vo lemaxfh Idmxav|! Dvàhvlm ]vdii! Mdfhv Slec ahdfh~}`l{ volemaxfh DOM/DGV}! MS {h~gdehev {d~v|,! [~h{d~dvo~| ]mòoa! 4; Dl~ Nd}h Slec%

9%> V~dlelec! [oalm|! [~omhfx~h}! def Lelvldvlyh} vo Leio~g def Hfxmdvh]vdbhòafh~}

∞ DOM/DGV Le'}h~ylmh v~dlelec

∞ DOM Gd}vh~“} Mox~}h def Ehs DOM O~lhevdvloe mad}}∞ Mdfhv ]{oe}o~ [~oc~dg N~lhilec daa mdfhv }{oe}o~ idglalh},

∞][L^H Mdfhv M`d{ha yoaxevhh~},

∞ ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| Hpm`dech Mdfhv N~lhilec}∞ ]{hmldalzhf n~lhilec}/v~dlelec io~ v`h Dvàhvlm Fh{d~vghev }vdii def modm`h}

∞ Leflylfxda ]D[^ v~dlelec io~ Dvàhvlm Fh{d~vghev soghe“} nd}bhvndaa vhdg

∞ Fh{d~vghev oi Idmxav| deexda v~dlelec def ehs idmxav| o~lhevdvloe,

∞ Mdfhv @ha{lec Dchemlh} Vhdg M@DV, ghhv} goevà| vo fl}mx}} ‑dv ~l}b‗ mdfhv} d}d md}h gdedchghev vhdg% ]D[^ l} d ghgnh~%

∞ D^V x{fdvh} vo v`h ]x{h~levhefhev/}helo~ ahdfh~}% ]D[^ {~oylfh} d fhvdlahf md}h}vdvx} vo v`h ]x{h~levhefhev goevà|! d} shaa d} shhba| x{fdvh} vo v`h Moggdefdevdef Ylmh Moggdefdev}% V`h}h x{fdvh} moyh~ v`h }vdvx} oi daa o{he D^V md}h}%

∞ [h~}oeda Hv`lm} def Hfxmdvloe ^h{~h}hevdvlyh} [HH^},%

∞Daa mdfhv [HH^} d~h NDMM@X] ehvso~b mh~vlilhf d} il~}v'moevdmv {olev oi~hih~~da2 eov d} moxe}hao~} nxv d~h v~dlehf vo ~hmocelzh ‐sd~elec“ }lce} le d~dech oi l}}xh} vo lemaxfh }hpxda d}}dxav

∞ ]D[^ {~oylfh} oxv~hdm` }h~ylmh} io~ ov`h~ }vdbhòafh~} oe nd}h o~ d}~htxl~hf/~htxh}vhf% De hpdg{ah soxaf nh d }txdf~oe `d} de Xe~h}v~lmvhf~h{o~v v`dv coh} vo v~lda% V`h ]D[^ vhdg l} leylvhf vo }{hdb/fl}mx}} v`h md}hdef v`h idaaoxv slv`le v`h }txdf~oe slv` mdfhv}/dl~ghe%

3% FDVD IO^ MDFHV/GLF]@L[GDE ^H[O^V]

3%4 Ed~~dvlyh ]xggd~| oi D[\44'4> ^h{o~v}

V`h X]DID ]hpxda D}}dxav ^h}{oe}h Moo~fledvo~ ]D^M, ~hmhlyhf 8> ~h{o~v} oi}hpxda d}}dxav fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% V`l} l} de lem~hd}h i~og == ~h{o~vhf }hpxda d}}dxav}le D[\ 4;'44 FoF Deexda ^h{o~v oe ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev ) Yloahemh dv v`h Glalvd~|]h~ylmh Dmdfhglh}! Dmdfhglm [~oc~dg \hd~ >;4;'>;44,% V`l} |hd~! oi v`h 8> ~h{o~vhf}hpxda d}}dxav}! >4 sh~h Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}! =4 sh~h ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}% Iox~ oi v`h



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >8

>4 Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} sh~h ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} i~og {~hylox} |hd~} v`dv sh~h moeyh~vhfi~og ^h}v~lmvhf vo Xe~h}v~lmvhf fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% Sh d~h ò{hixa v`dv v`l} oyh~daalem~hd}h le ~h{o~v} l} de leflmdvo~ oi v~x}v le v`h ]hpxda D}}dxav [~hyhevloe def^h}{oe}h ]D[^, {~oc~dg! òshyh~ sh x~ch mdxvloe le levh~{~hvlec v`h}h ilcx~h} d} lvmdeeov nh fhilelvlyha| fhvh~glehf li v`h exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav} d~h lem~hd}lec hdm`

D[\ def/o~ v`dv moggdef l} dsd~h oi go~h }hpxda d}}dxav lemlfhev} fxh vo lem~hd}hfv~x}v le v`h ~h{o~vlec {~omh}}% Lv l} lg{o~vdev vo eovh v`dv oi v`h 8> }hpxda d}}dxav md}h}!4> sh~h ~h{o~v} gdfh ~hcd~flec }hpxda d}}dxav} v`dv ommx~~hf {~lo~ vo hev~| vo X]DID{~lo~'vo'}h~ylmh,2 v`l} 4>;( lem~hd}h oyh~ v`h {~hylox} |hd~ oi {~lo~'vo'}h~ylmh ~h{o~v}moxaf }lceli| v~x}v le v`h ]D[^ }|}vhg% V`h~h sh~h > moeyh~}loe} i~og ~h}v~lmvhf voxe~h}v~lmvhf v`dv ommx~~hf le D[\ 44'4>% Lv }òxaf nh eovhf v`dv 6 oi v`h >4 Xe~h}v~lmvhf~h{o~v} sh~h ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} i~og {~hylox} D[\} v`dv sh~h moeyh~vhf i~og ^h}v~lmvhfvo Xe~h}v~lmvhf fx~lec D[\ 44'4>% Vdbhe vochv`h~ slv` v`h 4> md}h} leyoaylec {~lo~'vo'}h~ylmh }hpxda d}}dxav}! v`h vovda exgnh~ oi ehs ~h{o~v} moemh~elec lemlfhev} v`dvommx~~hf s`lah mdfhv} sh~h he~oaahf dv X]DID l} =9%

