animal science agriscience 1 unit 26. structure and function
TRANSCRIPT
Animal Science
AgriScience 1
Unit 26
Structure and Function
Animal Structures and Function
Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems
No one system can function entirely on its own
In order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly.
Skeletal System
FunctionProvides frame and support for all systems
and organs. Cartilage
Firm, flexible tissues that is not as hard as bone
Skeletal System
BoneAttach musclesMeans of movementProtect internal organsStorage of minerals
Skeletal System
Layers of BonePeriosteum
Outer layer Cushions the hard portion of
the bone Repair of broken bones
Skeletal System
Layers of BoneCompact Bone
beneath periosteum layer of hard mineral matter Calcium gives bones strength
Skeletal System
Layers of BoneSpongy Bone
Inside hard outer layer fills ends of bones lines hollow portions
Skeletal System
Layers of BoneRed marrow
inside cavities of spongy bone formation of red blood cells
Skeletal System
Layers of BoneYellow marrow
Located inside hollow portion Fat storage cells Energy storage
Skeletal System
Types of BoneLong Bones
Longest Provide support and
movement Levers
Example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones
Skeletal System
Types of BoneShort Bones
Smaller than long Joints Comfort and mobility
Example -- feet and hands
Skeletal System
Types of Bone Irregular Bones
Have an irregular shape
Support and protectExample --
vertebrae
Skeletal System
Types of BoneFlat Bones
Thin and flat Protect organs
Example -- skull
Skeletal System
JointsWhere different bones meet
LigamentsConnect bones together; tough tissue
Skeletal System
JointsClassified by the way they move.
Gliding
Muscle System
FunctionTo provide movement for the
proper functioning of the organs.
Meat productionMuscles are processed into
meat30-40% of the animal’s body
is muscle.
Muscle System
Skeletal MuscleMovement for the
bonesVoluntary movementComposed of long,
striated bundles that contract and relax
Muscle System
Skeletal MuscleRed Muscle
Contain many mitochondria; Lots of blood; contract for long periods of time
Muscle System
Skeletal MuscleWhite Muscle
Fewer mitochondria Contract faster Fatigue faster.
Muscle System
Smooth MuscleMovement
Controls movements of the internal organs
Involuntary. Examples-- Digestive tract,
urinary tract
Muscle System
Muscle System
Cardiac MuscleMovement
Muscles that control the heart Involuntary
Circulatory System
Function Transports
Water Oxygen Wastes
Regulates temperatureRemoves disease
Circulatory System
HeartCenter of the circulatory
systemLarge musclePumps continuously
Circulatory System
Blood VesselsArteries
Vessels that take blood away from the heart
Veins Vessels that return blood
to the heart
Circulatory System
Capillaries Connect arteries and veinsDeliver nutrients to the cells Take away waste
Circulatory System
Red Blood cellsGive blood colorCarry oxygen
White Blood cellsDestroy diseasePus
Circulatory System Four Chambers
Right Atrium Receives blood into heart from
body, from veins
Right Ventricle Pumps blood out to the lungs
Left Atrium Receives blood into heart from
lungs
Left Ventricle Pumps blood out into body via
arteries
Veins
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Lungs
Left Atrium
LeftVentricle
Arteries
Respiratory System
Function:Takes oxygen from the air Places it in the bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
StructuresNostrils
Large amounts of airNasal ChamberMouth
Brings in air
Respiratory System
StructuresPharynx
Passageway forFoodWaterAirControlled by epiglottis
Respiratory System
LarynxVoice box (Adam’s apple)Prevents material from
entering lungs. Trachea
Large tube Made of rigid cartilaginous
rings
Respiratory System
BronchiBranch out
further Lungs
Gas exchange
Respiratory System
AlveoliSurrounded by
blood vesselsCarbon dioxide is
removed from bloodOxygen is absorbed
into blood
Respiratory System
DiaphragmLarge muscle under the lungsWhen contracted, rib cage expands
and air comes inWhen the diaphragm relaxes, air is
forced out
Nervous System
Function:Central system
Motor Control Sensation
Nervous System
NervesLong fiber like
structures Motor Neurons
Controls impulses sent from the brain
To other parts of the body
Nervous System
Sensory Neurons Send impulses from
the body to the brain. Spinal Cord
All nerves are connected
Runs through the backbone (vertebra)
Nervous System
BrainCenter of the
nervous systemDivided into 3
sections
Nervous System
Brain1. Cerebrum
Largest Controls thought
processOuch!
Nervous System
Brain2. Cerebellum
Coordinator center for the cerebrum
Many movements are required to walk, eat, etc…
Nervous System
Brain3. Medulla oblongata
Involuntary activitiesHeart beatDigestionBreathing
Body Temp. Feeling – Fear or Thirst
Nervous System
Brain StemConnects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.
Endocrine System
Function:Composed of glands that secrete hormones.
Hormones:Chemical agent that causes an effect in the
body.Hormones control vital function of the body.
Growth Reproduction
Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland:Located at the base of the brainMaster gland
FunctionsGrowth of boneMaternal BehaviorReproduction cells
Endocrine System
HypothalamusLinks the Endocrine with the nervous system.Location
Under the lower front part of the brainSecretes hormones for:
Hunger Sleep Body Temp
Endocrine System
Adrenal GlandLocated by KidneyAdrenalin – Times of stress
Thyroid GlandFront of wind pipeControls rate of digestionStorage of calcium
Endocrine System
Pancreas Below the stomach Produces Insulin and glucagons
Regulates the amount of glucose in the blood stream
Excretory System
Function:Rid the body of wastesKidney
Remove urea and nitrogen Filtrates liquids ingested.
Wastes are flushes out the urinary tract.
