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Andrija PUHARICH

Water Decomposition by AC Electrolysis

A. Puharich: "Cutting The Gordian Knot of the Great Energy Bind"

USP # 4,394,230 ~ Method & Apparatus for Splitting Water Molecules

Dr Andrija Puharich reportedly drove his motor home for hundreds of thousands of miles around North America in the 1970s using only water as fuel. At a mountain pass in Mexico, he collected snow for water. Here is the only article he wrote on the subject, plus his patent:

Cutting The Gordian Knot of the Great Energy Bind by Andrija Puharich

(1) Introduction ~

It is hardly necessary to weigh the value of the World Energy bank account for any sophisticated person, these days. It is grim. The oil reserves will dwindle away in a score of years or so, and the coal reserves will be gone in some twelve score years. ( Ref. 1)

This is not to say that the outlook is hopeless. There is an abundance of alternative energy sources, but the economics of development and exploitation present an enormous short term strain on the world political and banking resources.

Visionary scientists tell us that the ideal fuel in the future will be as cheap as water, that it will be non toxic both in its short term, and in its long term, effects, that it will be renewable in that it can be used over and over again, that it will be safe to handle, and present minimal storage and transportation problems and costs. And finally that it will be universally available anywhere on earth.

What is this magical fuel, and why is it not being used? The fuel is water. It can be used in its fresh water form. It can be used in its salt water form. It can be used in its

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brackish form. It can be used in its snow and ice form. When such water is decomposed by electrolytic fission into hydrogen and oxygen gases, it becomes a high energy fuel with three times the energy output which is available from an equivalent weight of high grade gasoline.

(Ref. 1 ) The interested reader should refer to the special issue of National Geographic, "Energy", February 1981.

Then why is water not being used as a fuel? The answer is simple. It costs too much with existing technology to convert water into gases hydrogen and oxygen. The basic cycle of using water for fuel is described in the following two equations, familiar to every high school student of Chemistry:

H2O Electrolysis + 249.68 Btu Delta G ==> H2 + (1/2)O2 per mole of water (1 mole = 18 gms.). (1)

This means that it requires 249.688 Btu of energy (from electricity) to break water by electrocal fission into the gases hydrogen and oxygen.

H2 and (1/2)O2 === catalyst ===> H2O - Delta H 302.375 Btu per mole of water. (2)

This means that 302.375 Btu of energy (heat or electricity) will be released when the gases, hydrogen and oxygen, combine. The end product (the exhaust) from this reaction is water. Note that more energy (under ideal conditions) is released from combining the gases than is used to free them from water. It is know that under ideal conditions it is possible to get some 20% more energy out of reaction (2) above, then it takes to produce the gases of reaction (1) above. Therefore, if reaction (1) could be carried out at 100% efficiency, the release of energy from reaction (2) in an optimally efficient engine (such as a low temperature fuel cell), there would be a net energy profit which would make the use of water as a fuel an economically feasible source of energy .

The cost of producing hydrogen is directly related to the cost of producing electricity. Hydrogen as produced today is generally a byproduct of off-peak-hour electrical production in either nuclear or hydroelectric plants. The electricity thus produced is the cheapest way of making hydrogen. We can compare the cost of production of electricity and the cost of producing hydrogen. The following table is adapted from Penner (Ref. 2) whose data source is based on Federal Power Commission, and American Gas Association Figures of 1970 and on a 1973 price evaluation (just before OPEC oil price escalation.)

Table 1: Relative Prices in Dollars per 106 Btu . See Appendix 1 for definition of British Thermal units (a) @ 9.1 mils/kWh

Cost Component ~ Electricity ~ Electrolytically-Produced H Production ~ 2.67 (b) ~ 2.95 to 3.23 (b) Transmission ~ 0.61 ~ 0.52 (c) Distribution ~ 1.61 ~ 0.34 Total Cost ~ $4.89 ~ $3.81 to $4.09

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If we compare only the unit cost of production of electricity vs Hydrogen from the above table:

106 Btu H2 / 106 Btu El = $3.23 / $2.67, or 20.9% higher cost, H2

(Ref. 2) Penner, S.S. & L. Iceman: Non Nuclear Technologies, Vol II, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1977, Chap. 11, and Table 11.1-2 (Page 132).

It must also be noted that the price of natural gas is much cheaper than either electricity or hydrogen, but because of the price fluctuations due to recent deregulation of gas. It is not possible to present a realistic figure.

In the opinion of Penner (op. cit.), if the hydrogen production cost component of its total cost could be reduced three fold, it would become a viable alternate energy source. In order to achieve such a three-fold reduction in production costs, several major breakthroughs would have to occur.

(1) ENDERGONIC REACTION ~ (1) supra. A technological breakthrough that permits 100% conversion efficiency of water by electrolysis fission into the two gases, Hydrogen as fuel and Oxygen as oxidant.

(2) HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, in situ. A technological breakthrough that eliminates the need and cost of hydrogen liquefaction and storage, transmission, and distribution, by producing the fuel in situ, when and where needed.

(3) EXERGONIC REACTION ~ (2) supra. A technological breakthrough which yields a 100% efficient energy release from the combination of hydrogen and oxygen into water in an engine that can utilize the heat, steam, or electricity thus produced.

(4) ENGINE EFFICIENCY. By a combination of the breakthroughs outlined above, (1), (2), and (3) utilized in a highly efficient engine to do work, it is possible to achieve a 15% to 20% surplus of energy return over energy input, theoretically.

It is of interest to record that a new invention is now being developed to realise the above outlined goal of cheap, clean renewable and high grade energy.

A Thermodynamic Device has been invented which produces hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant, from ordinary or from sea water, eliminating the cost and hazard of liquefaction, storage, transmission, and distribution. The saving of this aspect of the invention alone reduces the total cost of hydrogen by about 25%.

This Thermodynamic Device is based on a new discovery --- the efficient electrolytic fission of water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas by the use of low frequency alternating currents as opposed to the conventual use of direct current, or ultra-high frequency current today. Such gas production from water by electrolytic fission approaches 100% efficiency under laboratory conditions and measurements. No laws of physics are violated in this process.

This Thermodynamic Device has already been tested at ambient pressures and temperatures from sea level to an altitude of 10,000 feet above sea level without any

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loss of its peak efficiency. The device produces two types of gas bubbles; one type of bubble contains hydrogen gas; the other type contains oxygen gas. The two gases are thereafter easily separable by passive membrane filters to yield pure hydrogen gas, and pure oxygen gas.

The separate gases are now ready to be combined in a chemical fusion with a small activation energy such as that from a catalyst or an electrical spark, and yield energy in the form of heat, or steam, or electricity --- as needed .When the energy is released by the chemical fusion of hydrogen and oxygen, the exhaust product is clean water. The water exhaust can be released into nature and then renewed in its energy content by natural processes of evaporation, solar irradiation in cloud form, an subsequent precipitation as rain on land or sea, and then collected again as a fuel source. Or, the exhaust water can have its energy content pumped up by artificial processes such as through solar energy acting through photocells. Hence, the exhaust product is both clean and renewable. The fuel hydrogen, and the oxidant oxygen, can be used in any form of heat engine as an energy source if economy is not an important factor. But the practical considerations of maximum efficiency dictate that a low temperature fuel cell with its direct chemical fusion conversion from gases to electricity offers the greatest economy and efficiency from small power plants (less than 5 kilowatts).

For large power plants, steam and gas turbines are the ideal heat engines for economy and efficiency. With the proper engineering effort, automobiles could be converted rather easily to use water as the main fuel source.

(2) A Elementry Introduction to the Design & Operation of the Thermodynamic Device to Electrolyse Water with AC ~

The Thermodynamic Device (TD) is made up of three principal components: An electrical function generator, Component I, that energizes a water cell, the TD, Component II and Component III , a weak electrolyte.

COMPONENT I: The Electrical Function Generator ~ See Fig 1.

Figure 1: Signal Generator Component Block ~

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This electronic device has a complex alternating current output consisting of an audio frequency (range 20 to 200 Hz) amplitude modulation of a carrier wave (range: 200 to 100,000 Hz). The output is connected by two wires to Component II at the center electrode, and at the ring electrode. See Fig1. The impedance of this output signal is continuously being matched to the load which is the water solution in Component II.

COMPONENT II: The Thermodynamic Device (TD). See Figure 2.

Figure 2: Thermodynamic Device (TD) ~

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The TD is fabricated of metals and ceramic in the geometric form of a coaxial cylinder made up of a centered hollow tubular electrode which is surrounded by a larger tubular steel cylinder. These two electrodes comprise the coaxial electrode system energised by Component I. The space between the two electrodes is, properly speaking, Component III which contains the water solution to be electrolysed. The center hollow tubular electrode carries water into the cell, and is further separated from the outer cylindrical electrode by a porous ceramic vitreous material. The space between the two electrodes contains two lengths of tubular Pyrex glass, shown in Figures 2 and 3. The metal electrode surface in contact with the water solution are coated with a nickel alloy.

COMPONENT III: the weak electrolyte water solution. Fig.3

Figure 3: The Water Cell Section of Component II ~

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This consists of the water solution, the two glass tubes, and the geometry of the containing wall of Component II. It is the true load for Component I, and its electrode of Component II.

The Component III water solution is more properly speaking, ideally a 0.1540 M Sodium Chloride solution, and such is a weak electrolyte. In figure 4 we show the hypothetical tetrahedral structure of water molecule, probably in the form in which the complex electromagnetic waves of Component I to see it. The center of mass of this tetrahedral form is the oxygen atom. The geometric arrangement of the p electrons of oxygen probably determine the vectors i (L1) and i (L2) and i (H1) and i (H2) which in turn probably determine the tetrahedral architecture of the water molecule. The p electron configuration of oxygen is shown in Figure 5. Reference to Figure 4 shows that the diagonal of the right side of the cube has at its corner terminations the positive charge hydrogen (H+) atoms; and that the left side of the cube diagonal has at its corners the lone pair electrons, (e-). It is to be further noted that this diagonal pair has an orthonormal relationship.

Figure 4: The Water Molecule in Tetrahedral Form ~

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Hydrogen bonding occurs only along the four vectors pointing to the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron, and in the above drawing we show the four unit vectors along these directions originating from the oxygen atoms at the center. i(H1) and i(H2) are the vectors of the hydrogen bonds formed by the molecule i as a donor molecule. These are assigned to the lone pair electrons. Molecules i are the neighboring oxygen atoms at each vertex of the tetrahedron.

Figure 5: Electron Orbitals ~

(3) Electrothermodynamics ~

We will now portray the complex electromagnetic wave as the tetrahedral water molecule sees it. The first effect felt by the water molecule is in the protons of the vectors, i (H1) and i (H2). These protons feel the 3 second cycling of the amplitude of the carrier frequency and its associated side bands as generated by Component I. This sets up a rotation moment of the proton magnetic moment which one can clearly see on the XY plot of an oscilloscope, as an hysteresis loop figure. However, it is noted that this hysteresis loop does not appear in the liquid water sample until all the parameters of the three components have been adjusted to the configuration which is the novel basis of this device. The hysteresis loop gives us a vivid portrayal of the nuclear magnetic relaxation cycle of the proton in water.

The next effect felt by the water molecule is the Component I carrier resonant frequency, Fo. At the peak efficiency for electrolysis the value of Fo is 600 Hz +/- 5 Hz.

This resonance however is achieved through control of two other factors. The first is the molal concentration of salt in the water. This is controlled by measuring the conductivity of the water through the built in current meter of Component I. There is maintained an idea ratio of current to voltage I/E = 0.01870 which is an index to the optimum salt concentration of 0.1540 Molal.

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The second factor which helps to hold the resonant which helps to hold the resonant frequency at 600 Hz is the gap distance of Y, between the centre electrode, and the ring electrode of Component II.

This gap distance will vary depending on the size scale of Component II, but again the current flow, I, is used to set it to the optimal distance when the voltage reads between 2.30 (rms) volts, at resonance Fo, and at molal concentration, 0.1540. The molal concentration of the water is thus seen to represent the electric term of the water molecule and hence its conductivity.