Fl}{o}lvloe} io~ D[\ 44'4> leyh}vlcdvloe} io~ v`h >4 Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} yd~|% Io~ v`h 3md}h} v`dv ommx~~hf oe X]DID! s`h~h v`h~h sd} Dl~ Io~mh jx~l}flmvloe! vso sh~h ioxefahcdaa| }xiilmlhev vo {~omhhf vo {~o}hmxvloe%

∞ Vovda exgnh~ oi }hpxda d}}dxav ~h{o~v} ” 8>

∞ Exgnh~ oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} ' >4∞ Exgnh~ oi ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v} ' =4

∞ ^h{o~v} moeyh~vhf i~og ^h}v~lmvhf vo Xe~h}v~lmvhf: > ehs md}h} le D[\ >;44/>;4>def 6 md}h} i~og {~hylox} D[\}

∞ Fl}{o}lvloe} io~ leyh}vlcdvloe} oi Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}:∞ 4= leyh}vlcdvloe} d~h }vlaa oecolec

∞ 0 leyh}vlcdvloe} `dyh nhhe mao}hf

∞ Oi v`h 8> ~h{o~v}! 4> leyoayhf {~lo~'vo'}h~ylmh }hpxda d}}dxav} 44 ^h}v~lmvhf def 4 Xe~h}v~lmvhf,

∞ Vovda exgnh~ ehs ~h{o~v} moemh~elec lemlfhev} v`dv ommx~~hf s`lah mdfhv} sh~hhe~oaahf dv X]DID ” =9%

Le D[\ 44'4>! v`h~h sh~h eo io~gda Htxda O{{o~vxelv| ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev md}h}%4;DNS/HO {~omh}}hf hahyhe Moggdefh~ So~bhf L}}xh} MSL},2 }hyhe oi v`h hahyhesh~h fomxghevhf d} }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def iox~ sh~h }hp fl}m~lgledvloe% Daa oiihefh~}~hmhlyhf }ogh io~g oi fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe v`dv sd} htxda vo v`h fhc~hh oi v`h oiihe}h!lemaxflec fl}he~oaaghev mdfhv, def ~hgoyda DGV,% Le v`h 8 ov`h~ md}h}! oiiheflec

mdfhv} ~hmhlyhf oeh oi v`h ioaaoslec fh{heflec oe v`h }hyh~lv| oi v`hl~ oiihe}h,:moxe}halec! ~h}v~lmvloe! oeh'oe'oeh }hpxda `d~d}}ghev v~dlelec def/o~ c~ox{ HO v~dlelecslv`le v`h }txdf~oe%

0% Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh|

0%4 >;4> ]h~ylmh Dmdfhg| Chefh~ ^hadvloe} ]x~yh|



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >9

X]DID flf eov ~hmhlyh v`h >;4> ]DC^ }x~yh| ~h}xav} le vlgh io~ v`l} ~h{o~v% @oshyh~!leio~gdvloe {~oylfhf n| v`h FGFM Iomx} C~ox{ }h}}loe} i~og D[\ 4;'44 sd} x}hf vodff~h}} v`h ioaaoslec d~hd}%

0%4%4 Malgdvh oi moeilfhemh vo ~h{o~v def }hhb `ha{

∞ V`h~h sd} ehd~ xedelgox} dc~hhghev dgoec iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} v`dv }helo~Dmdfhg| ahdfh~} d~h yh~| fhflmdvhf vo {~hyhevlec }hpxda d}}dxav%

∞ Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`dv Dmdfhg| oiilmlda} gdbh v`h Slec dsd~h v`dvlemlfhev} oi }hpxda d}}dxav `dyh ommx~~hf%

0%4%> [~hyhevloe oi }hpxda d}}dxav

^hih~hemh ]hmvloe 0%4%3%

0%4%= Dmmh}} def beosahfch oi ~h}ox~mh} io~ ghflmda md~h def moxe}halec

Mdfhv} d~h n~lhihf dv v`h `ha{lec dchemlh} n~lhilec oe fd| vso oi NMV dnoxv ^h}v~lmvhfdef Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec! ghflmda md~h! moxe}halec! def ov`h~ }x{{o~v }h~ylmh} d~hdydladnah%

0%4%6 Xefh~}vdeflec oi ^h}v~lmvhf def Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec o{vloe}

Go}v {d~vlml{dev} le v`h iomx} c~ox{} mo~~hmva| }vdvhf v`h fliih~hemh nhvshhe ^h}v~lmvhfdef Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda d}}dxav%

0%4%8 Beosahfch oi v`h ~h{o~vlec {~omh}} io~ }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxdad}}dxav

Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} cheh~daa| behs v`h fhilelvloe oi }hpxda d}}dxav {h~ v`h Xelio~gMofh oi Glalvd~| Jx}vlmh XMGJ, def v`dv v`h fhilelvloe lemaxfh} d yd~lhv| oi nh`dylo~}i~og xesdevhf }hpxda voxm`lec v`~oxc` mog{ahvhf xesdevhf }hpxda levh~mox~}h%

0%4%9 V~dlelec oe `os vo dyolf }lvxdvloe} v`dv lem~hd}h ~l}b oi }hpxda yloahemh

∞ Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`h| fo eov ~hmhlyh }{hmlilm v~dlelec oelevh~yhelec nhvshhe de oiihefh~ def ylmvlg%

