anil nair rac_internals_sangam_2016
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle Real Application Clusters (Internals)
Anil NairSr. Principal Product Manager, Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) Nov 12th, 2016
@Amnair, @OracleRACpm http://www.linkedin.com/in/anil-nair-01960b6http://www.slideshare.net/AnilNair27/
15 Years of Performance Innovations
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Safe Harbor StatementThe following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
• Out-of-box support for major applications• e.g. Oracle Apps, Siebel, SAP, Peoplesoft, etc.
• Unprecedented Scalability • Add nodes as needed for linear scalability
• Seamless integration with other options:• RAC + Data Guard provide site availability • RAC + Multitenant provide availability and
scalability for consolidated environments• RAC + IMDB provide availability
and scalability for DSS environments• **RAC + IMDB + Reader Nodes provide even more
flexibility when it comes to scaling your workload
4
Without Application Code Changes!#1 Choice for Scalability & Availability
✔
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 5
• Clusterware– Cluster Domain Architecture
• Automatic Storage Management– Flex Disk Group – Create Database clones
• Autonomous Health Framework
Announcing Oracle Database 12c Release 2 on Oracle Cloud
Oracle is presenting features for Oracle Database 12c Release 2 on Oracle Cloud. We will announce availability of the On-Prem release soon.
Oracle Real Application Cluster Family of Solutions
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 6
Program Agenda15 Years of Innovations
RAC Scalability & Availability Optimizations
Automated for You
Optionally tunable for your environment
New Features Not to Miss
Appendixes
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2
12.2 Installer New Features in Action
1
2
3
A
B
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 7
Program Agenda15 Years of Innovations
RAC Scalability & Availability Optimizations
Automated for You
Optionally tunable for your environment
New Features Not to Miss
Appendixes
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2
12.2 Installer New Features in Action
1
2
3
A
B
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle RAC Evolution
8
Oracle 6 to Oracle8i
OPS(199x)
Oracle Database 10g
RAC (2004)
Grid Computing,Oracle Clusterware
Oracle Database 11g
Rel. 1 with RAC (2007)
Engineered Systems
Oracle9i RAC (2001)
RAC debuts
Oracle Database 11g
Rel. 2 with RAC (2009)
Oracle RAC
One Node A
DB A
DB A
RAC One Node
Oracle Database 12c
Rel. 1 with RAC (2013)
Multitenant
Oracle Confidential – Internal
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15 Years of Innovations
• Oracle Clusterware – Cluster Domain Architecture• Automatic Storage Management• Autonomous Health Framework• Oracle Real Application Cluster
Leading to Oracle 12c Release 2
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10
15 Years of Innovations
• Oracle Clusterware - Cluster Domain architecture• Automatic Storage Management• Autonomous Health Framework• Oracle Real Application Cluster
Leading to Oracle 12c Release 2
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 11
Domain Services Cluster
Cluster Domain
ASMIO Service
ACFS Services
ASM Service
DatabaseMember Cluster
Uses ASM Service
DatabaseMember Cluster
Uses ASM IO Service of DSC
Trace File Analyzer
(TFA) Service
Mgmt Repository
(GIMR) Service
Application Member Cluster
GI only
DatabaseMember Cluster
Uses local ASM
Shared ASM
Additional Optional Services
Rapid Home Provisioning
(RHP)Service
Private Network
SAN Storage
ASMNetworkStorage
1 2 3 4
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 12
15 Years of Innovations
• Oracle Clusterware - Cluster Domain architecture• Automatic Storage Management• Autonomous Health Framework• Oracle Real Application Cluster
Leading to Oracle 12c Release 2
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 13
Database Oriented Storage ManagementOracle 12c Release 2Current Organization
• Flex Diskgroups enable File Groups
• A File Group is the set of files belonging to database or PDB
• A File Group’s name defaults to the database or PDB name
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Flex Diskgroup
1. Quota Groups provide means of enforcing quota management
2. Modifiable redundancy at the File Group level
3. Shadow copies of File Groups can be created and split off
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15 Years of Innovations
• Oracle Clusterware - Cluster Domain architecture• Automatic Storage Management• Autonomous Health Framework• Oracle Real Application Cluster
Leading to Oracle 12c Release 2
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 16
Oracle 12c Release 2AutonomousHealthFramework
Cluster Verification
Utility
ORAchk
Cluster Health
Monitor
Cluster Health Advisor
Trace File Analyzer
Hang Manager
Memory Guard
Quality of Service
Management
Confidential – Oracle Restricted
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 17
Program Agenda15 Years of Innovations
RAC Scalability & Availability Optimizations
Automated for You
Optionally tunable for your environment
New Features Not to Miss
Appendixes
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2
12.2 Installer New Features in Action
1
2
3
A
B
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 18
Cache FusionA brief Refresher
• Maximum 3-way communication
• Dynamic Resource Management (DRM) attempts to optimize down to 2-way communication by moving the master to the instance where the resource is frequently accessed
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Cache FusionAutomatically chooses Optimal path
• Cache fusion collects & maintains statistics on Private Network access time and Disk access time
• Cache fusion will use this information to find the optimal path Network or Disk to serve blocks
• E.g. Flash Storage may provide better access times to data than the Private Network under high load.