The amplitude modulation of the carrier gives rise to side bands in the power spectrum of the carrier frequency distribution. It is these side bands which give rise to an acoustic vibration of the liquid water, and it is believed to the tetrahedral water molecule. The importance of the phonon effect --- the acoustic vibration of water in electrolysis --- was discovered in a roundabout way. Research work with Component I had earlier established that it could be used for the electro-stimulation of hearing in humans. When the output of Component I is comprised of flat circular metal plates applied to the head of normal hearing humans, it was found that they could hear pure tones and speech. Simultaneously, acoustic vibration could also be heard by an outside observer with a stethoscope placed near one of the electrodes on the skin. It was observed that the absolute threshold of hearing could be obtained at 0.16 mW (rms), and by calculation that there was an amplitude of displacement of the eardrum of the order of 10-11 and a corresponding amplitude of the cochlear basilar membrane of 10-13 meter. Corollary to this finding. I was able to achieve the absolute reversible threshold of electrolysis at a power level of 0.16 mW (rms). By carrying out new calculations I was able to show that the water was being vibrated with a displacement of the order of 1 Angstrom ( = 10-10 meters). This displacement is of the order of the diameter of the hydrogen atom.

Thus it is possible that the acoustic phonons generated by audio side bands of the carrier are able to vibrate particle structures within the unit water tetrahedron.

We now turn to the measurement problem with respect to efficiency of electrolysis. There are four means that can be used to measure the reactant product of water electrolysis . For simple volume measurements one can use a precision nitrometer such as the Pregl type. For both volume and quantitative analysis one can use the gas chromatography with thermal conductivity detector. For a continuous flow analysis of both volume and gas species the mass spectrometer is very useful. For pure thermodynamic measurements the calorimeter is useful. In our measurements, all four methods were examined, and it was found that the mass spectrometer gave the most flexibility and the greatest precision. In the next section we will describe our measurement using the mass spectrometer.

Protocol

(4) Methodology for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of Water Decomposition by Means of Alternating Current Electrolysis ~

Introduction ~

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All systems used today for the electrolysis of water into hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant apply direct current to a strong electrolyte solution. These systems range in efficiency from 50% to 71%. The calculation of energy efficiency in electrolysis is defined as follows:

"The energy efficiency is the ration of the energy released from the electrolysis products formed (when they are subsequently used) to the energy required to effect electrolysis." (Ref. 1)

The energy released by the exergonic process under standard conditions

H2(g) + (1/2) O2(g) ===> H2O = 3 02.375 Btu

which is 68.315 Kcal/mol. or, 286,021 Joules/mol, and is numerically equal to the enthalphy charge (Delta H ) for the indicated process. On the other hand the minimum energy (or useful work input) required at constant temperature and pressure for electrolysis equals the Gibbs free energy change (Delta G). (Ref 2)

(Ref. 1) S.S. Penner and L. Iceman: Energy. Volume II , Non Nuclear Energy Technologies. Adison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.Reading Massachusetts, 1977 (Rev. Ed. ) chapter 11.

(Ref. 2) S.S. Penner: Thermodynamics, Chapter 11, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Reading, Massachusetts, 1968.

Penner shows (op.cit.) that there is a basic relation derivable from the first and second laws of thermodynamics for isothermal changes which shows that

Delta G = Delta H - T Delta S (2)

where Delta S represents the entropy change for the chemical reaction and T is the absolute temperature.

The Gibbs free energy change (Delta G) is also related to the voltage (e) required to implement electrolysis by Faraday's equation,

e = (Delta G / 23.06 n ) volts (3)

where Delta G is in Kcal/mol, and n is the number of electrons (or equivalents) per mole of water electrolysed and has the numerical value 2 in the equation (endergonic process),

H2O ===> H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) + 56.620 kcal or + 249.68 Btu (4)

Therefore, according to equation (2) at atmospheric pressure, and 300 degrees K , Delta H = 68.315 kcal/mol or H2O, and Delta G = 56.620 kcal / mol of H2O = 236,954 J/mol H20 for the electrolysis of liquid water.

In view of these thermodynamic parameters for the electrolysis of water into gases, hydrogen and oxygen, we can establish by Eq.(2) numeric values where,

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Delta G = 236.954 J/mol H2O

under standard conditions. Thus

n = Delta G (J/mol) / Delta Ge (J/mol) = <1 (5)

where Delta Ge is the electrical energy input to H2O (1) in Joules, and Delta G is the Gibbs free energy of H2O. The conversion between the two quantities is one Watt second (Ws) = one Joule.

Or, in terms of gas volume, as hydrogen, produced and measured,

n = Measured H2 (cc) / Ideal H2 (cc) = <1 (6)

In accordance with these general principles we present the methodology followed in evaluating the electrolytic of alternating current on H2O in producing the gases, hydrogen and oxygen. No attempt has been made to utilize these gases according to the process of Eq.(1). It is to be noted that the process

H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) ===> H2O (g) (7)

yields only 57.796 kcal /mol. Eq.(7) shows that per mole of gases water formed at 300° K, the heat released is reduced from the 68.315 kcal/mol at Eq. (1) by the molar heat of evaporation of water at 300° K (10.5 kcal) and the overall heat release is 57.796 kcal/mol if H2O (g) is formed at 300° K. (Ref. 1)

In the following sections we describe the new method of electrolysis by means of alternating current, and the exact method and means used to measure the endergonic process of Eq.(4) and the governing Eq.(2) and Eq.(5).

(Ref. 1) Op.cit., Ref. (1) page 3. page 299ff.

(5) Thermodynanic Measurement ~

In order to properly couple Component II to a mass spectrometer one requires a special housing around Component II that it will capture the gases produced and permit these to to be drawn under low vacuum into the mass spectometer. Therefore a stainless steel and glass chamber was built to contain Component II, and provision made to couple it directly through a CO2 watertrap to the mass spectrometer with the appropriate stainless steel tubing. This chamber is designated as Component IV. Both the mass spectrometer and Component IV were purged with helium and evacuated for a two hour period before any gas samples were drawn. In this way contamination was minimized. The definitive measurement were done at Gollob Analytical Services in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey

We now describe the use of Component I and how its energy output to Component II is measured. The energy output of Component I is an amplitude modulated alternating current looking into a highly non-linear load, i.e., the water solution. Component I is so designed that at peak load it is in resonance across the system --- Components I, II, and III --- and the vector diagrams show that the capacitive

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reactance, and the inductance reactance are almost exactly 180° out of phase, so that the net power output is reactive (the dissipative power is very small). This design ensures minimum power lossses across the entire output system. In the experiments to be described, the entire emphasis is placed on achieving the maximum gas yield (credit) in exchange for the minimum applied electrical energy.

The most precise way to measure the applied energy from Component I to Component II and Component III is to measure the power, P, in watts, W. Ideally this should be done with a precision wattmeter. But since we were interested in following the voltage and current separately, it was decided not to use the watt meter. Separate meters were used to continuously monitor the current and the volts.

This is done by precision measurement of the volts across Component III as root mean square (rms) volts; and the current flowing in the system as rms amperes. Precisely calibrated instruments were used to take these two measurements. A typical set of experiments using water in the form of 0.9% saline solution 0.1540 molar to obtain high efficiency hydrolysis gave the following results:

rms Current = I = 25mA to 38 mA (0.025 A to 0.038 A.)

rms Volts = E = 4 Volts to 2.6 Volts

The resultant ration between current and voltage is dependent on many factors such as the gap distance between the center and ring electrodes, dielectric properties of the water, conductivity properties of the water, equilibrium states, isothermal conditions, materials used, and even the pressure of clathrates. The above current and voltage values reflect the net effect of various combinations of such parameters. When one takes the product of rms current, and rms volts, one has a measure of the power, P in watts.

P = I x E = 25 mA x 4.0 volts =100 mW (0.1 W)

and P = I x E =38 mA x 2.6 volts = 98.8 mW (0.0988 W)

At these power levels (with load), the resonant frequency of the system is 600 Hz (plus or minus 5 Hz) as measured on a precision frequency counter. The wave form was monitored for harmonic content on an oscilloscope, and the nuclear magnetic relaxation cycle was monitored on an XY plotting oscilloscope in order to maintain the proper hysteresis loop figure. All experiments were run so that the power in watts, applied through Components I, II, and III ranged between 98.8 mW to 100 mW.

Since by the International System of Units 1971 (ST), one Watt-second (Ws) is exactly equal to one Joule (J), our measurements of efficiency used these two yardsticks (1 Ws = 1J) from the debit side of the measurement.

The energy output of the system is, of course, the two gases, Hydrogen (H2) and Oxygen, (1/2)O2, and this credit side was measured in two laboratories, on two kinds of calibrated instruments, namely gas chromatography machine, and mass spectrometer machine.

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The volume of gases H2 and (1/2)O2 was measured as produced under standard conditions of temperature and pressure in unit time, i.e., in cubic centimeters per minute (cc/min), as well as the possibility contaminating gases,such as air oxygen, nitrogen and argon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc.

The electrical and gas measurements were reduced to the common denominator of Joules of energy so that the efficiency accounting could all be handled in one currency. We now present the averaged results from many experiments. The standard error between different samples, machines, and locations is at +/- 10%, and we only use the mean for all the following calculations.

II. Thermodynamic Efficiency for the Endergonic Decomposition of Liquid Water (Salininized) to Gases Under Standard Atmosphere ( 754 to 750 m.m. Hg) and Standard Isothermal Conditions @ 25° C = 77° F = 298.16° K, According to the Following Reaction:

H20 (1) _> H2(g) + (1/2)O2(1) + Delta G = 56.620 Kcal /mole (10)

As already described, Delta G is the Gibbs function. We convert Kcal to our common currency of Joules by the formula, One Calorie = 4.1868 Joules

Delta G = 56.620 Kcal x 4.1868 J = 236,954/J/mol of H2O where1 mole = 18 gr. (11)

Delta Ge = the electrical energy required to yield an equivalent amount of energy from H2O in the form of gases H2 and (1/2)O2.

To simplify our calculation we wish to find out how much energy is required to produce the 1.0 cc of H2O as the gases H2 and (1/2)O2. There are (under standard conditions) 22,400 cc = V of gas in one mole of H2O. Therefore

Delta G / V = 236,954 J / 22,400 cc = 10.5783 J/cc. (12)

We now calculate how much electrical energy is required to liberate 1.0 cc of the H2O gases (where H2 = 0.666 parts, and (1/2)O2 = 0.333 parts by volume) from liquid water. Since P = 1 Ws= 1 Joule , and V = 1.0 cc of gas = 10.5783 Joules, then

PV = 1 Js x 10.5783 J = 10.5783 Js, or, = 10.5783 Ws (13)

Since our experiments were run at 100 mW ( 0.1 W) applied to the water sample in Component II, III, for 30 minutes, we wish to calculate the ideal (100% efficient) gas production at this total applied power level. This is,

0.1 Ws x 60 sec x 30 min = 180,00 Joules (for 30 min.). The total gas production at ideal 100% efficiency is 180 J/10.5783 J/cc = 17.01 cc H2O (g)

We further wish to calculate how much hydrogen is present in the 17.01 cc H2O (g).

17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.666 H2 (g) = 11.329 cc H2(g) (14)

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17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.333 (1/2)O2 (g) = 5.681 cc (1/2) O2 (g)

Against this ideal standard of efficiency of expected gas production, we must measure the actual amount of gas produced under: (1) Standard conditions as defined above, and (2) 0.1 Ws power applied over 30 minutes. In our experiments, the mean amount of H2 and (1/2)O2 produced, as measured on precision calibrated GC, and MS machines in two different laboratories, where SE is +/- 10%, is,

Measured Mean = 10.80 cc H2 (g) Measured Mean = 5.40 cc (1/2) cc (1/2)O2 (g) Total Mean = 16.20 cc H2O (g)

The ratio, n, between the ideal yield, and measured yield,

Measured H2 (g) / Ideal H2 (g) = 10.80 cc / 11.33 cc = 91.30%

(6) Alternative Methodology for Calculating Efficiency Based on the Faraday Law of Electrochemistry ~

This method is based on the number of electrons that must be removed, or added to decompose, or form one mole of, a substance of valence one. In water H2O, one mole has the following weight:

H = 1.008 gr /mol H = 1.008 gr /mol O = 15.999 gr/mol Thus, 1 mol H2O = 18.015 gr/mol

For a unvalent substance one gram mole contains 6.022 x 10-23 electrons = N = Avogadro's Number. If the substance is divalent, trivalent, etc., N is multiplied by the number of the valence. Water is generally considered to be of valence two.