∞ Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`dv v`h| d~h v~dlehf le {~hyhevloe%

∞

Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`h Dmdfhg| l} folec d coof jon oi leio~glec}vxfhev} dnoxv }hpxda d}}dxav def {~oylflec ~h}ox~mh}% Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev}da}o leflmdvhf v`dv v`h| xefh~}vdef v`h Slecgde moemh{v def ehhf sdvm` oxv io~hdm` ov`h~ nhio~h de lemlfhev ommx~}%

0%4%3 Xefh~~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >3

∞ S`he voaf v`dv X]DID `df v`h c~hdvh}v exgnh~ oi ~h{o~vhf }hpxda d}}dxav} le v`h{d}v |hd~ mog{d~hf vo v`h ov`h~ ]h~ylmh Dmdfhglh}! iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} sh~heov }x~{~l}hf%

∞ Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`dv lv l} fliilmxav vo beos li d ~h{o~v soxaf }vd|deoe|gox} s`he v`h edvx~h oi }xmmh}}ixa ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec foh} eov ~hyhda d

~h{o~v `d} nhhe gdfh%∞ Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} ihav v`dv v`h X]DID }|}vhg daaos} gdblec de deoe|gox}

~h{o~v li v`h ylmvlg vhaa} }oghoeh le v`h }|}vhg nxv eov v`hl~ {hh~}%

∞ Ov`h~ iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} fl}dc~hhf v`dv oeh moxaf gdbh d mog{ahvha|deoe|gox} ~h{o~v nhmdx}h X]DID }vxfhev} alyh le }xm` mao}h txd~vh~}%

∞ ]ogh iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`dv }vxfhev} soxaf eov ~h{o~v xesdevhf}hpxda voxm`lec hyhe v`oxc` lv l} lemaxfhf le v`h fhilelvloe oi }hpxda d}}dxav nhmdx}hoi v`h }h~lox}eh}} oi }hpxda d}}dxav dmmx}dvloe}%

∞ Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`dv {ho{ah glc`v hefo~}h d nh`dylo~ oe d}x~yh|! nxv eov ihha lv l} lg{o~vdev heoxc` vo ~h{o~v o~ v`h| voob md~h oi v`h l}}xhv`hg}hayh}% Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} da}o lfhevlilhf d glef}hv v`dv v`h| d~h

hp{hmvhf vo nh voxc` def fhda slv` l}}xh}%∞ Iomx} c~ox{ {d~vlml{dev} leflmdvhf v`dv }ogh }vxfhev} fo eov ~h{o~v }hpxda

`d~d}}ghev io~ ihd~ oi v`h lg{dmv oe `os ov`h~} ylhs v`hg%

0%> D{{a|lec >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| ^h}xav} vo Lg{~oyh ]hpxda D}}dxav def ]hpxda@d~d}}ghev [~hyhevloe def ^h}{oe}h%

X]DID foh} eov `dyh v`h ~h}xav} oi v`h >;4> ]DC^ ]x~yh| d} v`h| `dyh eov nhhe~hahd}hf vo v`h Dmdfhg| dv v`h vlgh v`l} ~h{o~v sd} s~lvvhe% Oemh v`h >;4> ]DC^~h{o~v l} ~hmhlyhf! X]DID slaa vdbh v`h d{{~o{~ldvh dmvloe} vo lemo~{o~dvh v`h }x~yh|~h}xav}/ihhfndmb levo v`h ]D[^ {~oc~dg%

<% [ade} io~ D[\ 4>'4=

<%4 [ade io~ Dmvloe} D[\ 4>/4=

<%4%4 [~hyhevloe oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev def }hpxda d}}dxav

V`h 4; DNS/HO Oiilmh slaa moevlexh vo ~hleio~mh v`h HO {oalm| oi ‑Zh~o Voah~demh‗ io~]hpxda `d~d}}ghev n| lem~hd}lec v`hl~ Oxv def Dnoxv {~oc~dg le v`h mdfhv d~hd} shaad} moevlexh vo so~b mao}ha| slv` v`h DOM} def DGV}%

<%4%4%4^h'Ydg{ DI ]D[^ Dmmh}}loe} 4 def > [~oc~dg

∞ DI ~htxl~h} daa dmmh}}loe} }ox~mh} vo {~oylfh ]D[^ Dmmh}}loe} v~dlelec {d~v} 4 def> dv }ogh {olev le v`h vhex~h oi v`h mdfhv/dl~gde% V`l} lemaxfh} DI nd}lm v~dlelec 9shhb},% DI Dmmh}}loe} v~dlelec l} DHVM'fhyhao{hf%

∞ X]DID ]D[^ slaa d{{~odm` DI ]D[^ def DHVM vo }hmx~h {h~gl}}loe vo xvlalzhdmmh}}loe} vhdm`lec {olev}! coda}/onjhmvlyh}! nxv gdbh v`h v~dlelec go~hmdfhv/moaahch'dch d{{~o{~ldvh/fhyhao{ghevda%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v >0

∞ X]DID ]D[^ levhev l} vo iomx} oe hiihmvlyh n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe! damoòa x}h! lv}leiaxhemh oe }hpxda d}}dxav def ~hadvhf d{{~o{~ldvh {~hyhevloe/hfxmdvloe x}lecmdfhv ~hahydev }m~l{v}! }mhed~lo}! ylfho}! hvm%

<%4%4%> Lg{ahghev v`h mdfhv N|}vdefh~ Levh~yhevloe [~oc~dg

∞ [~ojhmvhf > |hd~ lg{ahghevdvloe vlghaleh slv` mog{ahvh lg{ahghevdvloe le Idaa >;4=%

∞ Moevlexh vo ~hileh def lg{ahghev v`h hpl}vlec mdfhv n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe {~oc~dgslv` v`h ‑C~hhe Fov‗ {~oc~dg% Vo fdvh d }h~lh} oi mdfhv ylfho} `dyh nhhe ilaghf%