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Performance OutliersHard to find cause
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Introducing LMS CR SlavesWill help mitigate Performance outliers
• In previous releases, LMS work on incoming consistent read requests in sequential fashion
• Sessions requesting consistent blocks that require applying lot of undo may cause LMS to be busy
• Starting with Oracle RAC 12c Release 2, LMS offloads work to ‘CR slaves’ if the amount of UNDO to be applied exceeds a certain, dynamic threshold
• Default is 1 slave and additional slaves are spawned as needed
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• OLTP sessions require remote undo header lookups to find– If a transaction has committed– Block cleanouts
• To reduce remote look ups, each instance maintains a hash table of recent transactions (active & committed)
• Undo Header Hash table improves scalability by eliminating remote look ups
Introducing Undo Header Hash Table
22
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Provides consistent performance after planned service failoverOptimized Singleton Workload Scaling
Service-oriented Buffer Cache Access determines the data (on database object level) accessed by the service and masters this data on the node on which the (singleton) service is offered, which improves data access performance.
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
• Cache Fusion maintains a Service to Buffer Cache relationship– Tracks which service causes row(s)
to be read into the buffer cache
• This statistic is used to– Master the resource only on those
nodes where the service is active• Optimized “Resource Master” Dispersion
– Pre-Warm the cache during service failover amid planned downtime
Service-Oriented Buffer Cache Access
24
NodeAOracle GI
Oracle RAC
NodeBOracle GI
Oracle RAC
cons_1 cons_2
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Chatty PDB(s) does not affect other PDB performancePluggable Database and Service Isolation
Pluggable Database and Service Isolation improves performance by reducing DLM operations for PDBs / Services not offered in all instances and optimizing block operations based on in-memory block separation.
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• Single Domain (domain 0) at the CDB level for all PDBs
• Operations like PDB start, stop, reconfigurations etc rely on the single Domain
• Accessing a resource from hash table using single Domain affected as the number of PDBs increases (> 250) Pdb-1
Pdb-2Pdb-3Pdb-4
Domain 0
Instance SGA
Resource Hash Table
Oracle Multitenant 12c Rel. 1 Scalability Implementation
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• With Oracle Database 12c Rel. 2, Each PDB gets its own PDB specific domain ID
• GES & GCS resources are balanced across PDB-specific domain ID
• Resulting in improved, consistent performance– One chatty PDB will not affect the
performance of any another PDB – Reduced Hash table size as hash table is only
created on the instances where PDB is running
Oracle Multitenant 12c Rel. 2 Scalability Optimization
Domain1Resource Hash Table
Resource Hash Table
Resource Hash Table
Resource Hash Table
Domain 2
Domain 3
Domain 4
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 28
Program Agenda15 Years of Performance Innovations
Scalability & Availability Optimizations
Automated for You
Optionally tunable for your environment
New Features Not to Miss
Appendixes
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2
12.2 Installer New Features in Action
1
2
3
A
B
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Statistics show that shortage of memory and subsequent swapping
are a major cause of downtime (Node evictions or Instance evictions)
Configure Swap on SSD device