At standard temperature and pressure (STP) one mole of a substance contains 22.414 cc, where Standard temperature is 273.15° K = 0° C = T . Standard Pressure is one atmosphere = 760 mm Hg = P.

One Faraday (1F) is 96,485 Coulombs per mole (univalent).

One Coulomb (C) is defined as:

1 N / 1 F = 6.122 x 1023 Electrons / 96,485 C = one C

The flow of one C/second = one Ampere. One C x one volt = one Joule second (Js). One Ampere per second @ one volt = one Watt = one Joule.

In alternating current, when amps (I) and Volts (E) are expressed in root mean squares (rms), their product is Power.

P = IE watts.

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With these basic definitions we can now calculate efficiency of electrolysis of water by the method of Faraday is electrochemistry.

The two-electron model of water requires 2 moles of electrons for electrolysis (2 x 6.022 x 1023 ), or two Faraday quantities (2 x 96,485 = 192,970 Coulombs).

The amount of gas produced will be:

H2 = 22,414 cc /mol at STP (1/2)O2 = 11,207 cc / mol at STP Gases = 33.621 cc / mol H2O (g)

The number of coulombs required to produce one cc of gases by electrolysis of water:

193,970 C / 33621 C = 5.739567 C per cc gases.

Then, 5,739 C /cc /sec = 5.739 amp/sec/cc. How many cc of total gases will be produced by 1 A/sec?

0.1742291709 cc.

How many cc of total gases will be produced by 1 A/min ?

10.45375 cc/min

What does this represent as the gases H2 and O2 ?

(1/2)O2 = 3.136438721 cc/Amp/min. H2 = 6.2728 cc/Amp /min.

We can now develop a Table for values of current used in some of our experiments,and disregarding the voltage as is done conventionally.

I. Calculations for 100 mA per minute: Total Gases = 1.04537 cc/min H2 = 0.6968 cc/min (1/2)O2 = 0.3484 cc/min 30 min. H2 = 20.9054 cc/ 30 minutes

II. Calculations for 38 mA per minute: Total Gases = 0.3972 cc/ 30 minutes H2 = 0.2645 cc/min (1/2)O2 = 0.1323 cc/min 30 min. H2 = 7.9369 cc/min

III. Calculations for 25mA per minute: 30 min. H2 = 5.2263 cc/ minute

(7) Conclusion ~

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Figure 6 and 7 [not available] show two of the many energy production systems that may be configured to include renewable sources and the present electrolysis technique. Figure 6 shows a proposed photovoltaic powered system using a fuel cell as the primary battery. Assuming optimum operating conditions using 0.25 watt seconds of energy from the photovoltaic array would enable 0.15 watt seconds to be load.

Figure 7 depicts several renewable sources operating in conjuncction with the electrolysis device to provide motive power for an automobile.

US Patent # 4,394,230

Method & Apparatus for Splitting Water Molecules

Henry K. Puharich

(July 19, 1983)

Abstract ~

Disclosed herein is a new and improved thermodynamic device to produce hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from ordinary water molecules or from seawater at normal temperatures and pressure. Also disclosed is a new and improved method for electrically treating water molecules to decompose them into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas at efficiency levels ranging between approximately 80-100%. The evolved hydrogen gas may be used as a fuel; and the evolved oxygen gas may be used as an oxidant.

Inventors: Puharich; Henry K. (Rte. 1, Box 97, Delaplane, VA 22025) Appl. No.: 272277 ~ Filed: June 10, 1981

Current U.S. Class: 205/341; 204/229.5; 204/260; 204/263; 204/266; 205/628 Intern'l Class: C25B 001/04; C25B 001/10; C25B 009/04 Field of Search: 204/129,228,260,263,266

References Cited [Referenced By] ~ U.S. Patent Documents: 3,563,246 Feb., 1971 ~ Puharich 331/47. 3,726,762 Apr., 1973 ~ Puharich 128/422. 4,107,008 Aug., 1978 ~ Horvath 204/129.

Primary Examiner: Andrews; R. L. ~ Attorney, Agent or Firm: Mandeville and Schweitzer

Description ~

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

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The scientific community has long realized that water is an enormous natural energy resource, indeed an inexhaustible source, since there are over 300 million cubic miles of water on the earth's surface, all of it a potential source of hydrogen for use as fuel. In fact, more than 100 years ago Jules Verne prophesied that water eventually would be employed as a fuel and that the hydrogen and oxygen which constitute it would furnish an inexhaustible source of heat and light.

Water has been split into its constituent elements of hydrogen and oxygen by electrolytic methods, which have been extremely inefficient, by thermochemical extraction processes called thermochemical water-splitting, which have likewise been inefficient and have also been inordinately expensive, and by other processes including some employing solar energy. In addition, artificial chloroplasts imitating the natural process of photosynthesis have been used to separate hydrogen from water utilizing complicated membranes and sophisticated artificial catalysts. However, these artificial chloroplasts have yet to produce hydrogen at an efficient and economical rate.

These and other proposed water splitting techniques are all part of a massive effort by the scientific community to find a plentiful, clean, and inexpensive source of fuel. While none of the methods have yet proved to be commercially feasible, they all share in common the known acceptability of hydrogen gas as a clean fuel, one that can be transmitted easily and economically over long distances and one which when burned forms water.

SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In classical quantum physical chemistry, the water molecule has two basic bond angles, one angle being 104°, and the other angle being 109°28'.

The present invention involves a method by which a water molecule can be energized by electrical means so as to shift the bond angle from the 104°.degree. configuration to the 109°.degree.28' tetrahedral geometrical configuration.

An electrical function generator (Component 1) is used to produce complex electrical wave form frequencies which are applied to, and match the complex resonant frequencies of the tetrahedral geometrical form of water.

It is this complex electrical wave form applied to water which is contained in a special thermodynamic device (Component II) which shatters the water molecule by resonance into its component molecules --- hydrogen and oxygen.

The hydrogen, in gas form, may then be used as fuel; and oxygen, in gas form is used as oxidant. For example, the thermodynamic device of the present invention may be used as a hydrogen fuel source for any existing heat engine --- such as, internal combustion engines of all types, turbines, fuel cell, space heaters, water heaters, heat exchange systems, and other such devices. It can also be used for the desalinization of sea water, and other water purification purposes. It can also be applied to the development of new closed cycle heat engines where water goes in as fuel, and water comes out as a clean exhaust.

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For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for a greater appreciation of its attendant advantages, reference should be made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the electrical function generator, Component I, employed in the practice of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the apparatus of the present invention, including a cross sectional representation of the thermodynamic device, Component II;

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FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of Component III of the present invention, the water cell section of Component II;

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FIG. 4 is an illustration of the hydrogen covalent bond;

FIG. 4A is an illustration of the hydrogen bond angle;

FIG. 4B is an illustration of hybridized and un-hybridized orbitals;

FIG. 4C is an illustration of the geometry of methane ammonia and water molecules;

- 20 -

FIG. 5 is an illustration of an amplitude modulated carrier wave;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a ripple square wave; FIG. 6 A is an illustration of unipolar pulses;

- 21 -

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing ion distribution at the negative electrode;

FIG. 8 is an illustration of tetrahedral bonding orbitals;

- 22 -

FIG. 9 is an illustration of water molecules;

FIG. 10 is an illustration of productive and non-productive collisions of hydrogen with iodine;

- 23 -

FIG. 11 is a wave form found to be the prime characteristic for optimum efficiency;

FIG. 12 is an illustration of pearl chain formation;

FIG. 13 is a plot of the course of the onset of the barrier effect and the unblocking of the barrier effect; and

- 24 -

FIGS. 14A, B, and C are energy diagrams for exergonic reactions.

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

Section 1 --- Apparatus of Invention

The apparatus of the invention consists of three components, the electrical function generator, the thermodynamic device, and the water cell.

COMPONENT I. The Electrical Funtion Generator ~

This device has an output consisting of an audio frequency (range 20 to 200 Hz) amplitude modulation of a carrier wave (range 200 Hz to 100,000 Hz). The impedance of this output signal is continuously being matched to the load which is the second component, the thermodynamic device.

The electrical function generator represents a novel application of circuitry disclosed in my earlier U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,629,521; 3,563,246; and 3,726,762, which are incorporated by reference herein. See FIG. 1 for the block diagram of Component I.

COMPONENT II. The Thermodynamic Device ~

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The thermodynamic device is fabricated of metals and ceramic in the geometric form of coaxial cylinder made up of a centered hollow tubular electrode which is surrounded by a larger tubular steel cylinder, said two electrodes comprising the coaxial electrode system which forms the load of the output of the electrical function generator, Component I. Said center hollow tubular electrode carries water, and is separated from the outer cylindrical electrode by a porous ceramic vitreous material. Between the outer surface of the insulating ceramic vitreous material, and the inner surface of the outer cylindrical electrode exists a space to contain the water to be electrolysed. This water cell space comprises the third component (Component III) of the invention. It contains two lengths of tubular pyrex glass, shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The metal electrode surfaces of the two electrodes which are in contact with the water are coated with a nickel alloy.

The coaxial electrode system is specifically designed in materials and geometry to energize the water molecule to the end that it might be electrolysed. The center electrode is a hollow tube and also serves as a conductor of water to the Component III cell. The center tubular electrode is coated with a nickel alloy, and surrounded with a porous vitreous ceramic and a glass tube with the exception of the tip that faces the second electrode. The outer cylindrical electrode is made of a heat conducting steel alloy with fins on the outside, and coated on the inside with a nickel alloy. The center electrode, and the cylindrical electrode are electrically connected by an arching dome extension of the outer electrode which brings the two electrodes at one point to a critical gap distance which is determined by the known quenching distance for hydrogen. See FIG. 2 for an illustration of Component II.

COMPONENT III. The Water Cell

The water cell is a part of the upper end of Component II, and has been described. An enlarged schematic illustration of the cell is presented in FIG. 3. The Component III consists of the water and glass tubes contained in the geometrical form of the walls of cell in Component II, the thermodynamic device. The elements of a practical device for the practice of the invention will include:

(A) Water reservoir; and salt reservoir; and/or salt

(B) Water injection system with microprocessor or other controls which sense and regulate (in accordance with the parameters set forth hereinafter):

a. carrier frequency b. current c. voltage d. RC relaxation time constant of water in the cell e. nuclear magnetic relaxation constant of water f. temperature of hydrogen combustion g. carrier wave form h. RPM of an internal combustion engine (if used) i. ignition control system j. temperature of region to be heated;

(C) An electrical ignition system to ignite the evolved hydrogen gas fuel.

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The important aspects of Component III are the tubular vitreous material, the geometry of the containing walls of the cell, and the geometrical forms of the water molecules that are contained in the cell. A further important aspect of the invention is the manipulation of the tetrahedral geometry of the water molecule by the novel methods and means which will be more fully described in the succeeding sections of this specification.

The different parts of a molecule are bound together by electrons. One of the electron configurations which can exist is the covalent bond which is achieved by the sharing of electrons. A molecule of hydrogen gas, H2 is the smallest representative unit of covalent bonding, as can be seen in FIG. 4. The molecule of hydrogen gas is formed by the overlap and pairing of 1s orbital electrons. A new molecular orbit is formed in which the shared electron pair orbits both nuclei as shown in FIG. 4. The attraction of the nuclei for the shared electrons holds the atoms together in a covalent bond.

Covalent bonds have direction. The electronic orbitals of an uncombined atom can change shape and direction when that atom becomes part of a molecule. In a molecule in which two or more covalent bonds are present the molecular geometry is dictated by the bond angles about the central atom. The outermost lone pair (non-bonding) electrons profoundly affect the molecular geometry.

The geometry of water illustrates this concept. In the ground state, oxygen has the outer shell configuration

1s2 2s2 2p2x 2p1

y 2p1z

In water the 1s electrons from two hydrogens bond with the 2py and 2pz electrons of oxygen. Since p orbitals lie at right angles to each other (see FIG. 4A), a bond angle of 90° might be expected. However, the bond angle is found experimentally to be approximately 104°. Theoretically this is explained by the effect of lone pair electrons on hybridized orbitals.

