andrás benyhe md energetics essential nutrientsangular stomatitis dairy products, bananas, popcorn,...
TRANSCRIPT
Energetics&
Essential nutrients
András Benyhe MD
What is Energy?
Energy
1 J = 1 N×m
1 J = 1 C×V
1 J = 1 W×s
1 J = 1 Pa×m3
0 V1 V
Heat energy
1 cal = 4.2 J 1 kg H2
O
+1 °C
1 Cal
Heat energy
1 cal = 4.2 J
1000 cal = 1 kcal
Heat energy
1 cal = 4.2 J
1000 cal = 1 Cal
ATP
7.3 kcal/mol7.3 kcal/mol
1 cal = 4.2 J
ATP
30 kJ/mol30 kJ/mol
1 cal = 4.2 J
Thermodynamic efficiency
ingested food
absorbed nutrients
metabolism
storage
ATP~40% ~50%
energy requirement of nutrient utilization
loss with indigestable
materials
heat heat heat
100%
~20%
put into external work
WORK
work that stays in the body is converted to
heat
Energy in food
Energy in food
Macronutrients + O2
→ CO2
+ H2
O
Energy
ATP
Heat
40%60%
Work
50%50%
Energy in food
Carbohydrates + O2
→ CO2
+ H2
O
Energy
ATP
Heat
40%60%
Work
50%50%
17.2 kJ/g
21.1kJ/LO2
1 cal = 4.2 J
How many ATP molecules are synthesized from breakdown of a single glucose molecule?
Energy in food
Lipids + O2
→ CO2
+ H2
O
Energy
ATP
Heat
40%60%
Work
50%50%
38.9kJ/g
19.6kJ/LO2
1 cal = 4.2 J
Energy in food
Proteins + O2
→ CO2
+ H2
O
Energy
ATP
Heat
40%60%
Work
50%50%
17.2kJ/g
18.8kJ/LO2
1 cal = 4.2 J
An average hobbit burns 150 kcals/h while climbing Mount Doom, and 10 kcals/h when sleeping. Let’s assume that two hobbits are on a journey to the top, climbing 16 hours a day and sleeping 8. 1 piece of lembas per day covers the energy needs of the two hobbits. A lembas wafer has an average weight of 10 grams.
What is the energy density of lembas in kJ/g?
1 cal = 4.2 J
Measuring energetics
Calorimetry: how much energy do we use?
Macronutrients + O2
→ CO2
+ H2
O
Energy
ATP
Heat
40%60%
Work
50%50%
Direct calorimetry (outdated)
heat insulated box
Direct calorimetry (outdated)
heat insulated box
Direct calorimetry (outdated)cold
water in
warm water out
heat insulated box
Direct calorimetry (outdated)
● Measures liberated heat
● Energy put into external work is NOT measured
cold water in
warm water out
heat insulated box
Direct calorimetry (outdated)
Macronutrients + O2
→ CO2
+ H2
O
Energy
ATP
Heat
40%60%
Work
50%50%
Indirect calorimetry
Macronutrients + O2
→ CO2
+ H2
O
Energy
ATP
Heat
40%60%
Work
50%50%
~20 kJ/LO2
energy in a balanced diet
Indirect calorimetry
● Measures oxygen used● Suitable for measuring
energetics during activity
Indirect calorimetry
● Measures oxygen used● Anaerobic metabolism is
not measured (or is it?)*
*(it probably is)
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Calorimetry under standardized conditions:
1. Not have eaten for at least 12 hours2. After a night of restful sleep3. No strenous activity for at least 1 hour4. No causes of excitement5. 20-26°C air temperature6. No physical activity
Before
During
Estimation of Basal Metabolic Rate
revised Harris–Benedict formula:
MenBMR = (10 × weight in kg) + (6.25 × height in cm) - (5 × age in years) + 5
WomenBMR = (10 × weight in kg) + (6.25 × height in cm) - (5 × age in years) - 161
in kcal/day
What is your BMR?
MenBMR = (10 × weight in kg) + (6.25 × height in cm) - (5 × age in years) + 5
WomenBMR = (10 × weight in kg) + (6.25 × height in cm) - (5 × age in years) - 161
Total energy cost of living
ingested food
absorbed nutrients
metabolism
storage
ATP~40% ~50%
energy requirement of nutrient utilization
loss with indigestable
materials
heat heat heat
100%
~20%
put into external work
WORK
work that stays in the body is converted to
heat
BMRDIT (diet induced thermogenesys)~10% of caloric intake
Work related energy
Physical Activity Level (PAL)
Lifestyle Example PAL
Extremely inactive Cerebral Palsy patient <1.40
Sedentary Office worker getting little or no exercise 1.40-1.69
Moderately active Construction worker or person running one hour daily
1.70-1.99
Vigorously active Agricultural worker (non mechanized) or person swimming two hours daily
2.00-2.40
Extremely active Competitive cyclist >2.40
Total Energy Expenditure = BMR × PAL
Energy use during activities
Extreme power outputs
Robert Förstemann
Extreme power outputs
Robert Förstemann
human work: ~20% efficiency
dynamo: ~80%860 W
4300 W
Extreme power outputs
Robert Förstemann
human work: ~20% efficiency
dynamo: ~80%860 W
4300 W
3440 W
170 W
Extreme power outputs
Robert Förstemann
human work: ~20% efficiency
dynamo: ~80%860 W
4300 Wresting dude:150W
3440 W
170 W
~150 W
Energy requirement of various activities
100W 300W 500W
1000+W
How much energy would it take you to run 20 mins at 5:00/km?