Digestive System
Function:Animal takes in foodDigested in to a form that the body can
use. Basic elements – Oxygen, Iron, Potassium,
etc…
Digestive System
MonogastricSimple stomachOne compartment
Pigs Horse Dog Cat
Digestive SystemModified Monogastric System(Pseudo-
Ruminant) Horse Rabbit
Uses cecum to digest roughage
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemCowsGoatsSheepDeer Elk
Digestive System
MonogastricMouth
Grind down foodEsophagus
Push food to stomach
Muscles move food down
Digestive System
MonogastricStomach
MusclesContacts and relaxes
Food pressed together Digestive juices secreted by the stomach
lining.Hydrochloric Acid
Digestive System
MonogastricStomach
Food is dissolved from movement and acid.
Digestive System
MonogastricSmall Intestine
Duodenum Secreted from
pancreas Breaks down proteins,
starch and fats. Juices still secreted to
break down food.
Digestive System
MonogastricSmall Intestine
JejunumNutrients absorbed into the bodyFrom intestine to blood stream.
Villi – Semi-Permeable membraneParticles pass through.
Digestive System
MonogastricLarge Intestine
CecumNot used in
most monogastrics
Digestive System
MonogastricLarge Intestine
ColonStorage of
wasteWater is
removed
Digestive System
MonogastricRectum
Muscle that passes waste out of the body.
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemThese eat large quantities of fibrous
material. Hay Alfalfa Etc…
Roughage – Fibrous Feed
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemMulti compartment (4 main)
Breaks down the polysaccharidesThey chew their (CUD)
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemMouth
Food is ground down by teeth
Also used to brake down the cud.
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemTeeth
Incisors – Lower front teeth Dental pad – Upper part of mouth Molars
Used to tear forages from ground
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemMust produce large amounts of salivaUsed to feed microorganisms in the
rumen
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemEsophagus
Transport food to digestive tract
Transport CUD to mouth.
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemReticulum
Hardware stomachDue to large mouth they collect hardware
Wire form fence Rocks Etc…
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemReticulum
Secretes mucus Honeycomb shaped Traps hardware from
traveling to the rest of the digestive system.
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemReticulum
Regurgitation Packs feed into and eggs shaped ball to be
re-chewed. (CUD)
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemRumen
Largest compartment Food is soaked, mixed. Microorganisms ferment
the feed. Carbohydrates are
absorbed by the papillae.Small fingerlike projections
that aid in absorption
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemOmasum
Size of a quarter to enter. Round – Soccer Ball Many Folds – Like a round book Grinds the food as it passes
through.
Digestive System
Ruminant SystemAbomasum
True stomach Functions the same as the
monogastric Intestines are the same as
monogastric.
Animal Reproduction
Biology Agriculture
Reproductive System
Ovaries Female reproductive gland in which eggs are
formed and hormones are produced.
TestesMale reproductive gland that produces sperm
and testosterone.
Reproductive System
Female Reproductive CellEGG (OVULE)
Male Reproductive Cell SPERMSemen - the fluid that carries sperm and
nourishes
Reproductive System
• Production of sperm is called SPERMATOGENESIS
• Production of eggs is called OOGENESIS
Reproductive System
ZygoteCell formed by the union of egg and sperm
at fertilization. Embryo
Organism in early stages of development. Pregnancy
carrying a fetus Fertilization
the union of the egg and sperm nuclei
Reproductive System
Conceptionoccurrence of fertilization
Ovulationrelease of an ovule from the female.
Gestation the time from fertilization or conception of a
female until she gives birth
Reproductive System
Vulva -opening of reproductive tract
Reproductive System
Vagina - channel for birth and urinary tract
Reproductive System
Cervix - divides vagina and uterus
Reproductive System
Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus
Reproductive System
Horns of Uterus - where fetus grows
Reproductive System
• Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs
Reproductive System
Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones
Reproductive System
Testes - produce sperm and testosterone
Reproductive System
Epididymis - collects and stores sperm
Reproductive System
Vas deferens - transports sperm
Reproductive System
Penis - places sperm in female
Reproductive System
Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp
Reproductive System
Sheath - opening of reproductive tract
Animal Reproduction
Ovaries – produces eggs and hormones
Animal Reproduction
The ovaries are stimulated by a hormone called the follicle stimulating hormones (FSH) and produce a FOLLICLE where the egg (ovum) grows and matures
Animal Reproduction
When the egg matures the follicle ruptures and releases the egg - OVULATION
Animal Reproduction
Mating Process
Around the time of ovulation estrogen causes estrus or heat The time that the female will allow the male to
mate with her Males seek out females that are in estrus
Mating Process
During mating millions of sperm are deposited in the female vagina.
Sperm moves by using their tails in a whiplike action – motile
Mating Process
Sperm travels from the vagina through the cervix and uterus and into the fallopian tubes
Sperm and egg unit in the fallopian tube
Reproductive Technologies
Reproductive TechnologiesAny method of reproduction that is different
from natural methods
Reproductive Technologies
Embryo Transfer: The transfer of fertilized egg(s) from a donor
female to one or more recipient females
Reproductive Technologies
Embryo Transfer
Reproductive Technologies
Embryo Transfer
Reproductive Technologies
Super Ovulation:Giving animals a hormone that causes
them to produce more then one egg.
Reproductive Technologies
Artificial InseminationPlacing sperm into the female
reproductive tract by means other than natural mating.
Reproductive Problems
Sterility: Inability of an animal to reproduce
Freemartin: In twins, when a female is exposed to male
testosterone before birth.Causes problems with the development of
female reproductive organs
Reproductive Practices
PurebreedingBreeding two pure breed animals togetherUsually papered to prove genetics
CrossbreedingOne breed is breed to anotherEx. Angus x Herford = Black Baldy
Reproductive Practices
Grading-upTaking grade cows and breeding to purebreds