Combined or hybrid orbitals are formed when the excitement of 2s electrons results in their promotion from the ground state to a state energetically equivalent to the 2p orbitals. The new hybrids are termed sp3 from the combination of one s and three p orbitals (See FIG. 4B). Hybrid sp3 orbitals are directed in space from the center of a regular tetrahedron toward the four corners. If the orbitals are equivalent the bond angle will be 109°28' (See Fig. 15) consistent with the geometry of a tetrahedron. In the case of water two of the orbitals are occupied by non-bonding electrons (See FIG. 4C). There is greater repulsion of these lone pair electrons which orbit only one nucleus, compared to the repulsion of electrons in bonding orbitals which orbit two nuclei. This tends to increase the angle between non-bonding orbitals so that it is greater than 109°, which pushes the bonding orbitals together, reducing the bond angle to 104°. In the case of ammonia, NH3 where there is only one lone pair, the repulsion is not so great and the bond angle is 107°. Carbon forms typical tetrahedral forms and components the simplest being the gas methane, CH4 (See FIGS. 4C and 8). The repulsion of lone pair electrons affects charge distribution and contributes to the polarity of a covalent bond. (See FIG. 16)

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As demonstrated in succeeding sections of this patent specification, a significant and novel aspect of this invention is the manipulation, by electronic methods and means, of the energy level of the water molecule, and the transformation of the water molecule into, and out of, the geometrical form of the tetrahedron. This is made possible only by certain subtle dynamic interactions among the Components I, II, and III of the present invention.

Section 2 --- Electrodynamics (Pure Water) ~

The electrodynamics of Components I, II, and III described individually and in interaction during the progress of purewater reaction rate in time. The reactions of saline water will be described in Section 3. It is to be noted that the output of Component I automatically follows the seven stages (hereinafter Stages A-F) of the reaction rate by varying its parameters of resonant carrier frequency, wave form, current voltage and impedance. All the seven states of the reaction herein described are not necessary for the practical operation of the system, but are included in order to explicate the dynamics and novel aspects of the invention. The seven stages are applicable only to the electrolysis of pure water.

STAGE A

Dry Charging of Component II by Component I ~

To make the new system operational, the Component I output electrodes are connected to component II, but no water is placed in the cell of Component III. When Component I output is across the load of Component II we observe the following electrical parameters are observed:

Range of current (I) output with (dry) load:

0 to 25 mA (milliamperes) rms.

Range of voltage (E) output with (dry) load:

0 to 250 Volts (AC) rms.

There is no distortion of the amplitude modulated (AM), or of the sine wave carrier whose center frequency, fc'

Ranges between 59,748 Hz to 66, 221 Hz

with fc average = 62, 985 Hz

The carrier frequency varies with the power output in that fc goes down with an increase in amperes (current). The AM wave form is shown in FIG. 5. It is to be noted here that the electrical function generator, Component I, has an automatic amplitude modulation volume control which cycles the degree of AM from 0% to 100%, and then down from 100% to 0% .congruent. every 3.0 seconds. This cycle rate of 3.0 seconds corresponds to the nuclear spin relaxation time, tau/sec, of the

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water in Component III. The meaning of this effect will be discussed in greater detail in a later section.

In summary, the principal effects to be noted during Stage A -dry charging of Component II are as follows:

a. Tests the integrity of Component I circuitry.

b. Tests the integrity of the coaxial electrodes, and the vitreous ceramic materials of Component II and Component III.

c. Electrostatic cleaning of electrode and ceramic surfaces.

STAGE B

Initial operation of Component I, Component II, and with Component III containing pure water. There is no significant electrolysis of water during Stage B. However, in Stage B the sine wave output of Component I is shaped to a rippled square wave by the changing RC constant of the water as it is treated;

There is an `Open Circuit` reversible threshold effect that occurs in Component III due to water polarization effects that lead to half wave rectification and the appearance of positive unipolar pulses; and

There are electrode polarization effects in Component II which are a prelude to true electrolysis of water as evidenced by oxygen and hydrogen gas bubble formation.

Appearance of Rippled Square Waves ~

Phase 1: At the end of the Stage A dry charging, the output of Component I is lowered to a typical value of:

I = 1mA. E = 24VAC. fc .congruent.66,234 Hz.

Phase 2: Then water is added to the Component III water cell drop by drop until the top of the center electrode, 1', in FIG. 3 is covered, and when this water just makes contact with the inner surface of the top outer electrode at 2'. As this coupling of the two electrodes by water happens, the following series of events occur:

Phase 3: The fc drops from 66,234 Hz, to a range from 1272 Hz to 1848 Hz. The current and voltage both drop, and begin to pulse in entrainment with the water nuclear spin relaxation constant, tau =3.0 sec. The presence of the nuclear spin relaxation oscillation is proven by a characteristic hysteresis loop on the X-Y axes of an oscillscope.

I = 0 to 0.2mA surging at .tau. cycle

E = 4.3 to 4.8VAC surging at .tau. cycle

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The sine wave carrier converts to a rippled square wave pulse which reflects the RC time constant of water, and it is observed that the square wave contains higher order harmonics. See FIG. 6:

With the appearance of the rippled square wave, the threshold of hydrolysis may be detected (just barely) as a vapor precipitation on a cover glass slip placed over the Component III cell and viewed under a low power microscope.

The `Open Circuit` Reversible Threshold Effect ~

Phase 4: A secondary effect of the change in the RC constant of water on the wave form shows up as a full half wave rectification of the carrier wave indicating a high level of polarization of the water molecule in tetrahedral form at the outer electrode.

With the already noted appearance of the rippled square wave, and the signs of faint vapor precipitation which indicate the earliest stage of electrolysis, it is possible to test for the presence of a reversible hydrolysis threshold. This test is carried out by creating an open circuit between Components I and II, i.e., no current flows. This is done by lowering the water level between the two electrodes in the region --- 1' and 2' shown in FIG. 3; or by interrupting the circuit between Component I and II, while the Component I signal generator is on and oscillating.

Immediately, with the creation of an `open circuit` condition, the following effects occur:

(a) The carrier frequency, fc, shifts from Phase 4 valve 1272 Hz to 1848 Hz to 6128 Hz.

(b) The current and voltage drop to zero on the meters which record I and E, but the oscilloscope continues to show the presence of the peak-to-peak (p-p) voltage, and the waveform shows a remarkable effect. The rippled square wave has disappeared, and in its place there appear unipolar (positive) pulses as follows in FIG. 6A.

The unipolar pulse frequency stabilizes to ca. 5000 Hz. The unipolar pulses undergo a 0 to 1.3 volt pulsing amplitude modulation with .tau. at 3.0 seconds.

Thus, there exists a pure open circuit reversible threshold for water electrolysis in which the water molecules are capacitor charging and discharging at their characteristic low frequency RC time constant of 0.0002 seconds. It is to be noted that pure water has a very high dielectric constant which makes such an effect possible. The pulsing amplitude modulation of the voltage is determined by the Hydrogen Nuclear Spin Relaxation constant, where .tau..congruent.3.0 seconds. It is to be noted that the positive pulse spikes are followed by a negative after-potential. These pulse wave forms are identical to the classic nerve action potential spikes found in the nervous system of all living species that have a nervous system. The fact that these unipolar pulses were observed arising in water under the conditions of reversible threshold hydrolysis has a profound significance. These findings illuminate and confirm the Warren McCulloch Theory of water "crystal" dynamics as being the foundation of neural dynamics; and the converse theory of Linus

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Pauling which holds that water clathrate formation is the mechanism of neural anesthesia.

Phase 5: The effects associated with reversible threshold electrolysis are noted only in passim since they reflect events which are occurring on the electrode surfaces of Component II, the Thermodynamic Device.

A principal effect that occurs in Stage B, Phase 3, in Component II, the thermodynamic device, is that the two electrodes undergo stages of polarization. It has been observed in extensive experiments with different kinds of fluids in the cell of Component II , i.e., distilled water, sea water, tap water, Ringers solution, dilute suspensions of animal and human blood cells, that the inner surface of the outer ring electrode at 3' in FIG. 3 (the electrode that is in contact with the fluid) becomes negatively charged. Referring to FIG. 7, this corresponds to the left hand columnar area marked, Electrode .crclbar..

Electrode Polarization Effects at the Interface Between Components II and III ~

Concurrently with the driver pulsing of Component I at the .tau. constant cycle which leads to electrode polarization effects in Component II, there is an action on Component III which energizes and entrains the water molecule to a higher energy level which shifts the bond angle from 104° to the tetrahedral form with angle 109°28' as shown in FIGS. 8 and 15. This electronic pumping action is most important, and represents a significant part of the novel method of this invention for several reasons. First, the shift to the tetrahedral form of water increases the structural stability of the water molecule, thereby making it more susceptible to breakage at the correct resonant frequency, or frequencies. Second, increasing the polarization of the water molecule makes the lone pair electrons, S- connected with the oxygen molecule more electronegative; and the weakly positive hydrogen atoms, S+ more positive. See FIG. 9 and FIG. 22.

As the outer electrode becomes more electronegative, the center electrode concomitantly becomes more electropositive as will be shown. As the polarity of the water molecule tetrahedron increases, a repulsive force occurs between the two S+ apices of the water tetrahedron and the negatively charged electrode surface within the region of the Helmholtz layer, as shown in FIG. 7. This effect "orients" the water molecule in the field, and is the well-known "orientation factor" of electrochemistry which serves to catalyse the rate of oxygen dissociation from the water molecule, and thereby causes the reaction rate to proceed at the lowest energy levels. See FIG. 10 for an example of how the orientation factor works.

Near the end of Stage B, the conditions are established for the beginning of the next stage, the stage of high efficiency electrolysis of water.

STAGE C

Generation of the complex wave form frequencies from Component I to match the complex wave form resonant frequencies of the energized and highly polarized water molecule in tetrahedral form with angles, 109°28' are carried out in Stage C.

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In the operation of the invention active bubble electrolysis of water is initiated following Stage B, phase 3 by setting (automatically) the output of Component I to:

I = 1mA., E = 22VAC-rms,

causing the rippled square wave pulses to disappear with the appearance of a rippled sawtooth wave. The basic frequency of the carrier now becomes, fc = 3980 Hz.

The wave form now automatically shifts to a form found to be the prime characteristic necessary for optimum efficiency in the electrolysis of water and illustrated in FIG. 11. In the wave form of FIG. 11, the fundamental carrier frequency, fc = 3980 Hz., and a harmonic modulation of the carrier is as follows:

1st Order Harmonic Modulation (OHM) = 7960 Hz.

2nd Order Harmonic Modulation (II OHM) = 15,920 Hz.

3rd Order Harmonic Modulation (III OHM) = 31,840 Hz.

4th Order Harmonic Modulation (IV OHM) = 63,690 Hz.

What is believed to be happening in this IV OHM effect is that each of the four apices of the tetrahedron water molecule is resonant to one of the four harmonics observed. It is believed that the combination of negative repulsive forces at the outer electrode with the resonant frequencies just described work together to shatter the water molecule into its component hydrogen and oxygen atoms (as gases). This deduction is based on the following observations of the process through a low power microscope. The hydrogen bubbles were seen to originate at the electrode rim, 4', of FIG. 3. The bubbles then moved in a very orderly `pearl chain` formation centripetally (like the spokes of a wheel) toward the center electrode, 1' of FIG. 3. FIG. 12 shows a top view of this effect.

Thereafter, upon lowering the output of Component I, the threshold for electrolysis of water as evidenced by vapor deposition of water droplets on a glass cover plate over the cell of Component III, is:

with all other conditions and waveforms as described under Stage C, supra. Occasionally, this threshold can be lowered to:

This Stage C vapor hydrolysis threshold effect cannot be directly observed as taking place in the fluid because no bubbles are formed --- only invisible gas molecules which become visible when they strike a glass plate and combine into water molecules and form droplets which appear as vapor.

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STAGE D

Production of hydrogen and oxygen gas at an efficient rate of water electrolysis is slowed in Stage D when a barrier potential is formed, which barrier blocks electrolysis, irrespective of the amount of power applied to Components II and III.

A typical experiment will illustrate the problems of barrier potential formation. Components I, II, and III are set to operate with the following parameters:

This input to Component III yields, by electrolysis of water, approximately 0.1 cm3 of hydrogen gas per minute at one atmosphere and 289° K. It is observed that as a function of time the fc crept up from 2978 Hz to 6474 Hz over 27 minutes. The current and the voltage also rose with time. At the 27th minute a barrier effect blocked the electrolysis of water, and one can best appreciate the cycle of events by reference to FIG. 13.

