anjum naweed - cquniversity
TRANSCRIPT
Trams and SPADs
Anjum Naweed21st February 2017
Unpacking the heavy human dimensions of a light rail system
The renaissance
Future proofing urban transport networks
• Trams and SPADs– Collision risk– Derailment risk– Mixed traffic environment– Prevention
Overview
• Provide an overview of the pertinent human dimensions of “SPADs” in light rail
• Tendency to apply heavy rail rules to trams –what is the fit?
• Call to arms for increased focus on its prevention.
Human Dimensions in Tram Driving
Rail conditions
Visibility
…
Driver
Situation awareness
Attention
Vigilance
Reaction time
Fatigue
Goals
Pressures
Motivations
Frequency of exposure
Cultural norms
Social Influences
Traffic
Roads
Signals
Flow
Point switching
Rule/codes
Topography
Environment
Gradients
Infrastructure
Design
Boundaries
Controls
Tram/Streetcar
Speed
Weight
Traction
Ergonomics
Technology
System Differences• Light/Heavy rolling stock• Mixed-traffic environment
vs encapsulated• Passenger interface• Speeds
– Brake response/braking distances
• Performance goals…
Implications• Workload profile• Visual profile• Risk profile• Distraction potential• Driver behaviour• Ways of working• Skill…
Unpacking the Human Dimensions
What does a Tram Driver do?
Human Factors Linked with Safety Risk
• Driving - Rapid acceleration; strong braking– Yarra Trams: ~50% of serious passenger falls in 2016
• Opening/closing doors• Opening wrong doors• Point setting• Collision with other trams
– Yarra Trams: 67% were classified as driver error in 2016
Types of “SPADs”
• “Red Signal Breaches” (RSBs)– Passed stop line (but did not enter intersection)
Types of “SPADs”
• “Red Signal Breaches” (RSBs)– Passed stop line (but did not enter intersection)– Entered intersection (or pedestrian crossing)
Types of “SPADs”
• “Red Signal Breaches” (RSBs)– Passed stop line (but did not enter intersection)– Entered intersection (or pedestrian crossing)– Passed through intersection (or pedestrian crossing)
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0
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Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
GOLD COAST FEB 2016 – JAN 2017Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3
RSB Statistics
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1
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Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
ADELAIDE FEB-JUL 2016 Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3
RSB Statistics
Classifying RSBs
• Completely missed while running• Signal restored (in face of driver/unable to stop)
– Technical dimension• Driver misjudged• Starting against the signal
Tram Driver Information Needs
Out the window
perception
Driver knowledge-
base
Dynamic tram control
Real-world target tracking
Posted speed limit
RouteTram handling Rule bookTSRs, etc.
Monitor environment
Establish current state
Anticipate future requirement
Signals
Speeds
Gradients / curves
Weather
Driver-Tram System
Day/night
Ergonomics in design
Situation awareness
Posted speed limit
PedestriansRoad users
Other traffic
Swarm approach to cue recognition
Rail driving schema
Tram/StreetcarWork/Job Non-work
Attitudinal factors / Motivation
Motor vehicleBike/Bicycle
Conflicts/disturbances
Fatigue High/low workload
Reduced situation awareness Distractions Slips/lapses
Safety responsibility
Personal
Schema Conflict
Safeworking
Road rules, signage, rights of way
Light rail rules, signage, rights of way
Public interface
They are the ”public”
Sight lines
Service delivery
Sight linesOperational characteristics
Operational characteristics
Time perceptionRoad driving
schema
Rail Human Factors
Rail conditions
Visibility
…
Driver
Situation awareness
Attention
Vigilance
Reaction time
Fatigue
Goals
Pressures
Motivations
Frequency of exposure
Cultural norms
Social Influences
Traffic
Roads
Signals
Flow
Point switching
Rule/codes
Topography
Environment
Gradients
Infrastructure
Design
Boundaries
Controls
Tram/Streetcar
Speed
Weight
Traction
Ergonomics
Technology
Schema Conflict
• Habituation1. Context-specific (cue-response link)2. Repetitive3. Features of automaticity (Operate out of conscious awareness)
• Expectation bias– Predicting behaviour of others
• Unawareness of dangers or deficiencies– Complacency
• Misprioritised attention– Goal striving
• Time pressure• Inter-depot competition
Future Proofing Urban Transport Networks
Out the window
perception
Driver knowledge-
base
Dynamic tram control
Real-world target tracking
Posted speed limit
RouteTram handling Rule bookTSRs, etc.
Monitor environment
Establish current state
Anticipate future requirement
Signals
Speeds
Gradients / curves
Ergonomics in design
Posted speed limit
Situation awareness
PedestriansRoad users
Other traffic
Swarm approach to cue recognition
Weather
Day/night
Future Proofing Urban Transport Networks
Out the window
perception
Driver knowledge-
base
Dynamic tram control Pursuit tracking
RouteTram handling
Monitor environment
Establish current state
Anticipate future requirement
Ergonomics in design
Predictive Info/Automation
Signals
Speeds
Gradients / curves
Real-world target tracking
Posted speed limit
Posted speed limit
Rule bookTSRs, etc.
Situation awareness
PedestriansRoad users
Other traffic
Swarm approach to cue recognition
Weather
Day/night
Future Proofing Urban Transport Networks
Future Proofing Urban Transport Networks
Driver Training
Culture
Design
SystemsMeaningful work
Fair work
ConditioningDevelop strategies for mindfulness
Develop strategies for managing time and mitigating stress
Standardisation
Cognitive ergonomics
Display advisory systems
Health and safetyFatigue risk management
Sedentary exposure risk
Team work
Innovative methods for scenario experience, Simulation
Evaluate vulnerabilities in network
Reporting
Consistency of definitions
Pre-cursors and predictors for RSBs
Thank youAcknowledgmentsKarlie Southwood (Keolis Downer)John Cassidy (Keolis Downer)Allen Maciunas (DPTI-SA)Darren Goldsworthy (DPTI-SA)Sangeeta Singh (Yarra Trams)
Anjum Naweed08 8378 [email protected] Institute for Behavioural ScienceCentral Queensland University
Human Factors & Safety Science
My Background
Associate Professor
My Background (Australia, from 2011)