Animal NutritionAnimal Nutrition

Nutritional Nutritional RequirementRequirement

ss

UndernourishedUndernourished– not enough not enough

caloriescalories OvernourishedOvernourished

– too many caloriestoo many calories MalnourishedMalnourished

– missing one or missing one or more essential more essential nutrientsnutrients

Essential NutrientsEssential Nutrients Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids Essential VitaminsEssential Vitamins Essential MineralsEssential Minerals

Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids Found in proteinsFound in proteins

– 20 different types20 different types Nine essential in Nine essential in

humanshumans all in animal proteinsall in animal proteins vegetarians need to vegetarians need to

eat grains and beanseat grains and beans

Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids

– used to make phospholipids for used to make phospholipids for membranesmembranes

Essential VitaminsEssential Vitamins Fat SolubleFat Soluble

– stored in fatstored in fat– K, A, D, EK, A, D, E

Water SolubleWater Soluble– excreted in urineexcreted in urine– B complex and CB complex and C

Essential MineralsEssential Minerals Inorganic nutrientsInorganic nutrients

– Calcium & PhosphorousCalcium & Phosphorousbonesbones

– IronIronanemiaanemia

– IodineIodinethyroid hormonesthyroid hormones

– Sodium, Chlorine, & PotassiumSodium, Chlorine, & Potassiumnerve function, water regulationnerve function, water regulation

Food TypesFood Types HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

– HerbivoresHerbivores– CarnivoresCarnivores– OmnivoresOmnivores– InsectivoresInsectivores

Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations

Suspension Suspension FeedersFeeders

Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations Substrate FeedersSubstrate Feeders

Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations Fluid FeedersFluid Feeders

Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations Bulk FeedersBulk Feeders

Intracellular DigestionIntracellular Digestion

Inside cellsInside cells All animalsAll animals Exclusive in:Exclusive in:

– ProtistaProtista– PoriferaPorifera

Extracellular DigestionExtracellular Digestion Outside cellsOutside cells All animals above the spongesAll animals above the sponges Two TypesTwo Types

– Gastrovascular CavityGastrovascular Cavity– Alimentary CanalAlimentary Canal

Gastrovascular Gastrovascular CavityCavity

One openingOne opening Found in Found in

Cnidaria and Cnidaria and PlatyhelminthPlatyhelmintheses

Alimentary CanalAlimentary Canal

Two openingsTwo openings Allows for specializationAllows for specialization

– MouthMouth– PharynxPharynx– EsophagusEsophagus– CropCrop– GizzardGizzard– StomachStomach– IntestineIntestine– AnusAnus

Mammalian DigestionMammalian Digestion Accessory GlandsAccessory Glands

– salivary glandssalivary glands– pancreaspancreas– liver (emulsification)liver (emulsification)– gallbladdergallbladder

Peristalsis Peristalsis SphinctersSphincters ““Food”Food”

– bolusbolus– acid chymeacid chyme– fecesfeces

Macromolecule DigestionMacromolecule Digestion

Carbo Protein NucleicAcids

Fat

Mouth Initial

Stomach Initial

Intestine Main Main InitialMain

InitialMain

Dentition and Dentition and DietDiet

Nonmammal Nonmammal vertebratesvertebrates

CarnivoresCarnivores– canines (grasping)canines (grasping)– incisors (tearing)incisors (tearing)– molars and premolarsmolars and premolars

(crushing and (crushing and grinding)grinding)

HerbivoresHerbivores OmnivoresOmnivores

Digestive TractsDigestive Tracts CarnivoresCarnivores

– shorter shorter digestive digestive systemsystem

– small cecumsmall cecum HerbivoresHerbivores

– longer longer digestive digestive systemsystem

– large cecumlarge cecum