STAGE E

The Anatomy of the Barrier Effect

Region A: Shows active and efficient hydrolysis

Region B: The barrier region effect can be initiated with taps of the finger, or it can spontaneously occur as a function of time.

Phase a: The current rose from 1 mA to 30 mA. The voltage fell from 22 volts to 2.5 V.

Phase b: If component II is tapped mechanically during Phase a supra --- it can be reversed as follows: The current dropped from 30 Ma to 10 Ma. The voltage shot up from 5 volts to over 250 volts (off scale).

Throughout Phase a and Phase b, all hydrolysis has ceased. It was observed under the microscope that the inner surface of the outer electrode was thickly covered with hydrogen gas bubbles. It was reasoned that the hydrogen gas bubbles had become trapped in the electrostricted layer, because the water molecule tetrahedrons had flipped so that the S+ hydrogen apices had entered the Helmholtz layer and were absorbed to the electronegative charge of the electrode. This left the S- lone pair apices facing the electrostricted layer. This process bound the newly forming H.sup.+ ions which blocked the reaction

H+ + H+ + 2e ==> H2 (gas)

STAGE F

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Region C: It was found that the barrier effect could be unblocked by some relatively simple procedures:

(a) Reversing the output electrodes from Component I to Component II, and/or:

(b) Mechanically tapping the Component III cell at a frequency T/2 = 1.5 seconds per tap.

These effects are shown in FIG. 12 and induce the drop in barrier potential from:

Upon unblocking of the barrier effect, electrolysis of water resumed with renewed bubble formation of hydrogen gas.

The barrier potential problem has been solved for practical application by lowering the high dielectric constant of pure water, by adding salts (NaCl, KOH, etc.) to the pure water thereby increasing its conductivity characteristics. For optimum efficiency the salt concentration need not exceed that of sea water (0.9% salinity) in Section 3, "Thermodynamics of the Invention", it is to be understood that all water solutions described are not "pure" water as in Section B, but refer only to salinized water.

Section 3 --- The Thermodynamics of the Invention (Saline Water) ~

Introduction (water, hereinafter refers to salinized water) ~

The thermodynamic considerations in the normal operations of Components I, II, and III in producing hydrogen as fuel, and oxygen as oxidant during the electrolysis of water, and the combustion of the hydrogen fuel to do work in various heat engines is discussed in this section.

In chemical reactions the participating atoms form new bonds resulting in compounds with different electronic configurations. Chemical reactions which release energy are said to be exergonic and result in products whose chemical bonds have a lower energy content than the reactants. The energy released most frequently appears as heat. Energy, like matter, can neither be created nor destroyed according to conservation law. The energy released in a chemical reaction plus the lower energy state of the products is equal to the original energy content of the reactants. The burning of hydrogen occurs rather violently to produce water as follows:

2H2 + O2 ===> 2H2O - .DELTA.H 68.315 Kcal/mol (this is the enthalpy, or heat of combustion at constant pressure)

(18 gms) = 1 mol)

The chemical bonds of the water molecules have a lower energy content than the hydrogen and oxygen gases which serve at the reactants. Low energy molecules are

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characterized by their ability. High energy molecules are inherently unstable. These relations are summarized in the two graphs of FIG. 14. It is to be noted that FIG. 14 (b) shows the endergonic reaction aspect of the invention when water is decomposed by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen. FIG. 14 (a) shows the reaction when the hydrogen and oxygen gases combine, liberate energy, and re-form into water. Note that there is a difference in the potential energy of the two reactions. FIG. 14 (c) shows that there are two components to this potential energy. The net energy released, or the energy that yields net work is labelled in the diagram as Net Energy released, and is more properly called the free energy change denoted by the Gibbs function, -.DELTA.G. The energy which must be supplied for a reaction to achieve (burning) spontaneity is called the activation energy. The sum of the two is the total energy released. A first thermodynamic subtlety of the thermodynamic device of the invention is noted in Angus McDougall's Fuel Cells, Energy Alternative Series, The MacMillan Press Ltd., London, 1976, page 15 it is stated:

"The Gibbs function is defined in terms of the enthalpy H, and the entropy S of the system:

G = H-T S (where .tau. is the thermodynamic temperature)

A particularly important result is that for an electrochemical cell working reversibly at constant temperature and pressure, the electrical work done is the net work and hence,

.DELTA.G = -we

For this to be a reversible process, it is necessary for the cell to be on `open circuit`, that is, no current flows and the potential difference across the electrodes is the EMF, E. Thus,

.DELTA.G = -zFE

(where F is the Faraday constant --- the product of the Avogadro Constant + NA = 6.022045 x 1023 mole-1, and the charge on the electron, e = 1.602 189 x 10-19 C --- both in SI units; and z is the number of electrons transported.) when the cell reaction proceeds from left to right."

It is to be noted that the activation energy is directly related to the controlling reaction rate process, and thus is related to the Gibbs free energy changes.

The other thermodynamic subtlety is described by S. S. Penner in his work: Penner, S. S. and L. Icerman, Energy, Vol, II, Non-Nuclear Energy Technologies. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Revised Edition, 1977. Reading, Mass. Page 140 ff.

"It should be possible to improve the efficiency achieved in practical electrolysis to about 100% because, under optimal operating conditions, the theoretically-attainable energy conversion by electrolysis is about 120% of the electrical energy input. The physical basis for this last statement will now be considered.

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"A useful definition for energy efficiency in electrolysis is the following: the energy efficiency is the ratio of the energy released from the electrolysis products formed (when they are subsequently used) to the energy required to effect electrolysis. The energy released by the process

H2 (gas) + (1/2)O2 (gas) ===> H2O (liquid)

under standard conditions (standard conditions in this example are: (1) atmospheric pressure = 760 mm Hg and (2) temperature = 298.16° K. = 25° C. = 77° F.) is 68.315 Kcal and is numerically equal to the enthalph change (.DELTA.H) for the indicated process. On the other hand, the minimum energy (or useful work input) required at constant temperature and pressure for electrolysis equals the Gibbs free energy change (.DELTA.G). There is a basic relation derivable from the first and second laws of thermodynamics for isothermal changes, which shows that

.DELTA.G = .DELTA.H - T.DELTA.S

where .DELTA.S represents the entropy change for the chemical reaction. The Gibbs free energy change (.DELTA.G) is also related to the voltage (E) required to implement electrolysis by Faraday's equation, viz.

E = (.DELTA.G/23.06n) volts

where .DELTA.G is in Kcal/mol and n is the number of electrons (or equivalents) per mol of water electrolyzed and has the numerical value 2.

"At atmospheric pressure and 300° K., .DELTA.H = 68.315 Kcal/mol of H2O (i) and .DELTA.G = 56.62 Kcal/mole of H2O (i) for the electrolysis of liquid water. Hence, the energy efficiency of electrolysis at 300° K. is about 120%."

"(When) H2 (gas) and O2 (gas) are generated by electrolysis, the electrolysis cell must absorb heat from the surroundings, in order to remain at constant temperature. It is this ability to produce gaseous electrolysis products with heat absorption from the surroundings that is ultimately responsible for energy-conversion efficiencies during electrolysis greater than unity."

Using the criteria of these two authorities, it is possible to make a rough calculation of the efficiency of the present invention.

Section 4 --- Thermodynamic Efficiency of the Invention ~

Efficiency is deduced on the grounds of scientific accounting principles which are based on accurate measurements of total energy input to a system (debit), and accurate measurements of total energy (or work) obtained out of the system (credit). In principle, this is followed by drawing up a balance sheet of energy debits and credits, and expressing them as an efficiency ration, .eta..

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The energy output of Component I is an alternating current looking into a highly non-linear load, i.e., the water solution. This alternating current generator (Component I) is so designed that at peak load it is in resonance (Components I, II, III), and the vector diagrams show that the capacitive reactance, and the inductive reactance are almost exactly 180° out of phase, so that the net power output is reactive, and the dissipative power is very small. This design insures minimum power losses across the entire output system. In the experiments which are now to be described the entire emphasis was placed on achieving the maximum gas yield (credit) in exchange for the minimum applied energy (debit).

The most precise way to measure the applied energy to Components II and III is to measure the Power, P, in Watts, W. This was done by precision measurements of the volts across Component II as root mean square (rms) volts; and the current flowing in the system as rms amperes. Precisely calibrated instruments were used to take these two measurements. A typical set of experiments (using water in the form of 0.9% saline solution = 0.1540 molar concentration) to obtain high efficiency hydrolysis gave the following results:

rms Current = I = 25 mA to 38 mA (0.025 A to 0.038 A)

rms Volts = E = 4 Volts to 2.6 Volts

The resultant ratio between current and voltage is dependent on many factors, such as the gap distance between the center and ring electrodes, dielectric properties of the water, conductivity properties of the water, equilibrium states, isothermal conditions, materials used, and even the presence of clathrates. The above current and voltage values reflect the net effect of various combinations of such parameters. The product of rms current, and rms volts is a measure of the power, P in watts:

P = I x E = 25 mA.times.4.0 volts = 100 mW (0.1 W)

P = I x E = 38 mA.times.2.6 volts = 98.8 mW (0.0988 W)

At these power levels (with load), the resonant frequency of the system is 600 Hz (.+-.5 Hz) as measured on a precision frequency counter. The wave form was monitored for harmonic content on an oscilloscope, and the nuclear magnetic relaxation cycle was monitored on an X-Y plotting oscilloscope in order to maintain the proper hysteresis loop figure. All experiments were run so that the power in Watts, applied through Components I, II, and III ranged between 98.8 mW to 100 mW.

Since, by the International System of Units --- 1971 (SI), One-Watt-second (Ws) is exactly equal to One Joule (J), the measurements of efficiency used these two yardsticks (1 Ws=1 J) for the debit side of the measurement.

The energy output of the system is, of course, the two gases, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (1/2O2), and this credit side was measured in two laboratories, on two kinds

- 38 -

of calibrated instruments, namely, a Gas Chromatography Machine, and, a Mass Spectrometer Machine.

The volume of gases, H2 and (1/2)O2, was measured as produced under standard conditions of temperature and pressure in unit time, i.e., in cubic centimeters per minute (cc/min), as well as the possibly contaminating gases, such as air oxygen, nitrogen and argon; carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc.

The electrical, and gas, measurements were reduced to the common denominator of Joules of energy so that the efficiency accounting could all be handled in common units. The averaged results from many experiments follow. The Standard Error between different samples, machines, and locations is .+-.10%, and only the mean was used for all the following calculations.

Section 5 --- Endergonic Decomposition of Liquid Water ~

Thermodynamic efficiency for the endergonic decomposition of liquid water (salinized) to gases under standard atmosphere (754 to 750 m.m. Hg), and standard isothermal conditions @ 25° C. = 77° F. = 298.16° K., according to the following reaction:

H2O(1) ===> H2 (g) + (1/2)O2 (g) + .DELTA.G 56.620 KCal/mole

As already described, .DELTA.G is the Gibbs function (FIG. 14b). A conversion of Kcal to the common units, Joules, by the formula, One Calorie = 4.1868 Joules was made.

.DELTA.G = 56.620 Kcal x 4.1868 J = 236,954 J/mol of H2O (1) where, 1 mole is 18 gms.

.DELTA.G = the free energy required to yield an equivalent amount of energy from H.sub.2 O in the form of the gases, H2 and (1/2)O2.

To simplify the calculations, the energy required to produce 1.0 cc of H2O as the gases, H2 and (1/2)O2 was determined. There are (under standard conditions) 22,400 cc = V, of gas in one mole of H2O. Therefore,

The electrical energy required to liberate 1.0 cc of the H2O gases (where H2 = 0.666 parts, and (1/2)O2 = 0.333 parts, by volume) from liquid water is then determined. Since P = 1 Ws = 1 Joule, and V=1.0 cc of gas = 10.5783 Joules, then,

Since the experiments were run at 100 mW (0.1 W) applied to the water sample in Component II, III, for 30 minutes, the ideal (100% efficient) gas production at this total applied power level was calculated.