∞ M~hdvh/lg{ahghev ]D[^ ‑m~l}l} md~f}‗% ]D[^ m~l}l} md~f} d~h `d~f {ad}vlm leio md~f}s`lm` slaa nh dvvdm`hf n| mal{ vo v`h mdfhv“} {~op| md~f}% V`h}h slaa nh l}}xhf vohdm` nd}lm mdfhv fx~lec NMV%

<%4%> Lg{~oylec ylmvlg ~h{o~vlec oi }hpxda d}}dxav def beosahfch oi }hpxda`d~d}}ghev ~h{o~vlec ~h}ox~mlec

<%4%>%4 Lg{~oyh v`h ‐h]D^M“ {~oc~dg vo he`demh ~h}{oe}h vo ylmvlg} def ix~v`h~hemox~dch ^h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec o{vloe

∞ Moevlexh vo lg{ahghev/lg{~oyh vhmèoaoc| def he`demh moggxelmdvloe slv` mdfhv}x}lec v`hl~ moggxelmdvloe yhexh} mhaa {òeh vhpvlec! hgdla! hvm%,%

∞ Nhcle c~oxefso~b slv` v`h 4; DNS Moggxelmdvloe} ]txdf~oe def LV vo }hv x{}hmx~h hgdla def shn}lvh v`dv lemaxfh}:

∞ Moeilfhevlda ~h{o~vlec o{vloe io~ ylmvlg vo v`h ]D^M x}lec vhpv/hgdla

∞ D yl~vxda ylmvlg }x{{o~v c~ox{% D }hmx~h shn'nd}hf m`dv ~oog v|{h {~oc~dgio~ ylmvlg}/}x~ylyo~} v`dv cxd~devhh} deoe|glv| |hv v`h| gd| levh~dmv slvòv`h~ ylmvlg}/}x~ylyo~} io~ }x{{o~v def ydalfdvloe%

<%4%>%> Lg{~oyh ~hadvloe}`l{ nhvshhe HO Oiilmh def Mdfhv ]txdf~oe ahdfh~}`l{

∞ V`h 4; DNS HO Oiilmh {h~}oeeha `dyh fhyhao{hf d v`~hh {d~v {ade le vo hahydvh~hadvloe} nhvshhe v`h HO Oiilmh }{hmldal}v} def Mdfhv ]txdf~oe ahdfh~}`l{% V`hcoda l} vo lem~hd}h ~h{o~vlec oi moggdefh~ so~bhf l}}xh} vo v`h HO Oiilmh% Nhmdx}hv`h DOM o~ DGV idlahf vo moevdmv v`h HO }{hmldal}v! v`h~h d~h }ogh HO lemlfhev}v`dv ommx~ slvòxv eovlmh vo HO o~ HO ahd~e} dnoxv v`h l}}xh divh~ v`h idmv% ]lemh lv l}fliilmxav vo ghd}x~h òs gxm` leio~gdvloe l} fhalyh~hf divh~ de oyh~}lc`v l} gdfh!v`h ghd}x~lec }vlmb slaa }òs oea| v`h exgnh~ oi moevdmv} HO ~hmhlyhf io~ }txdf~oen~lhilec} le v`h mdfhv d~hd%

∞V`h~h d~h v`~hh }vh{} {adeehf vo lem~hd}h moevdmv slv` v`h DOM def DGV}:

4% ]hef oxv x}hixa vl{} slv` v`h fdvd mdaa io~ MSL} dv v`h hef oi hdm` goev`%

>% Dvvhg{v vo dvvhef C~ox{ ghhvlec} dv v`h nhcleelec oi v`h Dmdfhglm \hd~%

=% Sdab d~oxef v`h mdg{x} vo dmtxdlev HO ]{hmldal}v} slv` v`h DGV}

<%4%= ^h}{oe}h vo ylmvlg}



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v ><

∞ X]DID {ade} vo moevlexh hph~ml}lec lv} hpl}vlec {~omhfx~h} le ~h}{oeflec vo ]Dylmvlg}% Hpl}vlec ihhfndmb i~og ]D ylmvlg} leflmdvh} v`dv v`h }|}vhg l} so~blec shaadef foh} eov ~htxl~h dfflvloeda goflilmdvloe dv v`l} vlgh%

∞ V`h HO moevlexh} vo vdbh oe'colec {~odmvlyh ghd}x~h} vo {~ogovh v`h ‑zh~ovoah~demh‗ {oalm|! fomxghev} fl}ml{aled~| dmvloe} def {~oylfh} c~ox{ def oeh'oe'

oeh v~dlelec vo oiihefh~}, vo {~hyhev ~hmx~~hemh oi }hpxda `d~d}}ghev%

<%4%6 Oyh~}lc`v dmvlylvlh}Moevlexh lg{ahghevdvloe oi {~oc~dg hydaxdvloe fx~lec }{hdbh~ {~h}hevdvloe} def]D[^'vdxc`v mad}}h} x}lec }vdefd~flzhf {~h def {o}v txh}vloe} def sl~hah}} fdvdmoaahmvloe fhylmh}%

<%4%8 ]vdbhòafh~ oxv~hdm`

Lem~hd}h {d~vlml{dvloe def moaadno~dvloe/{~hyhevloe slv` }`d~hf v~dlelec hyhev} slv`\GMD! VH]]D! GDDF! aomda xelyh~}lvlh}/`lc` }mòoa}! aomda ò}{lvda}! hvm%,%

<%4%9 Ov`h~

]omlda Eo~glec/Gd~bhvlec Mdg{dlce

∞ V`h D[\ 4>/4= }omlda eo~glec mdg{dlce slaa iomx} oe n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe%

∞ Xvlalzh fdvd moaahmvhf i~og }vdefd~flzhf txh}vloe} d}bhf oi mdfhv} ~hcd~flecn|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe%