Ensure device is formatted as ext4
Add “discard, noatime” to fstab
Configure OS parametersvm.swappiness=100 vm.panic_on_oom=0 vm.oom_kill_allocating_task=0 vm.overcommit_memory=0
Configure Swap on SSD Storage
29
#cat /sys/block/sdm/queue/rotational1
#blkid /dev/sdm/dev/sdm:UUID=“xxxx” TYPE=ext4
#cat /etc/fstab |grep sdmUUID="xxx" swap ext4 discard 1 2
#sysctl –w vm.swappiness=100#sysctl –w vm.panic_on_oom=0#sysctl –w vm.oom_kill_allocating task=0# sysctl –w vm.overcommit_memory=0#sysctl –w
#sysctl –p /etc/sysctl.conf
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
• Detect Node/Instance Hang/Death• Evict the dead/hung Instance/Node
• Elect a Recovery Master (RM)– One of the surviving instance process (SMON)
will get lock and be elected RM
• RM will then– read redo of evicted instance– apply recovery– signal completion
High Level Reconfiguration Stages
30
Detect
Evict
Elect Recovery
Read Redo
Apply Recovery
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
• Recovery Buddy feature optimizes reconfiguration
– Buddy Instances eliminate the “Elect Recovery Master” phase
– Redo-read is optimized via memory-reads
– Apply recovery is optimized as switching between read and writes is no longer required
Reduced Reconfiguration time with “Recovery Buddy”
31
Detect
Evict
Elect Recovery
Read Redo
Apply Recovery
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1. Buddy Instance mapping is simple ( 1 2, 2 3, 3 4, 4 1)
2. Recovery buddies are set during instance startup
3. RMS0 on each recovery buddy instance maintains an in-memory area of redo log change
4. The in-memory area is used during recovery therefore eliminating the need to physically read the redo
Buddy Instances – Under the Hood
32
1. Inst1 is recovery buddy for Inst22. Inst2 is recovery buddy for 3 and so-on3. Recovery buddy mapping will change as new
instances join or leaveFor e.g If inst3 crashes, a new recovery buddy will be assigned to Inst 4
Inst 1 Inst 2 Inst 3 Inst 4
Recovery Buddy 2
Recovery Buddy 3
Recovery Buddy 4
MyCluster
Recovery Buddy 1
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• Overall recovery times depends on reconfiguration time, which depends on the number of dirty blocks in the instance that needs recovery
• Reduce recovery time by calibrating and setting Fast_Start_MTTR_Target:1. Measure:
“Select Target_mttr,Estimated_mttrfrom gv$instance_recovery”
2. Set Fast_Start_MTTR_Target= <value> under
Better Availability Means Reducing Reconfiguration Times
33
– The estimated_mttr value is the mean time to recover should a crash occur
• Vendor Clusterware / NFS– Instance reconfiguration depends
on Oracle Clusterware. Vendor Clusterware only adds an additional layer
– Oracle Homes on will be affected by NFS hangs and can cause increased brownouts
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 34
Program Agenda15 Years of Performance Innovations
Scalability & Availability Optimizations
Automated for You
Optionally tunable for your environment
New Features Not to Miss
Appendixes
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2
12.2 Installer New Features in Action
1
2
3
A
B
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 35
New Features Not to Miss
Leaf Nodes
Hang Manager
Data Guard
1
2
3
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New Features Not to Miss
Leaf Nodes
Hang Manager
Data Guard
1
2
3
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• Flex Cluster and Leaf nodes were introduced with Oracle RAC 12c Rel. 1.
• Leaf Nodes are loosely coupled nodes that are attached to Hub Nodes
• Starting with Oracle RAC 12c Rel. 2, it is now possible to run read-only workload on instances running on Leaf Nodes Reader Nodes
• A Reader Node failure does not impact the overall database activity, making it easy to scale to hundreds of nodes.
