animal migration. what is migration? migration: seasonal back and forth journeys between two sites...
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Animal Migration
What is migration?Migration: Seasonal back and forth journeys between two sites
Migrant vs. Resident
Which animals migrate?
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fish Insects
Why do animals migrate?Why do animals migrate?
Opportunism – exploitation of ephemeral/seasonal resources
Cost benefit ratio
Types of Migration1. Latitudinal2. Altitudinal3. Reproductive4. Seasonal5. Irruptive
Types of MigrationObligate annual migration1. Latitudinal (north-south)
Short distance (within a continent) Some birds, bats, and whales
Long distance (between continents) Many species of songbirds, shorebirds,
waterfowl, hawks Some bats and whales
2. Elevational Movement up and down mountain slopes Related to weather (especially snow depth) and
food conditions deer, elk, Mountain Goats, Spotted Owls, some
songbirds
How do animals migrate?How do animals migrate?
Magnetic field Landmarks Alignment of
stars in night sky
Olfactory cues Combination
How do we know where animals go?
Direct observation Ex. Broad-tailed
hawk
Photo by B. Webb
Photo by B. Webb
Can estimate general population trends from number of migrating individuals counted
How do we know where animals go?
Capture, mark, recapture
How do we know where animals go?
Radar, radio & satellite telemetry Radar detection of neotropical migrant
birds
Trans Gulf-migrants leaving
How do we know where animals go?
Radar, radio & satellite telemetry Satellite telemetry Radio
telemetry
Signal from transmitter to satellite Location downloaded from satellite
Peregrine Falcon migration routes based on satellite transmitter data
Swainson’s Hawk migration routes based on satellite transmitter data
How do we know where animals go?
Intrinsic markers Stable isotopes Elements vary
in number of neutrons – C, N, H, O, S building blocks
Bird Migration
Over 5 billion land birds of 187 species migrate between Europe and Asia to Africa
Over 5 billion land birds of over 200 species migrate between North America and the New World tropics
75% of 650 bird species that nest in N. America migrate
Neotropical migrant birds
80% of breeding bird spp. in N. America
Complex annual life cycle breeding areas (2-3 mths)
migratory pathways (2-3 mths)
wintering areas (6-7 mths)
Declines in many spp. Pattern
Neotropical Migrant Bird Conservation
Many species declining Loss of multiple
habitats: Breeding Migration stopover
sites Wintering
3 ranges used by the Blackpoll Warbler each year
Neotropical Migrant Bird Conservation
Loss and fragmentation of winter habitat (tropical forest):
slash and burn agriculture pasture land for livestock production
commercial and illegal logging
How declines have been measured
Breeding Bird Survey species-specific studies
population estimates on breeding and wintering grounds
Western meadowlark Painted bunting Cerulean warblerPopulation trends: 1996-2003
Linkages between annual stages
American redstart link condition on wintering grounds to breeding
success Stable isotope analyses: ratios of C13:C12 High quality winter habitat (coastal
mangroves and lowland forests): wetter and C13 depleted
Birds from high quality winter habitat earlier on breeding grounds earlier breeding = more
chicks fledged
1.3 million wildebeest
200,000 plains zebra
350,000 Thompson’s gazelles
Mammal migration: Serengenti
Dangers: Serengeti Dangers: Serengeti migrationmigration
Predation Land and water
Rinderpest Human
population growth Land conversion Poaching esp.
resident animals
Sea Turtle Migration
Juveniles hatch on shore and migrate to the open ocean
After years in the open sea, juvenile turtles move to specific coastal feeding grounds
Young loggerhead sea turtles in the North Atlantic cover more than 9,000 miles before returning to the North American coast!
Adult turtles migrate between specific feeding areas and then back to nesting beaches
Juvenile Loggerhead Migration
Orientation during migration A variety of navigational cues are used Must stay in North Atlantic Gyre for several years to grow and develop Detect subtle differences in the earth’s magnetic fields to use as navigational markers
Adult Green Turtle Migration
Adult Green Turtles captured by fishermen at feeding grounds off coast of Nicaragua and branded Some turtles escaped after boat capsized at FL Keys Several months later same turtles recaptured in same area in Nicaragua Turtles use a magnetic compass and have map sense
Whale MigrationPacific Gray Whales • Longest known migration for any mammal: 10,000-12,000 miles annually!• Raise calves in nurseries (lagoons) of Baja California• Migrate to feed in the cold arctic seas• Nearshore migration route allows for easy observation, but harassment by whale-watching boats may be pushing whales off shore
Butterfly Migration
Monarch Butterflies • Fly up to 3,000 miles each way• Return to the same winter roosts, often to the exact same trees • Preferred conditions found in oyamel fir forests, which occur in a small area of mountain tops in central Mexico
Conservation Strategies International cooperation (Partners in Flight) Incentives for developing countries to
protect migratory wildlife and habitat Public education: consumer choices