- 39 -

0.1 Ws x 60 sec x 30 min = 180.00 Joules (for 30 min)

The total gas production at Ideal 100% efficiency is,

180.00 J / 10.5783 J/cc = 17.01 cc H2O (g)

The amount of hydrogen present in the 17.01 cc H2O (g) was then calculated.

17.01 cc H2O (gas) x 0.666 H2 (g) = 11.329 cc H2 (g)

17.01 cc H2O (g) x 0.333 (1/2)O2 (g) = 5.681 cc (1/2)O2 (g)

Against this ideal standard of efficiency of expected gas production, the actual amount of gas produced was measured under: (1) standard conditions as defined above (2) 0.1 Ws power applied over 30 minutes. In the experiments, the mean amount of H2 and (1/2)O2 produced, as measured on precision calibrated GC, and MS machines in two different laboratories, where the S.E. is +-10%, was, ______________________________________ Measured Mean = 10.80 cc H2 (g) Measured Mean = 5.40 cc (1/2) O2 (g) Total Mean = 16.20 cc H2O(g) ______________________________________

The ratio, .eta., between the ideal yield, and measured yield,

Section 6 --- Energy Release ~

The total energy release (as heat, or electricity) from an exergonic reaction of the gases, H2 and O2, is given by,

It is possible (Penner, Op. Cit., p. 128) to get a total heat release, or total conversion to electricity in a fuel cell, in the above reaction when the reactants are initially near room temperature (298.16° K.), and the reactant product (H2O) is finally returned to room temperature. With this authoritative opinion in mind, it is desirable to determine the amount of energy released (ideal) from the exergonic experiment. The total energy of 1.0 cc of H2O (1), as above is:

for H2 = 12.7687 x 0.666 = 8.509 J/0.66 cc H2 for O2 = 12.7687 x 0.333 = 4.259 J/0.33 cc (1/2)O2

- 40 -

The energy produced from the gases produced in the experiments in an exergonic reaction was,

16.20 cc H2O (g) x 12.7687 J/cc H2O = 206,8544 J.

The overall energy transaction can be written as,

In practical bookkeeping terms the balance of debits and credits, n = (-.DELTA.H) - (+.DELTA.G), so, n = 206.8544 J - 180.0 = + 26.8544 J (surplus).

Since, in the invention, the gas is produced where and when needed, there is no additional cost accounting for liquifaction, storage, or transportation of the hydrogen fuel, and the oxygen oxidant. Therefore, the practical efficiency, is

In practical applications, the energy output (exergonic) of the Component II System can be parsed between the electrical energy required to power the Component I System, as an isothermal closed loop; while the surplus of approximately 15% can be shunted to an engine (heat, electrical, battery, etc.) that has a work load. Although this energy cost accounting represents an ideal model, it is believed that there is enough return (app. 15%) on the capital energy investment to yield a net energy profit that can be used to do useful work.

Conclusion ~

From the foregoing disclosure it will be appreciated that the achievement of efficient water splitting through the application of complex electrical waveforms to energized water molecules, i.e. tetrahedral molecules having bonding angles of 109°28', in the special apparatus described and illustrated, will provide ample and economical production of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from readily available sources of water. It is to be understood, that the specific forms of the invention disclosed and discussed herein are intended to be representative and by way of illustrative example only, since various changes may be made therein without departing from the clear and specific teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, reference should be made to the following appended claims in determining the full scope of the method and apparatus of the present invention.

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- 41 -

'lyE.,o'

I ITLE:

"l ovr T3cFf lTtcHJ4-J0V Milorad: TRANSMUTATI0N 0F CARBON T0 0XYGEN __ Ethylene& acetylene were reacted with phosphorus or copper oxide, condensed" andanalyzed. Elemental carbon had been transfonned to 0xygeni The

"iJ.i ir.nrwas repeated wi th var ious reagents and s imi lar resu i ts . -Here are i papers -- IN GERMAN -- repor t ing the ienarkable s i rnp le exper imenta l oeta l ts . . ' rn isprocess has enormous impl icat ions for indust ry , agr icu l ture, geochemist ry ,e tc . .

R E X R E S E A R C HP O B O X 1 9 2 5 0J E A NN v 8 9 0 1 9U S A

a($c-

$I

$s-

rc(

j

>

€

c.)

!ot-

<

Thc condensation Prod,rcts of Ethylcnc and Acetyl.cnc Formed through the Agency

of thc silcnt Electric Discherge. MIlon,rn Z. Jo vltscltltsct t. l lcrgatr'.\ katlenlie

in l lc lgr : r<1. l lora lsh. ,29, 5-r4. - l ler the lot has s l rown that a s i lent e lcct r ic d ischarge

acting upon saturllted or unsatur{rted lrydrtrarbons rvill split olT ltytlrogetl in vary-

ing quontities frorn llre ntolecttle antl, insteltl of Jxrlynlerizntir)tr l)r{}(lrlcts, cotttlcttsa'

tion products will result. l 'he arttlror rel)orts tlre wotk ttlxtrt ethylcne irn(l :rcetylene

under thesc conditions. The pure dry gases were introduced into a synthetizer, an

ozonizer with rrranonreter attachnlent. In the case of ethylene the condensrtion

product is soluble in litoH tnd IitrO and gives a high nlolecular weight of 4zo. This

corresponds to a fornrttla approoclting CroH". The action of bromine and nitric acid

ulnn this product led to its classification with cyclic coml)orln(ls. The acetylcne con-

densation product is extremely insoluble and hence no tttolecular rveight determina-

tion muld be dirtctly obtained. Thb conlpnund is similar in chetrtical Prop€rtiesto the prcceding one, and is undoubtedly of ring structtlre. The deficicncy in per-

centnge of carlnn in these compounds is $orthy of note. An explanation for thesanre is given by the author in the following abstract (llonatsh, z9' t-4).

Wn ur ,ur J . H^LE.

Thc Myrtcrious Dcficicncy of Carbon in tho Condcnsation Products from Ethylene

and Acctylcnc. Mtronrn Z. Jovtrsclrtrscll. l lergatt-Aknderrrie in llelgrad'

AIornlsh.,29, r-4.-Pure dry ethylene and acetylene were in turn brought under the

infiucnce of silent ilectric disclrarge, and the condensation product in each case ana'

lyzed. The purest chemical reagents n'ere employed in the corrrbttstions. Iirortt rvernl

determinations the pcrc{ntage of carbon and hydrogen taken together fell below the

theorctical ra/o; in thc case of the ethylene product a 7lo and in that of the ac€tyleneproduct a zz/o deficiency was noted. This lrc in the amount of hydrogen and car-

bon reqrrired by the formulae of hydrocarbons has been accounted for by Berthelot

in the pcrssibility of oxygen absorption from the atmosphere. The autltor has ex-

cluded this poasibility by workiog rvith dry gases and preserving the products in lter'

metically sealed tubes immediately uPon their formation. It is stated also that con-denscd ethylene lcees no carbon on exPrsure to the air and that condensed acetvlene

is hardly affected by many weeks'standing. The analysis of the products frotn raledtubesand those exposed for some time to the air were in agreement witheach other'Tlre possible intake of oxygen during the removal from the tubes is practically zrl'

osing to the ratlrer insoluble nature of the comporrnds and the absence of any change

in their appearance. These facts pres€nt us with a scientific riddle, a chcmical

anomaly, rrhich the author believes can bc explained only through exl)erirnental er-

rors or through the transfurmation of elements. As great care and lrrecision were takenin alt of thc determinations, the author is Inore convinced of tlre latter pssibility,

especially since these condensation products, notably that of ac'etylene, Possess strongradimctive properties. These products, therefore, may be considered, not as sinlple

hydrocarlruns, but as compounds of these witlt known or ttnknown elenrents llere

brouglrt into existence through the action of the silent electric dirharge uPon gaseous

ethylene or acetylene. Wrl l r , r r t I . H ̂ LE.

coe-

Dui-rerselhalte Mangel an Kohlens-toff bei

den Kondensationsproduklen von At'hylenund AcetYien

Milorad Z. Jovitsc-b itsch'

Aus dem Ilttorstori8! dcr Berglau-Ahadcli' in Belgtad

,.vorsclcgr in dc! sl!2uns lm 10- Oktoba l90? )

Der zu wiederholtem Male bedeulend geringer gefurdeoe

l{ohlenstoffgehalt bei diesen Produklen dt'iDgte mictr, bierutrer

Aufli larung zu erhalteo. Vor allem beobacbtete ich die gri i0te

Sorgfalt bei der Darstellung. Das AthYien sowohl ais auch

daslcetylen wurden Yollkommen trocken in den Synthetisatof

eingeftihrt, dessen Inhalt kaum lber 50'bis 60 cru' betrug' Das

l<ondensierte Athylen $'urde auf Sch\\'efeigehalt gepriift' das

kondensierte Acet-vlen .tuf Phosphor, beilemai mit negatiie:n

ErfolgeDann schritt ich nit allen zu Gebote stehenden Vorsichls-

mrtteln zur \rerbrennun3. Die Verbrennunqen \vurden zuerst

mit Kupferoxyd ausgefiihrt, indem die Substanzen innig mit

diesem zusammengemischt lvaren; das Kupferoxyd' ist \ 'on-

Kablbaum bezogen. Dann fi:hrte ich die Verbrennung i:n

Sauerstoffstrom und schlietsli;h mit Bleichromat aus' welches

ebenfalls von l iahibaum herrohrte' in alleD dieseq F'i l len

rvaren die Resultate dieselben.

H ier J ie Grenzrver te jener z \ 'e i - {na l l sen des l io 'Je l l '

sier.ten Athyiens, zlvischen denen Jie \\:erie aiier anJcrerl

Wasserstoff- ' 'Lrd i iohlenstoffzahlen einer und derselben Por-

tion variierten:1

r I ch c twar tc , c la3 je iach dcr S t roms l { r r i c f , i J l inN i r l i ! ' gsdauer \ ' r -

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\ l i tterluog.

NETU AGE SCIENCE J()URNATiutte 1976

MAGNA CUTTURE

fIE LD CROPS PLA NTER BOXES

)'- -'-'-- ------

FE NCESANTE N NAE

World Federation Of Science And Engineering

This issue is dedicated to agriculture in hopesthat the combined informaEion will be of help Eo thefarmers of the future, of which we feel will be ever-yone.

With the increase in our population throughoutthe $/orld and a decrease in the farming, it will be-come necessary for approxirnatly 40% of Ehe PeoPle !ogrow. their or^/n vegetables, that is if they wanE !osurv rve .

From the beginning of time on earEh' man has hadthe privilage of-working with plants and Ehe discrip-tion of the first so called garden EhaE itas placedhere came with the instruclions of how to keep it ingood shape and let it produce L00"1 for the benefit ofmankind.

Yes, we are lalking about Ehe GARDEN OF EDEN.A11 of Ehe exposed surface of che earth was coveredwith plants and the Eden tha! it exisced in was theatmosphere; the air, moisture, and frequency thatthese plants grew into and in the middle of all ofthis wis a spEcial kind of tree that was differenithan the rest of lhe pl.ants, and iE was called theTREE OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE, Why was it calledlhis and why was it differenc?

We feel that it was a system that helped disper-se Ehe many Ehousaads of micro frequencies that are inmotion thr.oughout lhe atmosphere, thus giving eachplant a close relation with the count of frequency itneeded. This is referred to as Ehe R,F. count in mostprofessions that are working along these lines today.it is a known facE today that each plant has its ownR.F. factor, even though they mighE yeild the same kindof fruit thev have a different counE. This we refer Eoas each plani with its own knowledge.

Let us review some of the facts that have beenrecorded for the past 70 or so years from the researchin rhis direction.

MAGNA CULTURE

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one of Ehe greatest boons to our society wouldbe insecE control by nonchemical or semichemical ne-thods Iacking polluting side effects, It is epi-so-dic polluCion lhat captures public attention, TherecenE deaths of thousands of sheep in the vicinityof a military EesEing ground are an example. How-ever,.within the conEext of Ehe problem, perhapsmore imporEant are long-range cumulative effecLs pro-duced by chlorinaced organic pesEicides such as ald-rin, DDT, dieldrin, methoxychlor, and oEhers. Thedangerous philosophy prevails that if one cannoE see,feel, smel1, or lasEe a pollutant, it does noE exist,Nuclear hazards, for example, were frequently over-looked unEil obvious cases of radiari.on sickness werereported. Here it took inventors to provi.de advan-ced insErumentaEion Ehat replaced lhe old spinthari-scope in this critical field,' Fossil records indicaEe that insects are the

oldesE inhabitants on earth. NinEy percenL of allanimals are insects, Silk, cochineal, honey, andlac are insect products. A few hundred of the 500,000 species known are harmful. Selective insecE con-trol in agriculture and peripheral fields is impor-EqnE.to effeclive plant growth and yeild. AlEh6ughthe intrinsic natuie of insects is iot fully undei-sEood, i.t appears that electronics could emerge asa conErolling agenE.