∞ Hp{def v`h moaahmvloe oi fdvd moaahmvhf {~h def {o}v v~dlelec {~h}hevdvloe} d} dghd}x~h oi {~oc~dg hiihmvlyheh}}%

∞ ]ogh mdfhv fdvd ~hcd~flec n|}vdefh~ levh~yhevloe `d} nhhe moaahmvhf v`l} D[\%

∞Mdfhv {h~mh{vloe l} v`dv go}v mdfhv} soxaf eov levh~yheh li v`h| }ds ihaaosmdfhv}/i~lhef} hecdclec le nh`dylo~ v`dv {xv v`hg dv ~l}b io~ }hpxda d}}dxav%

4;% ]VDVX] OI [D]V DMVLOE LVHG] DEF ^HMOGGHEFDVLOE] LE [^HYLOX]^H[O^V]

4;%4 ^h}{oe}h vo D[\ 4;'44 ^h{o~v oe ]hpxda @d~d}}ghev def Yloahemh

]hh ioaaoslec {dch,



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v =>

gl}{h~mh{vloe} le v~dlelec% fhilelvloe% Moaadvh~da gl}moefxmv l} da}o dff~h}}hf fx~lec v`h <; gle cxh}v ahmvx~h~

}h~lh} fx~lec NMV%

>% Io~ x{{h~ = mad}}h}! lv l} dff~h}}hf fx~lec deexda mdfhv ]D[^ ~hi~h}`h~ v~dlelec%

=% V`h Ylmh Moggdefdev io~ Mxavx~h ) Malgdvh {~oylfh} v~dlelec vo DOM} )

DGV} dv ahd}v deexdaa| vo {~ogovh v`hl~ xefh~}vdeflec oi lv! def lv} ~hadvloe vo v`h

FoF ‐alc`vh~ ) advh~“ {oalm| d} lv ~hadvh} vo Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~v}%

6% MS[B l} so~blec slv` ahdfh~}`l{ ~hcd~flec v`h l}}xh oi alc`vh~ def advh~

~hcd~flec ylmvlg} v`~oxc` v`h Dmdfhg| ^h}{oe}h Vhdg (D^V, ghhvlec ) D^V

x{fdvh} vo v`h Moggdefdev ) ]x{h~levhefhev% V`h l}}xh oi n|}vdefh~“} moaadvh~da

gl}moefxmv l} nhlec fl}mx}}hf mx~~heva| dv v`h}h io~xg}%8% ^hmhev FoF m`dech} vo {oalm| def }vdvxvh} }xm` d} v`h ~h{hda oi FDFV ) v`h

hyhe go~h ~hmhev FoF m`dech} vo ]D[^2 s`lm` d~h eos }vdvxvo~|! d~h f~lylec daa

}h~ylmh} vo m`dech ]D[^ {oalm|! io~ hpdg{ah! ~hgoylec ògo}hpxda nh`dylo~ d} d

v|{h oi moaadvh~da gl}moefxmv%

9% V`h DI ~hmhlyhf v`h ehs FoF }vdvxvh} le advh Jde >;4> def l} {x}`lec v`hg oxv

vo v`h n~dem`h} sò slaa le vx~e ~hs~lvh gxm` oi v`h mx~~hev ]D[^ cxlfdemh% Sh

d~h }vlaa dsdlvlec ix~v`h~ cxlfdemh le o~fh~ vo hiihmvlyha| dff~h}} v`h

gl}{h~mh{vloe}% ” Oecolec

3% Fh{hefhev x{oe DI ~hs~lvh oi ehs FoF ]D[^ cxlfdemh ~hcd~flec fhilelvloe}!m`dech} vo moaadvh~da gl}moefxmv! {~omhfx~h}! def {oalm|% Gde| oi v`h}h m`dech}

`dyh }lcelilmdev lg{dmv oe v`h ]D[^ {~oc~dg ) gx}v nh foeh md~hixaa| )

vòxc`vixaa|%

08

Hydaxdvh daa ~hd}oe} io~ eov ~h{o~vlec def

dff~h}} v`hg d{{~o{~ldvha| le v~dlelec defhfxmdvloeda gdvh~lda}%

X]DID ]D[^ moevlexdaa| so~b} vo lfhevli| def dff~h}} v`h nd~~lh~} vo ~h{o~vlec

d} sh beos ‑vofd|‗% V`h}h ~h{o~vlec nd~~lh~} d~h d ‑goylec vd~chv‗ def slaa nhmoevlexhf vo nh dff~h}}hf d} ehs oeh} d~h lfhevlilhf%

' Mao}hf

03

H}vdnal}` d }hmoef ]D^M vo }x{{o~v ov`h~

xelv}%

4% ]D[^ l} mx~~heva| so~blec slv` ahdfh~}`l{ vo h}vdnal}` ) ixef v`l} {o}lvloe%

X]DID ]D[^ `d} s~lvvhe d v~dlelec }{hmldal}v mo~h fomxghev def slaa ~htxh}v v`l}{o}lvloe%

>% ]D[^ ~hmheva| x{c~dfhf v`h Dfgle D}}l}vdev {o}lvloe vo d C]';</44 ]D[^

]{hmldal}v def `d} }xnglvvhf d sdlyh~ vo {h~glv v`l} leflylfxda vo dmv d} v`hDavh~edvh ]D^M%

=% 4;DNS/MY def MS[ ghv le D{~la def v`h| d~h dvvhg{vlec vo fhvh~gleh li de|gdeelec li dydladnah i~og DI%

6% ^htxl~h} ix~v`h~ }vxf| vo d}}h}} so~baodf! gdeelec! ixeflec! aomdvloe! hvm% ”