Flex Cluster – A Brief Review
37
Hub Node 1
Leaf Node 1
Leaf Node 3
LeafNode 2
Hub Node 3
Hub Node 2
StorageNetwork
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How to run an Instance on Flex Cluster
38
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• Configure Reader Nodes with additional memory for queries– Goal: prevent spilling to
Temp Tablespace during sorts
• Create local Temp Tablespace to improve performance for spills– Avoid cross-instance space
management– Avoid CF enqueue overhead
Reader Nodes Instance – Configuration
39
R/W Inst 1
R/W Inst 3
R/W Inst 2
Reader Node Instance 1
Reader Instance 3
Reader Instance 2
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
• Create and Configure– CREATE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLESPACE FOR RIM
temp_rim TEMPFILE ‘/loc/temp_file_rim’ EXTENT Management local UNIFORM SIZE 1M AUTOEXTEND ON
– One Bigfile per Tablespace– Alter user scott local temporary tablspace blah;
• Users can be configured– local temporary to be used when user is connected
to Reader Node instance– Shared Temporary to be used when user is
connected to Read Write instance
Configure a Temporary Tablespace
40
User Shared temp
Read Write Instance
Read OnlyInstance
N
Continue SQL
Processing
User Local temp
N
DB Shared temp
N
DB Local temp
User Local temp
N
DB Local temp
N
User Shared temp
N
DB Shared temp
Session(s)
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New Features Not to Miss
Leaf Nodes
Hang Manager
Data Guard
1
2
3
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Overlooked and Underestimated – Hang Manager
• Customers experience database hangs for a variety of reasons– High system load, workload contention, network congestion or errors
• Before Hang Manager was introduced with Oracle RAC 11.2.0.2 – Oracle required information to troubleshoot a hang - e.g.:
• System state dumps• For RAC: global system state dumps
– Customer usually had to reproduce with additional events
Why is a Hang Manager required?
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• Hang Manager only considers DB sessions holding resources on which sessions are waiting
• Hang Manager detects hangs across layers
• Deadlocks and User Locks are not managed by Hang Manager
How does it work?
Consider Cross layer holders like ASM
instance, Leaf nodes etc
Consider QoS policies, User Defined settings
Holder Identified
Verify
Analyze
Evaluate
Detect
Session
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
• Hang Manager auto-tunes itself by periodically collecting instance-and cluster-wide hang statistics
• Metrics like Cluster Health/Instance health is tracked over a moving average
• This moving Average considered during resolution
• Holders waiting on SQL*Net break/reset are fast tracked
Hang Manager Optimizations
44
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• Early Warning exposed via (V$ view)
• Sensitivity can be set higher, if the user feels the default level is too conservative.
• Hang Manager behavior can be further fine-tuned by setting appropriate QoS policies
DBMS_HANG_MANAGER.Sensitivity
45
Hang Sensitivity Level
Description Note
NORMAL Hang Manager uses its default internal operating parameters to try to meet typical requirements for any environments.
Default
HIGH Hang Manager is more alert to sessions waiting in a chain than when sensitivity is in NORMAL level.
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New Features Not to Miss
Leaf Nodes
Hang Manager
Data Guard
1
2
3
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Data Guard Standby Redo Apply
• In a typical RAC Primary and RAC standby, Only one node of the standby can apply redo
• Other RAC nodes of the standby instance are typically in waiting mode even if the apply is CPU bound.
• Other instance only takes over redo apply only if the instance applying redo crashes
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Multi-Instance Redo Apply
• Parallel, multi-instance recovery means “the standby DB will keep up”– Standby recovery - utilizes CPU and I/O across all nodes of RAC standby
– Up to 3500MB+/sec apply rate on an 8 node RAC
• Multi-Instance Apply runs on all MOUNTED instances or all OPEN Instances
• Exposed in the Broker with the ‘ApplyInstances’ property on standby
Utilize all RAC nodes on standby to apply Redo
recover managed standby database disconnect using instances 4;
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Single-Instance Redo Apply
MRPProcesses
MRPProcesses
Standby Instance 1
RFSProcess
CoordinatorProcess
MRPProcesses
RFSProcess
CoordinatorProcess
MRPProcesses
RFSProcess
Primary Instance 1
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Primary Instance 2
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Primary Instance 3
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Thread 1 Redo
Thread 2 Redo
Thread 3 Redo
SRL
SRL
SRL
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Multi-Instance Redo Apply
CoordinatorProcess
MRPProcesses
Standby Instance 1
RFSProcess
CoordinatorProcess
MRPProcesses
Standby Instance 2
RFSProcess
CoordinatorProcess
MRPProcesses
Standby Instance 3
RFSProcess
Primary Instance 1
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Primary Instance 2
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Primary Instance 3
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Thread 1 Redo
Thread 2 Redo
Thread 3 Redo
SRL
SRL
SRL