RADIOFREQUENCY CATALYST FOR INSECT CONTROL

Insects are susceptible to ultrasonic wavesand electromagnetic fields, If dense energy tra insare directed at a specimen, internal heating effectstend to occur, and Ehe animal might boil and explode.However, if gains are evaluated against cosEs, thefact emerges lhat the use of electronic methods aloneis too expensive for practical applicaEions.

By contrast, chemicals are cheap, This invitesus to consider combinations of low-cost electronicswith inexpensive chemicals, possibly in a caEalyticsense, Enzymes, for example, acE as catalysts inr{tater, since many life sustaining compounds reactonly in soluEions. Thus, electronic pulse trainsmight be direcced aE insect populations that haveeaten caEalyst-type chemicals responsive to relati-vely weak eletromagnetic stimulation. Here, the

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caEalyst \"rou ld give rise to abnormal endergonicscates resulting in death. A normal endergonicevent is the cornbinalion of carbon dioxide and vraterto form sugar wirhin a living system.

A basic approach is shown.in Fig: 1-1 . The end-ergonic-type organic catalyst is applied to crops inEhe form of a spray. Aften the catalyst is taken upby insects 12 or more hours later, radiofrequencyenergy triggers it into acLion inside the body of theinsect, LeEhalicy will resulE from riretabolistic ano-malies in populaEions thus radiated. The ideal spraywould funcEion as a catalyst only in small animallife forms. It would have no effect on planEs per se,nor would it be harmful if not irradiaued by R.F.

The following references provide a basic inErodu-tion:

A, Hollaender, ed., Radiation Biology, Vols, I,II, III, (New York; McGraw-Hill Book Company,1956).G. G, Simpson, Life: An Introduction to Bio-logy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1957).

Fig. 1-1 .Radio-frequency cataltsE for insect suppression '

INStCT POPIILATION

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PTANT ELECTROCULTURE

His torically, attem?ts- Eo. lncreaseHrs torrcally, aLEemPES tO lncfe'rsEof plants date bi6k to lhe.I8th century '

In coniuncEion with environmental pollution

"tteniioi"iS-ei;;;i"d Eo the nitrate -pollucion of;;;I;;i;;';r i"iLirir".t. New nethods, prererable;i;;;;i;;i;-.ie-a""i'.d to stimulate plant sro\^'thand yeild '

the grol,TthDr, Mam-

was the first;;.i-;i eainburgtr, scoEland, . lPPafelrlyDrav ol DutllrrLrrF|rrr euvLrq!rv, err---"--,

;;-4.;;";;-""p"ii'it""t" i'n tit+o',' Major experiments.,^-^ ^^^).,^ r-i h.' Dr S T,emstroem ln ! lnland lnwere conducted bY Dr. S' Lemstroem1t03, Exellent iesults were obtained'

Dr, LemsEroem, a professor of physics at Hel-

"irrnf ois.-""tn" to ihe belief thar vbry rapid growth.i"i.""tition in polar regions during the shorl arc-;i"';;il;;-"".-lo'l" ts.rfb"d to sPe'i,al electrical

"""aiii."i of the atmoiphere in th6se high.latiludes'

He duplicated Lhese assumed condrtrons by rncreasrngItre .l*osptteric current, which normally passes tromthe air t; the planE, by the-use of aEenna-EyPe wlresolacea above Ehe .top. -An elecErostatic VJimshurstrirach ine was used for his purpose ' Results $'ere grveni"'iiil-r,"." tioem ' s book, rlei,tricity and Agricultureand Horticullure, (London, 1904).

Lemstroem's work and results gave rise-!o exPer-iments on an international scale, as is reflected rnthe following literalure:

F, BasEy, Nouvaux Essais d'Electroculrure (Paris:C. Amat, 19I0).

V. H. Blackman' el al, "The Effect of an Elec-tric Current oi Very Low Intensity on Ehe Rate;i-ct;;lh-;i ch" coi"opEile of Barlev," Proc'Roy, Soc. B', 95,214-28' 1923.

K, Stern, Eleklrophysiologie der^Pflanzen (Hei-delberg-Berlin: J '- Springer , 1924) '

i"e t"ir ;'"f""iioi"fture," F:q. t-? shows a typicalelEccroculture system' ffre oe exciring voltages are;;;;;;i;;;-uv-ti.r6 height of the feeding antenna' but

The various me lhod s are known under the combin-

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6ALVANIZEDAMENNA

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Fig. 1-2 Electroculture SYs tem.

usuallv are between 2000 and 70,000 volts' The foll-owing 6bservations have been made:

1. The true Percenlage of yield ir.rcrease fora good field is 45 Percent maxlmum.

2, ThE better a field 'has been plowed, the,gteatet is the yield obtaineil through elec-iroculture. If Ehe soil is too lean, nopronounced increase in yield can be obser-ved .

3. Some plants do noE respond to treatment un-less iratered. If Ehey are l^taEered' thevield can be extremely high' Peas, carrots

'ind cabbage are EYPical .

4, Electroculture tr-eitment is detrimental tomany, probably all, plants if conducted onwarm, sunnY daYs.

5. overliead aitenna wires should be arralgedhigh enough to permit convenient plowing.

In the vicinity of the p1ant, current densitiesradiated by overhead discharge systems range-aPProx-imatelv frirm 10-12 A/cm2, Natural electrical currentaEnsities peak out between 10-16 to 10-15 A/crn2.' A1-though theie cnrrent densities might apPear to beextrEmelv 1ow. note that electroculture provides cur-ienr that are'abouE 1000 to 10,000 times higher Ehanthose siven bv nature. Electrometers may be used rnthe fi;ld to 6stablish proper current levels-. |igh-"i-aii""

voltages are niedi:d to comPensate for in-creased antenna height.

The domain of electroculture is wide open fornew inventions because experiments are not cornplete'Specific needs for improvements reside -in the areaof-i":ii"ia high-volElge generation and application.

It is of interest. Eo reaLize that plant elec-troculture, in spite of its excellenE -promise, wasrelegated Lo dormancy by the advent of i4expensivenitr;te fertilizers.- H6re we have a typical casein which a once-fabulous invention in chemistry c orn-*""""a-io dig its own grave (and perhaps ours, too!)

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PSYCHOGALVANIC EFFECTS IN LIVING PLANTS

Although living planEs normally areas more Ehan edibles or raw malerial forpurposes, new inventions and experimentsdetermine their sentient properEies.

Early in 1966, polygraph expert Cleve Backster ofNew York created the background for an enEirely new sci-ence by accidental discovery. Employing the same kindof polygraph (Iie deteclor) Ehat is used to resE emot-ional sEimulation in human subjects, Backster found thatplant specimens register fear, apprehension, pleasure,and relief. Fulher, by using simple electronic methods,it was found lhat plants reacE not only to overE Ehreatsto lheir sEate of well-being, but even more stunningly,Eo the inEentions and feelings of other living crealures,animal as well as human, with which they are closely as-sociaEed.

It could be shown, for example, that simple houseplants, such as the Dracaena Massangeana or philodendron,regisEer apprehension when a dog goes pasE them, reac!violently when Iive shrimp are dumped into boiling r^raEerand appaiently receive signals from dying cells in chedryin! bolld of an accidentally cut finger, Plants evenappeai to respond Eo distress signals over a consider-ab 1e dis Eance .

The inrnen s e importance of what is now referred Loas the "Backs Eer efiect" need not be underlined, Thephenomenon offers entirely new possibilities to inven-tors and research scientists, typically in areas ofcommunications heretofore closed to us.

The overall aspecEs of the "Backster effect" wereprofiled in the following publicacions:

not regardedconstrucEr.onare needed Eo

C. Backster, "Evidence of a Primary Perception inPlant 1ife," International Journal of Parapsycho-logy, Vol. 10:4, Winter 1968, pp.329-48.

Anon,, "ESP: More Science, Less Mysticism,cal World News, Vol. 10:12, March 2L, 1969,2L.

" Medi-pp. 20-

L. G. Lawrence, "Electronics and Parapsychology, "Electronics World, April 1970, pp. 27-29,

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L. G. Lawrence, "Elecrronics and the LiningPlanE," Elecltonic World, October 1969' Pp.25-28.

Ttr e effecr continues Eo be verified both hereand abroad, Its action cannot be blocked by Fara-day screens, screen cages, lead-lined containers,or'oEher shielding sErucEures positioned beEweenthe plant and ext6rnal, Eest -obiects.. Therefore,

-the bhenomenon cannot be added- to the inventory ofe 1e c

't romagn e t i c domains esEablished by classicalphysics.

How does rhe effecE come about? Unfortunately,there are no concise answers at this time. Thefield is too new. However, the effect has a psych-oealvanic characEer and can be varified by insErumen-tition baEEeries. A typical tesE sysEem is composedof a variable Wheatslonb Uriage, a dc amplifier, aFaraday cage for Ehe planE specimen, and graphic re-corder- for-collecting data in a permanenE manner.

ln operation. che cage-contained plant is con-nected by'a simple, leaf-ittached clamp electrodelo Ehe W[reatscone 6ridee, and che readouE system isenergized. Then, by mentally projeccing physical.harm"aeainst the plinE, response curves may be elic-ited. "However, ii Ehe treal is not followed up byphvsical action (like burning, for example), the;lant tends to adiust Eo Ehese "idle threaEs" andi""i"" to respondi Response profiles are not uni-form, changin! frorn one specimen to the next' Not""oo.t.e" 5nd7or delaved ieacEions occur in many.."L", all of'which a?e imperfectly understood.

As a guide to inventors ' Ehe following egYip-menE systems, approaches, and scientific consi'der-aEions are offered as prac Ercal alcls:

l. Tb avoid industrial and domestic electri-ca1 interference' elecEronics-orienEed ex-oerimenEs wirh plancs should be conductedln shielded enciosures such as metallicgreenhouses. If, however, such a sErucEurefs coo costly, an inexpeniive wooden designmav be used,- Here. interference can be at-teiuared by atEaching metallic.screen wireEo the wal1s, botEom, and ceiling of thegreenhouse. NoEe that light must be pet:tnl-

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,

tEed to enter, since it is vital to Photo-synEhesis, Ii a given Faradqy-fyPe. enclo-sure is toEalIy opaque, artrtrclal rrrum-ination must b6 pioviaea. If lamps of thefluorescent tyPe are imployed, light mustenter lhrough a rneshed meEal screen secur-elv grounded co a vraEer pipe. For informa-ti6n-on lamps designed explicirly for liv-ing plants, con lac t:-Commercial Engineering Departmen!

Lighting DivisionSvlvania ElecEric Products Inc.Silem. MassachusetEs

Reques c bulletins 0-262 ("Gro-Lux" fluor-esienE lamp), 0-285 and 0-286. The visiblelieht soectrum required bv plants for suc-celsfut'chlorophyil synthLs-is is between4000 and 4800 angsEroms, ettectlve varuespeaking out at about 4500 angstroms.

For field operation involving testing ofplants, psychogalvanic equipment.must befroused' in ?ugged, shielded conEainers.This requirement is especially stringenEin those cases in which susceptibilicytesEs are performed adjacent to power lines,oooulaEed areas. or automotive servrce sta-tib.r" g"t ".ating voltage transients. Elec-trically, plants may be regarded -as.organicsemiconiuctors and, regardless of size, haveorthodox antenna functions '

For dependable experimental resulEs, newvirgin- plants may be used. Fresh culEuresmav-be started conveiniently from packagedsrbwth kics such as "Punch"n Grow" providedtv Northrup. Kins & Co', Minneapolis, Minn-eiota. Tha-kit dontains seeds and soil mat-erial in a plastic container. IEs cover maybe punched wi.th a blu4t too1, and waEer maybe added for seed activation.