Oecolec



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v ==

03

Xvlalzh YSA d} v`h }lecah {olev oi moevdmv

io~ }hpxda d}}dxav ylmvlg} le v`h glalvd~|

jx}vlmh {~omh}}%

Ylmvlg} d~h {~oylfhf d FF Io~g >3;4 n| il~}v ~h}{oefh~}% V`h YSD[ moo~fledvo~

ioaaos} x{ slv` ylmvlg} divh~ d ~hd}oednah {h~lof oi vlgh% X}xdaa| slv`le d shhb%

S`he d YSA l} d}}lcehf! `h o~ }`h l} v`h {olev oi moevdmv io~ glalvd~| jx}vlmh

gdvvh~}% Leyh}vlcdvo~} def V~lda moxe}ha da}o levh~dmv slv` v`h ylmvlg d} d{{~o{~ldvh%

” Mao}hf 43 Ihn >;4>

03

Moefxmv ~hi~h}`h~ v~dlelec io~ v`h ]D[^

]vdii slv` v`h M`lhi oi Glalvd~| Jx}vlmh%

4% ]D[^ moevlexh} vo def mx~~heva| `d} lg{ahghevhf deexda! }{hmldalzhf v~dlelec

io~ ox~ JD i~og Deeh Gxem`! ^x}} ]v~def! def Yh~dxefd Jdmb}oe le vh~g} oi

ylmvlgoaoc|! x}h oi hp{h~v slveh}}h}! ylmvlg }x{{o~v! {}|mòaoclmda hylfhemh!

moe}hev def ov`h~ diil~gdvlyh fhihe}h}! def ~hadvhf%

>% Dfflvloedaa| X]DID ]D[^ ixef} JD }vdii vo dvvhef }{hmlda v~dlelec} defmoeih~hemh} ~hcd~flec }hpxda d}}dxav vo lemaxfh VF\ def v~dlelec mo}v / ihh}% ”

Mao}hf

00

^hleio~mh gh}}dclec vo Dl~ Oiilmh~}

Moggdeflec oe ~h{o~vlec o{vloe} def v`hl~

~oah le v`h Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec {~omh}}%

4% Mx~~heva| ]D[^ l} hecdclec DOM} ) DGV} yld v`hl~ ~hcxad~ le'}h~ylmh

v~dlelec}% V`h ]D^M `d} {~oylfhf vso }{hmldalzhf v~dlelec} le v`h Idaa vo d}}l}v

v`hg le {~h}hevlec v`h ]D[^ v~dlelec vo v`h x{{h~ = mad}}h}%

>% V`h ]D^M ~hmo~fhf d FYF io~ hdm` DOM vo xvlalzh le v`hl~ deexda v~dlelec vo

{~oylfh d }vdefd~f! moe}l}vhev gh}}dch vo daa mdfhv} ~hcd~flec fhilelvloe}! moe}hev!

moaadvh~da gl}moefxmv! ) ~h}{oe}h vo }hpxda d}}dxav}%

=% ]D[^ da}o {~oylfh} v~dlelec vo v`h DOM moò~v}2 v`h| d~h Gd}vh~} {~oc~dg

}vxfhev} v`dv slaa nhmogh DOM}% V`l} lemaxfh} v`hl~ ~oah le Xe~h}v~lmvhf ~h{o~vlec%

” Mao}hf

00

X{fdvh [[M def ghevda `hdav` {~oylfh~}“

aomda o{h~dvlec {~omhfx~h} def levdbh

fomxghevdvloe%

V`h [[M x{fdvhf lv} Leio~ghf Moe}hev m`hmbal}v vo dmmoxev io~ v`h DIL =9'9;;4

fl}mao}x~h moeialmv slv` v`h ]D^M% V`h [[M `d} da}o m~hdvhf d {~omh}} le s`lm` vo

so~b slv` ]D[^ {h~}oeeha le ~hcd~f} vo eovli|lec v`hg oi }hpxda d}}dxav}

lfhevlilhf fx~lec moxe}halec }h}}loe}% ” Mao}hf D{~la >;4>

0<

V`h ]D^M def Fh{xv| ]D^M }òxaf ghhvhyh~| }lp goev`} slv` Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda“}

]DEH Gdedch~ vo ~hylhs v`h GOX!

{~omhfx~h} v`dv `dyh m`dechf! dff~h}} òs

md}h} `dyh nhhe `defahf! def vo gdbh

~hmogghefdvloe} io~ lg{~oyhghev%

4% X]DID ]D[^ l} mx~~heva| so~blec mao}ha| slv` Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda% V`h ]D^M{~oylfhf v~dlelec ) dvvhefhf v`h ]hpxda D}}dxav Ex~}h Hpdgleh~ (]DEH,

{~oylfh~“} }vdii ghhvlec le Gd| >;44 ) dcdle le Eoyhgnh~/Fhmhgnh~ oi >;44 io~

d }{hmldalzhf v~dlelec%

>% V`l} ~hadvloe}`l{ `d} nhhe h}vdnal}`hf! l} oecolec! def }òxaf nh moe}lfh~hf

mog{ahvh%

” Mao}hf

<;

Daaos ]hmx~lv| Io~mh} vo dvvhef v`h deexda

]hpxda D}}dxav Leyh}vlcdvloe} V~dlelec

Moeih~hemh%

Li gdeelec {h~glv}! 4; ]I] slaa }hef leyh}vlcdvo~} vo v`h moeih~hemh% ” Mao}hf 48

