animal reproduction and development. overview asexual reproduction binary fission budding...
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Animal Reproduction and Development
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Overview• Asexual Reproduction • Binary fission • budding • fragmentation & regeneration • Sexual Reproduction • Gametogenesis-
production of egg and sperm
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Reproductive cycles
• Hermaphroditism both male & female reproductive systems; sessile & burrowing organisms (earthworms)
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Parthenogenesis
Egg development without fertilization• Aphid• Daphnia• Honeybee• Whiptail
lizard
Parthenogenic lizard
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· Sequential hermaphroditism: an individual reverses its sex during its lifetime.
· Protogynous: female to male• Protandrous: male to female
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Mechanisms of sexual reproduction• Fertilization
• external-outside the body
• internal- inside the body
• Pheromones- chemical signals that influence the behavior of others (mate attractants)
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Regulating Hormones
• Testosterone in males
• Progesterone and estrogen in females
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Spermatogenesis
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HypothalamusHypothalamus
Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
Gonadotropin Releasing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Hormonal Control of
Spermatogenesis
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Oogenesis in the Ovary
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OvaryOvary
Luteinizing Hormone
Estrogen
Follicle StimulatingHormone
Female Hormonal Cycle
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The female patternEstrous cycles (many
mammals)Menstrual cycle
(humans and many other primates
Ovarian/Menstrual cycles~
1. follicular phase ~follicle growth
2. Ovulation ~ oocyte release
3. luteal phase ~ hormone release
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Amniote embryos• •yolk sac (support;
circulatory function) •amnion (fluid-filled sac; protection) •chorion (placenta formation)
• •allantois (nitrogenous waste)
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Embryonic Development
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Ultrasound Imagery
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Teratogens• Substances that
may harm the developing fetus and result in the formation of birth defects
• Alcohol, certain drugs/medications, infections, and certain chemicals
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Organogenesis: organ formation
• Primitive streak~ invagination of blastodisc
• Neural tube~ beginning of spinal cord
• Somites~ vertebrae and skeletal muscles
• Neural crest~ bones and muscles of skull
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Morphogenesis and Cell Movement• CAMS- cell adhesion molecules- build
tissue• Induction-gene expression and chemical
signals bring about differentiation• Restriction of cellular potency- only
zygote is totipotent (capable of developing into all cell types)
• Organizer regions -signal molecules secreted by this region influence gene expression
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Stem Cells
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Limb Formation
Limb “buds” form from
Apical ectodermal ridge-in the ectoderm at the tip
Zone of polarizing activity-mesoderm tissue
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