PACE min/km7:10 6:15 5:30 5:00 4:30 4:10 3:50 3:30 M
ayhe
w, J
. L. (
1977
). O
xyge
n co
st a
nd e
nerg
y ex
pend
iture
of r
unni
ng in
trai
ned
runn
ers.
Brit
ish
Jour
nal o
f Spo
rts M
edic
ine,
11(
3), 1
16-1
21.
Balanced DietWhere should the energy come from?
Balanced diet?
● Not wasting (medically)
● Not gaining
● Not lacking
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohdrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 102(11), 1621.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohdrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 102(11), 1621.
Too little fat intake results in low HDL, too much is associated with
cardiovascular risk, due to high LDL
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohdrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 102(11), 1621.
Lower limit prevents too high fat intake, too much carbs leave no room
for other macronutrients
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohdrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 102(11), 1621.
Lower limit is the minimal 0.8g/kgbw/day intake, that prevents wasting.
Essential amino acids
Essential lipids
Example
Daily amount
Energy density
Daily energyCaloric
equivalentDaily O
2
used
Carbohydrates ~300g 17.2 kJ/g ~5200 kJ (52%) 21.1 kJ/LO2
~250 L
Proteins ~120g 17.2 kJ/g ~2000 kJ (20%) 18.8 kJ/LO2
~110 L
Lipids ~70g 38.9 kJ/g ~2800 kJ (28%) 19.6 kJ/LO2
~140 L
Total 10000 kJ 500 L
Example
Daily amount
Energy density
Daily energyCaloric
equivalentDaily O
2
used
Carbohydrates ~300g 17.2 kJ/g ~5200 kJ (52%) 21.1 kJ/LO2
~250 L
Proteins ~120g 17.2 kJ/g ~2000 kJ (20%) 18.8 kJ/LO2
~110 L
Lipids ~70g 38.9 kJ/g ~2800 kJ (28%) 19.6 kJ/LO2
~140 L
Total 10000 kJ 500 L
Example
Daily amount
Energy density
Daily energyCaloric
equivalentDaily O
2
used
Carbohydrates ~300g 17.2 kJ/g ~5200 kJ (52%) 21.1 kJ/LO2
~250 L
Proteins ~120g 17.2 kJ/g ~2000 kJ (20%) 18.8 kJ/LO2
~110 L
Lipids ~70g 38.9 kJ/g ~2800 kJ (28%) 19.6 kJ/LO2
~140 L
Total 10000 kJ 500 L ?
Do we really use 500L O2 during daily metabolism?
TV = 0.5L, RespRate = 14/min, inspired air has 21% of O2, expired gas has 16%.
Micronutrients:Vitamins and Trace Minerals
Vitamins
● NOT a homogenous group
Vitamins
● NOT a homogenous group
● Organic compounds
Vitamins
● NOT a homogenous group
● Organic compounds
● Necessary for normal metabolism
● Cofactor● Antioxidant● Structural role● Hormone
Vitamins
● NOT a homogenous group
● Organic compounds
● Necessary for normal metabolism
● Cannot be synthesized in human cells
Diverse diet!
Vitamins
● NOT a homogenous group
● Organic compounds
● Necessary for normal metabolism
● Cannot be synthesized in human cells
● Lack results in deficits or disease
Tissues of high activity & cell
division!