Ihn >;4>

<> Moe}oalfdvh daa [O]@ def ]D[^ oxvmogh [ahd}h }hh ~h}{oe}h vo Dmvloe Lvhg [dch Exgnh~ 33%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v =6

fdvd def ghv~lm} levo d }lecah {~ofxmv

o~cdelzhf n| v`h Fh{d~vghev“} }v~dvhclm

{~lo~lvlh}%

<=

Lemaxfh ]D^M ihhfndmb le DIO]L fhn~lhi}% Divh~ moe}xavlec slv` FoF/]D[Ô oiilmh! DIO]L ~hmhlyhf d al}v oi {ovhevlda fh'

n~lhi vo{lm} vo moyh~ slv` v`h ]D^M divh~ leyh}vlcdvloe} d~h mog{ahvh% DIO]L slaa

lemo~{o~dvh v`h}h }xcch}vloe} levo ixvx~h fhn~lhi} slv` v`h ]D^M oiilmh% ” Mao}hf

>= Ihn >;4>

<=

Moaadno~dvh slv` def ~h{o~v v`h fl}{o}lvloe}

def }hevhemh} io~ s~oecixa }hpxda moevdmv

daahcdvloe}

V`h ]D[^ {~oc~dg moaadno~dvh} shhba| slv` JD)O]L fx~lec shhba|

Moggdefh~“} ]vdef'X{ ghhvlec} def vslmh goevà| io~ v`h ]x{h~levhefhev} D^V

{~h{ def D^V ghhvlec}% V`l} moaadno~dvloe {~omh}} l} le {admh def `d} nhheso~blec shaa% DIO]L slaa moevlexh vo so~b slv` 4;

v`]hmx~lv| Io~mh} Leyh}vlcdvo~}

vo dmmx~dvha| fomxghev def ~h{o~v daa le}vdemh} oi s~oecixa }hpxda moevdmv% ”

Mao}hf >= Ihn >;4>

<=

Moo~fledvh slv` v`h Dl~ Io~mh Jxfch

Dfyomdvh Cheh~da vo he}x~h! d} d{{~o{~ldvh!

v`h lemoglec M`lhi oi Glalvd~| Jx}vlmh

dvvhef} d }{hmldalzhf }hpxda d}}dxav

{~o}hmxvloe mox~}h%

V`h M`lhi oi Jx}vlmh def v~lda moxe}ha aoob io~ o{{o~vxelvlh} vo dvvhef {~oih}}loeda

fhyhao{ghev v~dlelec vo lemaxfh V~lda} Vhdg! def v`h V~lda def Fhihe}h Dfyomdm|

Mox~}h (VFDM, def ov`h~ mox~}h}% JD `d} vdbhe dfydevdch oi aomda }{hmldalzhf

}hpxda d}}dxav {~o}hmxvloe mox~}h} def slaa aoob io~ o{{o~vxelvlh} vo dvvhef ov`h~

}{hmldalzhf mox~}h}% JD da}o }vd|} mx~~hev slv` oealeh v~dlelec oe }hpxda d}}dxav

l}}xh}% ” Mao}hf 43 Ihn >;4>

<=

Fomxghev mog{ahvha| def moe}l}vheva| v`h

md}h fl}{o}lvloe def oiihefh~ }hevhemlec le

md}h ~hmo~f}%

V`h Glalvd~| Jx}vlmh ]hmvloe bhh{} ~hmo~f} oi v`h md}h fl}{o}lvloe def }hevhemlec le

daa md}h} v`dv ~h}xav le de D~vlmah 48 o~ mox~v gd~vlda le V`h Dxvogdvhf Glalvd~|

Jx}vlmh Deda|}l} ) Gdedchghev ]|}vhg (DGJDG],%

” Mao}hf 43 Ihn >;4>

<6

Goelvo~ HO }vdiilec vo {~hyhev hpvhefhf

ydmdemlh} o~ }ò~vdch}%

^h{o~v }vdvh}: ‑[~hyhevloe oi hpvhefhf }vdiilec ydmdemlh} o~ }ò~vdch} l} mx~~heva|

mao}ha| goelvo~hf vo he}x~h d moevlexlv| oi txdalv| }h~ylmh} def }x{{o~v vo v`hX]DID‗% HO Fl~hmvo~ slaa moevlexh vo mao}ha| goelvo~%

” Mao}hf

<3

X]DID }òxaf lg{~oyh lv} hiio~v} vomoggxelmdvh def moo~fledvh slv` lv}

moggxelv| {d~veh~} vo ahyh~dch v`h}h

~h}ox~mh} go~h hiihmvlyha|% Lemax}loe oi

v`h}h ~hahydev moggxelv| ghgnh~} le

X]DID ]D[^ ixemvloe} def lelvldvlyh}

gd| lg{~oyh oyh~daa moggxelmdvloe def

X]DID `d} so~bhf `d~f vo }v~hecv`he vlh} slv` moggxelv| {d~veh~} nov` oe defoii X]DID% X]DID ]D^M {~oylfhf le'}h~ylmh v~dlelec vo Ghgo~lda @o}{lvda

]DEH }vdii def mdaa} v`h ]DEH Fl~hmvo~ i~htxheva| vo moe}xav oe def ~hih~ md}h}

io~ hpdg}% Fxh vo lem~hd}hf gxvxda }`d~lec oi v~hef leio slv` Ghgo~lda ]DEH}!

Ghgo~lda ]DEH {~oc~dg }`d~hf d v~dlelec {~ovomoa slv` X]DID ghflmda def

leyh}vlcdvlyh il~}v ~h}{oefh~} ~hcd~flec d}}h}}ghev oi {`|}lmda lejx~| ~h}xavlec

i~og mòblec oi }hpxda d}}dxav ylmvlg}% D X]DID YD }h~yh} oe v`h Moao~dfo



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v =8

lem~hd}h }h~ylmh x}dch dgoec mdfhv} ]{~lec} Dfyomdvh ^h}{oe}h Vhdg dvvheflec v`hl~ goevà| ghhvlec}! def {~oylflec