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Multi-Instance Redo Apply – 2 Node Standby
CoordinatorProcess
MRPProcesses
Standby Instance 1
RFSProcess
CoordinatorProcess
MRPProcesses
Standby Instance 2
RFSProcess
CoordinatorProcess
RFSProcess
Primary Instance 1
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Primary Instance 2
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Primary Instance 3
ASYNC/SYNCProcess
Thread 1 Redo
Thread 2 Redo
Thread 3 Redo
SRL
SRL
SRL
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 52
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 53
Program Agenda15 Years of Innovations
RAC Scalability & Availability Optimizations
Automated for You
Optionally tunable for your environment
New Features Not to Miss
Appendixes
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2
12.2 Installer New Features in Action
1
2
3
A
B
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 54
Click icon to add picture
Create a new directory to install the grid home and copy the grid_home.zip to that directory
Click icon to add picture
Unzip the grid_home.zip in the newly created directory (/u01/app/12.2.0/crs) in the example
Click icon to add picture
Execute ./gridSetup.sh (Hint: Not runInstaller)
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2 – Pre Steps
$mkdir /u01/app/12.2.0/crs
$scp grid_home.zip /u01/app/12.2.0/crs
1
All these steps (Step1, Step 2, Step 3 is to be executed on
First Node only
2 3
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Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2 – Steps 1 to 5
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Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2 Steps 5 to 7Optionally choose to enable “Automatically run configuration scripts” and provide root credentials in the next screen. In this example, we will not be enabling this option
Ensure cluvfy checks are taken care of. In the example, it seems CVU is complaining about missing mandatory patch 21255373
Click on the “more details” hyperlink to get additional details about mandatory patch 21255373
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Download Patch 21255373
Login to MOS and download mandatory patch 21255373
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Click icon to add picture
Ensure you are using latest version of Opatch
Click icon to add picture
Download the latest version of the Opatch from MOS using Patch 6880880.
The above version was latest at the time the slides were created
Ensure the latest version of opatch is being used
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Apply the latest opatch to Grid home on ALL nodes
The latest Opatch is installed by unzipping the p6880880* file into the Grid Home on ALL the nodes
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Now Proceed applying patch 21255373 on all the nodes
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Now the patch is installed, Continue the Upgrade
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Execute the root scripts on First node
1.) The log file location
Ensure you Note
2.) The last node to be downgraded cannot be a leaf node
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Ensure root.sh completes successfully on All the nodes
2.) The last node to be downgraded cannot be a leaf node
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Continue to the gridSetup.sh GUI -- Steps 9 & 10
Go back to the window where the installer is running to continue with the Upgrade
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 65
Program Agenda15 Years of Innovations
RAC Scalability & Availability Optimizations
Automated for You
Optionally tunable for your environment
New Features Not to Miss
Appendixes
Step by Step Upgrade GI from 12.1 to 12.2
12.2 Installer New Features in Action (Grid Infrastructure Only)
1
2
3
A
B
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 66
New Image-based InstallationStep Image-based (12.1) Step Image-based (12.2)
1 Download shiphome zip files 1 Download image zip files
2 Unzip grid1/2.zip to some stage location (stage_loc)
3 Execute <stage_loc>/runInstaller.sh
4 Bootstraps files to some temp area (1GB)
5 Copies files from <stage_loc> to OH
6 Zip up the OH and store it as image files
7 Unzip image files to OH on all nodes of the cluster
2 Unzip image files to OH on one of the nodes of cluster
8 Execute clone.pl on all nodes of cluster
9 Run config.sh from one of the nodes 3 Run gridSetup.sh from one of the nodes
Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 67
New ‘Lenient’ mode• Oracle 12c Rel. 2 Grid Infrastructure
installer supports ‘Lenient’ mode installation
• Installer allows user to by-pass nodes that are possibly mis-configured and proceed with configuration on the remaining nodes
• It is default behavior for all interactive installations
• Supported for silent(non-interactive) installations when “-lenientInstallMode” is specified on command line
67
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Specify nodes using patterns/expressions
68
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new –executeConfigtools option• –executeConfigTools is the new option to (re-)execute post-install
configuration tools• Works for gridSetup(GI) and runInstaller(DB)• Works with the installer’s response file• Has interactive UI• Better logging of configuration tools output for easier diagnostics• configToolAllCommands is deprecated