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems
Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7 Biotin Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritis
Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
Water soluble vitamins
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1
Thiamine(PDH
coenzyme)Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems
Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7 Biotin Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritis
Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
memory
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2
Riboflavin
(FAD) Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mgAriboflavinosis, glossitis,
angular stomatitisDairy products, bananas, popcorn, green
beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems
Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7 Biotin Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritis
Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3
Niacin
(NAD) Water 16 mg/14 mg PellagraLiver damage (doses >
2g/day) and other problemsMeat, fish, eggs, many vegetables,
mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7 Biotin Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritis
Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems
Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
(CoA)Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7 Biotin Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritis
Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day)
and other problemsMeat, fish, eggs, many vegetables,
mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6
Pyridoxine(amino transfer
coenzyme)Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy, Skin disorders
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7 Biotin Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritis
Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during
pregnancy is associated with birth defects, such as
neural tube defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems
Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7
Biotin(CO2transfer coenzyme)
Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritisRaw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green
vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems
Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7 Biotin Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritis
Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables
B9
Folic acidC1-transfer Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12
CobalaminC1-transfer Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
B1 Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg
Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome
Drowsiness and muscle relaxation
Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs
B2 Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg
Ariboflavinosis, glossitis, angular stomatitis
Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus
B3 Niacin Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra
Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems
Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts
B5
Pantothenic acid
Water 5 mg Paresthesia Meat, broccoli, avocados
B6 Pyridoxine Water
1.3–1.7 mg/1.2–1.5 mg
Anemia, Peripheral neuropathy
Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100
mg/day)
Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas
B7
Biotin(CO2transfer coenzyme)
Water 30 µg Dermatitis, enteritisRaw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green
vegetables
B9 Folic acid Water 400 µg
Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy
is associated with birth defects, such as neural tube
defects
Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver
B12 Cobalamin Water 2.4 µg Pernicious anemia Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk
C Ascorbic acid
Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy Many fruits and vegetables, liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
A Retinol Fat 900 µg/700 µgNight blindness, skin
problemsHypervitaminosis A
Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash,
spinach, fish, soy milk, milk
D Calciferol Fat 15 µg Rickets and osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis DLichen, eggs, liver, certain fish species
such as sardines, certain mushroom species such as shiitake
E Tocopherol Fat 15 mgDeficiency is very rare; mild
anemia in newbornMany fruits and vegetables, nuts and
seeds, and seed oils
K Phylloquinone Fat 110 µg/120 µg Bleeding diathesisDecreased anticoagulation
effect of warfarinLeafy green vegetables such as spinach;
egg yolks; liver
Fat soluble vitamins
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
A
Retinol(paracrine;
structural role in rhodopsin)
Fat 900 µg/700 µgNight blindness, skin
problemsHypervitaminosis A
Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash,
spinach, fish, soy milk, milk
D Calciferol Fat 15 µg Rickets and osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis DLichen, eggs, liver, certain fish species
such as sardines, certain mushroom species such as shiitake
E Tocopherol Fat 15 mgDeficiency is very rare; mild
anemia in newbornMany fruits and vegetables, nuts and
seeds, and seed oils
K Phylloquinone Fat 110 µg/120 µg Bleeding diathesisDecreased anticoagulation
effect of warfarinLeafy green vegetables such as spinach;
egg yolks; liver
Night blindnessNormal vision
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
A Retinol Fat900 µg/700
µgNight blindness, skin
problemsHypervitaminosis A
Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash,
spinach, fish, soy milk, milk
DCalciferol
(Ca-homeostatic hormone)
Fat 15 µg Rickets and osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis DLichen, eggs, liver, certain fish species
such as sardines, certain mushroom species such as shiitake
E Tocopherol Fat 15 mgDeficiency is very rare; mild
anemia in newbornMany fruits and vegetables, nuts and
seeds, and seed oils
K Phylloquinone Fat110 µg/120
µgBleeding diathesis
Decreased anticoagulation effect of warfarin
Leafy green vegetables such as spinach; egg yolks; liver
Calcification
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
A Retinol Fat 900 µg/700 µgNight blindness, skin
problemsHypervitaminosis A
Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash,
spinach, fish, soy milk, milk
D Calciferol Fat 15 µg Rickets and osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis DLichen, eggs, liver, certain fish species
such as sardines, certain mushroom species such as shiitake
ETocopherol
(antioxidant of lipids)
Fat 15 mgDeficiency is very rare; mild
anemia in newbornMany fruits and vegetables, nuts and
seeds, and seed oils
K Phylloquinone Fat 110 µg/120 µg Bleeding diathesisDecreased anticoagulation
effect of warfarinLeafy green vegetables such as spinach;
egg yolks; liver
VitaminChemical
nameSolubility RDA (♂/♀) Deficiency Overdose Food sources
A Retinol Fat 900 µg/700 µgNight blindness, skin
problemsHypervitaminosis A
Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash,
spinach, fish, soy milk, milk
D Calciferol Fat 15 µg Rickets and osteomalacia Hypervitaminosis DLichen, eggs, liver, certain fish species
such as sardines, certain mushroom species such as shiitake
E Tocopherol Fat 15 mgDeficiency is very rare; mild
anemia in newbornMany fruits and vegetables, nuts and
seeds, and seed oils
KPhylloquinone(g-carboxylation
coenzyme)Fat 110 µg/120 µg Bleeding diathesis
Decreased anticoagulation effect of warfarin
Leafy green vegetables such as spinach; egg yolks; liver
factor IIfactor VIIfactor IXfactor Xprot Cprot S
Trace elements
● Iodine - thyroid hormones
Trace elements
● Iodine
● Zinc - enzymes eg. CA, LDH, peptidases
Trace elements
● Iodine
● Zinc
● Fluorine - caries protection
Trace elements
● Iodine
● Zinc
● Fluorine
● Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Se, Co, W - Various enzymatic processes in both human and bacterial cells
Malnutrition
Undernourishment
Energy
Lipid
Carb
Protein
Micronutrients
Undernourishment
Energy
Lipid
Carb
Protein
Micronutrients
Quantity
Quality
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Energy
Lipid
Carb
Protein
Micronutrients
Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor
Energy
Lipid
Carb
Protein
Micronutrients
Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Marasmus
Energy
Lipid
Carb
Protein
Micronutrients
Cachexia - starvation of the cells
Energy
Lipid
Carb
Protein
Micronutrients
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