vhdm`lec vo v`hl~ ehs yoaxevhh~ YD}% V`h ov`h~ X]DID YD {~oylfh} nl'deexda

v~dlelec vo v`h ehs yoaxevhh~ YD} i~og v`h mognlehf I~oev ^dech Nd}h} ]D[^

YD v~dlelec {~oc~dg% X]DID ]D[^ leylvhf moggxelv| {d~veh~} vo dvvhef v`h

C~hhe Fov idmlalvdvo~ v~dlelec Dxcx}v >;44! aomda }mòoa moxe}hao~}! VH]]D! Iv%

Md~}oe! def ov`h~ I~oev ^dech Nd}h} dvvhefhf% ]hyh~da mdfhv} xvlalzh VH]]D

}x~ylyo~ c~ox{ def leflylfxda moxe}halec }h~ylmh}% X]DID ]D^M {~oylfhf

gxavl{ah {~h}hevdvloe} vo }o{ògo~h def jxelo~ `lc` }mòoa }vxfhev} dv Dmdfhg|

@lc` ]mòoa ”]{~lec >;4>%

<3

X]DID }òxaf moevlexh vo }v~hecv`he lv}

m~o}}'v~dlelec slv` aomda moggxelv|

~h}ox~mh} oe hdm` ov`h~“} ~oah}! v`h ~oah} oi

moggdef! v`h Glalvd~| Jx}vlmh {~omh}}! v`h

glalvd~|“} {oalmlh} def {~omhfx~h}

~h}{hmvlec v`h X]DID ]D[^ [~oc~dg d}

shaa d} {h~vlehev d}{hmv} oi glalvd~| mxavx~h

def mx}vog}%

X]DID ]D[^ lemaxfh} Moao~dfo ]{~lec} def Ha [d}o Moxev| ads heio~mhghev

def leyh}vlcdvo~}! def dvvo~eh|}! Iv% Md~}oe ads heio~mhghev def leyh}vlcdvo~}/JD!

d} shaa d} ox~ I~oev ^dech Dl~ Io~mh nd}h} leyh}vlcdvo~}/JD vo dvvhef daa ~hahydev

v~dlelec vo lemaxfh {~h}hevdvloe} n| ]GH} }xm` d} Deeh Gxem` def ^x}} ]v~def%

Fxh vo }hyh~da md}h} v`l} {d}v D[\ `dylec }`d~hf leyh}vlcdvloe}! ~hadvloe}`l{} slv`

aomda AH def JD `dyh nhhe }v~hecv`hehf% ” Mao}hf

<3

Hp{def v~dlelec slv` aomda ~h}ox~mh} vo

lemaxfh ov`h~ glalvd~| le}vlaadvloe} le v`h

Moao~dfo ]{~lec} d~hd%

V`l} `d} nhhe le {admh io~ v`h {d}v iox~ |hd~}% X]DID ]D[^ }`d~h} v~dlelec

~h}ox~mh} def {~oc~dg} slv` ox~ moggxelv| {d~veh~} }xm` d} slv` VH]]D! aomda

ads heio~mhghev! aomda `lc` }mòoa}! aomda xelyh~}lvlh}! def v`h Moao~dfo Modalvloe

oi Moaahch} slv` ]hpxda D}}dxav [~oc~dg}% V`h}h dchemlh} `dyh dvvhefhf v`h C~hhe

Fov Mx~~lmxaxg v~dlelec le Dxcx}v >;44! def d~h leylvhf vo dvvhef de| }{hmlda cxh}v

{~h}hevdvloe }xm` d} ]hp ]lceda}! Glbh Foglv~z! ^x}} ]v~def! hvm% Sh da}o leylvh

i~oev ~dech nd}h} vo dvvhef% V`h| da}o }`d~h v`hl~ v~dlelec} slv` x}% ” Mao}hf

<3

X]DID ahdfh~}`l{ }òxaf moe}lfh~ v~dlelecyoaxevhh~ ]D[Ô Ylmvlg Dfyomdvh} (YD},

def/o~ dfflvloeda ixaa'vlgh }vdii vo so~b

slv` ylmvlg} o~lcledvlec slv`le v`h Dl~ Nd}h

Slec! v`h [~h{d~dvo~| ]mòoa! def v`h

[xhnao {o{xadvloe}% Dv ahd}v vso ixaa'vlgh

]D[^ YD} }òxaf moevlexh vo moemhev~dvh

oe v`h mdfhv}%

X]DID ahdfh~}`l{ (MS def DNS ylmh}! def ]D^M, ghv Gd~m` >;4> vo nhcle vod}}h}} v`h ihd}lnlalv| oi dfflec dfflvloeda ]D[^ }vdii dv v`h DNS! le {d~vlmxad~! d

}h{d~dvh ]D^M vo }h~yh v`h DNS! [~h{ ]mòoa! def C]X dv [xhnao%

]lgxavdehox}a|! v`h DI l} dvvhg{vlec vo dff d ixaa'vlgh! C]! ylmvlg dfyomdvh

{o}lvloe vo hdm` le}vdaadvloe! vòxc` eo vlgh i~dgh `d} nhhe h}vdnal}`hf n| DI io~

v`l} YD {o}lvloe% Fxvlh} def mo~h fomxghev} d~h nhlec fl}mx}}hf le v`h levh~lg% Lv

gd| nh {o}}lnah vo x}h yoaxevhh~ YD} le moejxemvloe slv` v`h dnoyh dmvloe lvhg ({%

03, vo h}vdnal}` d }hmoef ]D^M% Ix~v`h~ }vxf| l} ~htxl~hf! h}{hmldaa| slv` Mlylalde

[h~}oeeha Oiilmh moemh~e} oyh~ `dylec nov` {dlf YD} def yoaxevhh~ YD}%



X]DID D[\ >;44'>;4> ]@)Y ^h{o~v =9



>% ^h}v~lmvhf ̂ h{o~v}



=% Ylmvlg} ]h~ylmh}

annual report on sexual harassment andviolence at the military service academies 2011-2012

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