Animal Science II

Principles of Animal Nutrition

Objective Describe the six functions of a good

ration

Rations

1. ________________ of vital body processes to keep animals __________

2. _____________ by increasing size1. _______________, ________________,

_______________, ________________

3. ___________________1. Storing _______________2. Not for ______________ or ____________

Rations

4. Production _____________ _____________ Wool or _________

5. ____________________6. ____________

Other needs must be met _____________ Most U.S. livestock do no _____________

(horses)

Rations ______ to ______ of the ration fed to

livestock is used for body ______________________

Maintenance must be met before _____________ are available for other _______________

Objective Define roughage and concentrates

in relation to an animal ration

Roughages Contains more than 18% crude fiber

when that are dry

______ ______

______

Roughage

______

______

______

Concentrates Contains less than ______ crude fiber

when they are _______ __________-corn, oats, barley, wheat ____ _____________

• Wheat bran• Cottonseed hulls

Concentrates Liquid supplements

• ______________• ______________

Animal _____________• Meat scraps, fish, and blood __________

_____________ proteins• Cottonseed __________• Soybean ___________• Peanut ____________

Objective Explain the characteristics of a good

ration

Good Rations

1. Balanced Has all the _______________ in the right

______________

2. _______________ Taste good

3. Low Cost Feed is about _______ of the cost of

raising livestock

Good Rations

4. Not harmful to the health of animals

Too much _____________ _________ can cause ____________________ problems

5. Uniformly mixed _______________- vitamins and minerals Feed ______________

Objective Define feed additives and hormone

implants used in animal rations

Feed Additives and Implants

Feed additives _______________ used in rations ____________ quantities Improve ____________________

• Feed efficiency• Rate of gain• Health• Production

Feed Additives and Implants

Hormones Implants Most are _______________ _________________ or natural Improves rate of _____________ and

______________ efficiency

Feed Additives and Implants

Hormones can also be fed as feed _______________

Feed Additives and Implants

Performance stimulants Increased _____________ by increased

_____________________ Low level antibiotic use is

subtherapeutic Some public concern regarding

antibiotic resistance

Feed Additives and Implants Feed additives are widely used in the beef

_________, ________ and ______________ industry

Many different _________________ drugs are used increase performance and prevent disease

Regulated by the _______________________ (______)

Objective Explain how to properly mix

additives in a complete ration

Mixing Additives The main rule that includes all other rules

is “___________________________” Mixing is required to provide the correct

amounts of _________________ ___________ equipment

Keep accurate records on ____________________ feeds

Objective Select the appropriate feed additives

for the given outcome

Kinds of Feed Additives1. Antimicrobial Drugs

___________________ and antibacterials Used to control _________________ Broad-spectrum when the specific disease is

unknown _____________ and ________________

2. Hormones1. Improve ______________ efficiency2. Rate of ___________________3. Mainly used for _______________

Kinds of Feed Additives

3. Anthelmintics Used to control ________________ ________________ and Dichlovos

4. Others _____________- coccidiosis in poultry _____________- prevent bloat in beef

cattle _______________ of MGA to supress

estrus in heifers

Objective Describe the proper method of

hormone implantation

Hormone Implantation

1. _______________ the animal2. Use a sharp needle

Prevents ________________ pellets

3. _____________ the site4. Select the proper location

________ surface Middle one third of the ______ ____________ inches from the base

Hormone Implantation

5. Point the instrument toward the head _______________ to the ear

Insert being careful not to hit a __________ or _______________

6. Withdraw ___________, start the implant and remove

Removing too quickly can _________ the pellet

Hormone Implantation

Objective Discuss the general principles in

balancing rations

Balancing Rations Balanced to meet the animal’s

_________ at the least __________ Variety of fresh feeds

More _______________ Easier to _______________

_____________ Filling Helps in digestion

Balancing Rations Slightly _________________

Improve feed efficiency Prevent _________________

Economical price per pound of energy and digestible

protein Suitable

________________ for cattle ________________ for swine and poultry High ________________ for younger animals

Objective Interoperate the relationship

between 100% dry matter basis and as-fed basis for rations

Dry Matter All _________________ has been

removed

Feed on 100% dry matter basis

Pounds of feed as-fed

Percent dry matter in feed

Dry Matter

Protein 10%

Protein 40%

Protein 10g

As- Fed Dry Matter

Other 15%

Other 60%

Other 15g

Water 75%

Water 75g

100g can of dog food

Air Dry Still has moisture

Feed on an As-fed basis

Feed on a dry matter basis

Percent dry matter in feed

Dry Matter vs. As-fed The weight of 100% dry matter is

____________ No _____________ or moisture is

contained

Provides an accurate indication of feed content Feeds can vary in _______________

content

Dry Matter Content 100% dry matter basis of sun cured hay is

about ____________ of as-fed basis 100% dry matter basis of most fresh

pasture grasses is about ____________ of as fed basis

100% dry matter basis of most corn (not silage) is about _________ of as-fed basis

Dry Matter Content

• Most feed will stabilize to about _________ dry matter in air drying

• Storing high moisture feed materials will cause them to ____________ or build up ____________

Objective Identify the rules for feeding various

kinds of livestock

Rules for Feeding Livestock Beef Cattle (fattening)

__________ to ______lbs. Of air-dried roughage and _____ lbs. of concentrate per _________ lbs. of body weight

Example: An 850 pound steer will need approximately:

12.75 to 17 lbs. of roughage and 17 lbs. concentrates

• Total= 30 to 34 pounds of feed

Rules for Feeding Livestock Cattle (maintenance)

mainly ________________ air dried roughage should be ~2% body

weight (1.8 dry matter) Cows nursing calves should be fed 50%

more than dry cowsExample:

A 1,213 pound cow should be fed about 24 pounds (1213 X .02= 24.26)

Rules for Feeding Livestock Swine

depends on ________ and ________ of the animal

depends on ____________ Pigs under _____ pounds and __________

sows need more ____________ than market hogs

Poultry The ration is ________ of body weight

Pearson Square Objective

Determine the nutritional requirement from appropriate tables using the Pearson Square Method

Finding Nutritional Information

Called feeding standards Metric vs. English

to convert kg to lb multiply kg by 2.2 a 40 kg steer will weigh 88 lbs.

ME- __________________ ____________________ intake

Pearson Square

1) Draw a square with lines connecting opposite corners and write the percent crude protein needed at the cross

12

Pearson Square Write the feeds to be used and their

crude protein content in the left-hand corners lowest at the top highest at the bottom

12

Corn 8.9

Soybean Meal 45.8

Pearson Square

12

Corn 8.9

Soybean Meal 45.8

33.8 parts corn

3.1 parts soybean meal

Corn- 33.8 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 92% corn

SBM 3.1 divided by 36.9 multiplied by 100= 8% SBM

Pearson Square Subtract the smallest number from

the larger along the diagonal lines

12

Corn 8.9

Soybean Meal 45.8

45.8- 12= 33.8

12-8.9= 3.1

Pearson Square

12

Corn 8.9

Soybean Meal 45.8

33.8 parts corn

3.1 parts soybean meal

36.9 total parts