In coniunction with item 3, seeds may bestimulited and raised into Ehe seedlingstage under the influence of weak radio-fre{uency fields. Apparatus for- this. pur-oos6 should oDerate below a wavelength ofi0 meters. Fbr information on RF siimula-tion of seeds, perusal of the following re-ports is sugges ted '

4.

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P. A.. Ark, "Application ofency ElecErostatic F iel dsure-, " QuarEerly Review of15:172-I9L

High-Frequ-in Agricu 1t-Biology 1940,

APPLICATION PLATT{S}

RFGTNTRATOR

PLASTIC SACK

srtDs

ST IMU I-ATE D {sHORT IIME EASII

SIIMUI,ATTD {I-ONG TIMT 8AS€}(8) Yi.ld p.xe.n!.

Fig. 1-3.SEimulation of seeds by RF methods.

In Ehe high-power stimulation phase, RF en-ergy is applied for fractions of a second.According to the scheme shown in Fi-g. 1-3,seeds are contained in a plasric sack orbowl and placed between application platesconnecEed^ to the RF generitor Eank circuit.This process is most critical and shouldnoE be atEempted without background studies

(A) B.ric meihod.

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Fig. L-4Composite RI' stimulatoi for seeds and seedlings.

In the lgw-power stimulation phase, RF cur-rents in Ehe rnicro-ampere or milIi-ampererange are applied to a planted seed speci-men. Apparatus is shown in Fig. 1-4. Theblower-cooled RF generator Eo the left feedsenergy into an interval switch at the bottomof the quasi-Faraday cage. A nutrient feed-er for seedlings, seen aE the upper right ofthe illustration, furnishes weak auxin-typesoluEions or other growth hormones.

Because of its radio-frequency character,equipmenE of this type mus! always be oper-ated-within an electiomagnetically sh ie ld-ed facility such as those outlined in item1.

As an experimental adjunct to RF methods,seeds also can be stimulated successfullyby ultrasonic processes. A research paperon the ultrasonic treatment of corn seedsis available from:

U. S. Department of AgricultureWashington, D,C.20250

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A piezoelectric-Eype ulLrasonic generatoris- shown in Fig. 1-5. Operacing at fre-quency of L65 kHz, the insErumenE requlresno rectifier and drives Ehe crysEal at apower of 17 watts.

In the ultrasonic mode, seeds to be treatedare placed in a sieve-type metal conEainerand ilaced in a warer bath agitated by ultra-sonil waves, Frequencies up Eo 900 kHz havebeen used. According Eo re-ports, ultrasonics

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Fig. 1-5."Minisonic" ultrasonic sys tem.

are yeild-stimulating; i.e., seeds treaEedby this method germinate better than conE-rols and render more produce. However,within the context of the current problem,the method is suggested primarily in orderto grow virgin plants fasE for experimentalpurposes. As in the case of RF methods, noinforrnation is available on the RF or ultra-sonically s Eimulated plant properties differin the eipression of psychogalvanic pheno-mena in connection with the "Backster Effect."

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(A) Currenr'controlled oscill.ror.

Fig. 1-6.Basic acousEical planE response detector.

(g) U3e of clamp eledrode.

To commercialize an invention in this area,given equipment should be small and funct-ional . Being a "discovery Eool" for others(including studenls, engineers , gardeners,hobbyists, etc.), new psychogalvanic cirsu-itry should be developed to display plantreactions with rhe leasc possible expense,

Fig. 1-6 shows one approach. A current-controlled oscillator (Fig. 1-6A) forcesa weak excitation current through a plantleaf via a clamp elecLrode (Fig. I-68),Variations in the conductance properties ofthe plant, which may be regarded as an or-ganic semiconductor, will "steer" currenr-sensitive oscillator stage Q1. Thus, over-all action is similar to thaE of Fig. 1-6ca Wheatstone-type detector principle.

(C) whearsrone.bridge der.cior.

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Arranged'on a tripod, the plant response detec-tor might feature an elevated clamp elecErodemounted on an exEension inserEed into the ins-frumen! proper, Thus, plant structures can bereached and observed as desired. During oper-aEion it is imperative thaE the electroie ii*-Eure does no! move. !{ovemenEs or bending ofleaves inserted in!o Ehe clamp elecErode pro-duce undesirable strain-gauge effects and' im-pair the quality of psycfiogilvanic data,

In conjunc tion wi th this and.related equip-men!, the inventor should realize that'plintreactions, if any, cannot be predicted inadvance. Fire (injury !y acri of burning)is the most powerful itimulant a plant canexperrence. It was the mental proiection ofEhis very threat that led Mr. Bicki Eer to thediscovery o.f the effect named afler him. ByconErast, the act of cutting can bring some-what delayed reactions, El6crrical piant be-havior triggered by direct applicatiirn of forceproduces weIl-known responses, cypically asinvesrigated in a specimen litie the Mim6saPudica, DaEa and directions for exDerimencsmay be found in the following referince:J. Bures, et a1, Electrophysioloeical

Methods in Biological Re3eirch (New york:Academic Press Inc , 1967)

The function of organic semiconductors. ifconsidered alone, is discussed in good'depchln:

F. GuEmann, Organic Semiconductors (NewYork: John l^liley & Sons , Inc . 1963) .

The behavior of living systems exposed EosEimulus and excitation is given in the book:

G, Ungar, Excirarion (Sprinefield. Il1.:Charles C. Thomas, publishei, 1963),

An excellenE description of electron trans-port systems in plants has been given bvIdalter D. Donner, Jr. of the Uniiersitv'ofPennsylvania. His conEribution nay be- found]'n:

Lrl. A. Jensen and L. G. Kaval.j ian (ed),Plant Biology Today: Advanc6s and Chif-

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lenges (2nd ed., Belmont, Calif.: Wads-worth Publishing Company, Inc ., L967) .

All.things cor.rsidered, the psychogalvanic effe-cc in plants is one of rhe ire?y bEst vehiclesfor dramatic new discoveries and inslumantsavailable to invenEors today. The effects ofthese phenomena on science bnd industrv nodoubt h'ill be considerable and of irrneise valueto socigty.at large. To that end, iE is hopedEhat definiEions of Ehe various aipects inv6l-ved poinr ways from which to starE:

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i"

GROW IT YOURSELF

The enthusiasm for home gardening t!at -sPrangup in America three or four years ago amid fasE-rising food prices has taken firm rooE'

For the first time since World I^Iar II, morethan half of all U.S. households, 51 percent, Pll+to have a vegeEable garden in 1976. That's the trnd-ing of the GalluP Poll.

Again Ehis spring, business is booming in seedsand feicilizer, with supplies of both reported plant-iful. Tools, iuch as mechanical soil tilers, arereadily avaiiable, sometimes at bargain prices,

AII sisns indicaLe, too, that there will beplentv of lids for canning jars Ehis season. Ai"*"y by the DePartmenE of-Agriculture finds Ehattft " iia"'.tty expbct to double-its production in 1976.

FAVORITE VEGETABLES

In many Parts of Ehe country, -tomatoes, aPpea!to be the mirst popular vegeEable, followed by leafletEuce and squash of all varretres.

I^/i11iam Foos, president of Ferry-Morse SeedComoanv in Mountain-View, Calif.' reports that earlystriimeits of all kinds of seeds are up "a liEEleon"i l""t year, when we had record sa1es."

AE Ehe NorEhrup King Company, in Minneapolis,Vice President Howard Schuler seys lnqurrles abouEsardenins are running 5 percent higher than lasti"".. HE estimatea [hat-home gardening will expand6y abouc 2 percent Ehis Year.

A shift from days gone by is noted by Mr. Sch-uler. who says thaE those gardening now are not Prr-.ariiv the impoverished people Erying to save money'but middle cllss suburbaniti:s who want a hobby.

W, Stanley Stuar!, Jr., vice.president of BallCorooraEion. at Muncie, Ind., estimates that Eherewili be about 35 million home vegeEable gardens dur-ing 1976, up from 32'5 million lasE year'

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Moreover, Mr. SEuart-99Y9, about- 41 percer.rE ofall American households will do some home cannrng rn1976, up from 37 Percent a Year ago.

To meet this expecced increase, Ball officialsftr"" ee.iea manufacturing oPeration to produce 65

o"a""it more replacement caps and liks than Intere

5;i;;;; o"i-i"tL y""t. The'cornpanv's plants will;;;iL;"" to operate three shifts a day,-seven daysa weet, as thay have since January, 1975.

Supplies of gardening equipmmt are reportedplentiful, with some at lower prrces lh:.s year '

A. A. Malizia, presidenE of McDor,rough PowerEquipment, Inc. at McDonough, Ga' explarns:

"There are plenEy of soil tillers ' The indus-Lrv overDroduced'bv 30 to 35 percent last year, soirrl,t" "ri a good miny carry-overs on Ehe market'You can make some good buYs.

Amone the latest trends in back-yard gardeningcropping ip rhis sPring:

Built-up gardens are gaining,advocates' 4qi1-road ties or^ biicks are ofEen used as a low wall toiaise the soil level by a foot or t\",o. Advantage:ii;"-""ti"i to work, t[re drainage is usually -impro-ved. and iE easier Lo build the soil to the desi-red'richness in such a confined area.

Drip irrigation, in which rnoisttlrg i-s slowlymetered but to-plants by means of a drip hose system,is becoming more PoPular.

Soil tesring is becoming a sr,andard procedurefor most new hom6 gardens, qften Ehrough cou4ty^orsi"t"-igti"uIEural-officei for a small fee of $3-,orlo. Ho ever, says Huey Whitehur,st of Texas A & M'sl.if"" expetitn"nt"l stltion: "These are not reallyn"""t""tV, particularly after a.couple of. years,.when vou-'ve' gotten your soil built up wrth organlcmatter and fercilizer. "

FRESH DIRECTIONS

-r6-

Mois!ure meEers, used initially for indoorplants, are being installed in some outdoor gardensLo reaiure Ehe amount of moisEure in Ehe ground andindicate r.rhen waEering is needed,

Container gardening is catching on with qPart-menE dwellers. -Inslead of flowers, lhese gardenersare raising vegeEables in hanging baskets, in.con-tainers on"s Eairways, on lrellises and in windowboxes.

Gardening in a buckeE is among lhe more origi-nal concepEs.- Milton Srnirh Burgess, Sr., a retiredmeat oacklr in Little Rock, Ark., last year planted22 diTferent vegetables in 90 conEainers, rangingfrorn 5-ga1lon piint buckets to big garbage cons'

Mr. Burgess's technique is. simple. - He filledEhe buckets iith leaves, ihrew in some lime andfertilizer, and topped it all off with abouE twoinches of leat mosi. "rt's really easy"' he explains"Al1 vou hive to do is add abouE a quart of waEereach Lvening and Ehen jusc sit back and watch- thingsgror,r, Idith-peat moss, Ehere are..no weeds. Also, Iion't have t6 spray for insecrs."

From 12 buckets of plants, he produced about1,600 tomatoes lasE year. Another 16 buckers withfive sEalks of corn in each yielded enough lo lastall sununer, His wife canned 50 quarts of cucumberpickles. ltris spring he is increasing his gardento Il0 bucke Es

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ThC I./ORLD FEDERATION OF SCIENCE & ENGINEERINGhas. as one of its major projects, for- the Pasl Ewo

veais. been doing quiEe an extenslve brt ot exPerr-irenting wich whaE vie have narned MAGNA CULTURE '

The head of the project is Dr' Norman Kellogga"a a""-to ftis dedication-Eo the project we have had

"o*"-""t" outsEanding results fiom Ehe various ar-i..t"e.et t" for plant environment, and we have provenEo 5urselves and Eo a few oEher interestgd.Partles,ittai-eictt plant is a living creature with its own;;;; ;i-i.'Eeltie"t." and tfrat Ehe greatest restric-ti8n co life is-ics inability to move around andr""i. ."t-ift" ivp. of suroundings tha! would help ich..r" . betEer i:nvironment to exist in '

There are three things that are very importantto all tvpes of plants: Frrst r-s nutrrcron, maKe

.u." rtr.'loi1 hal all the normal nuErienEs that areneeded. Second is moisEure, now when you are r^tater-i"n 'tro,.tt plants make sure that you do not over doiil 6t thit vou do not under do it, make frequent

"tt6"t" io ""6 if the moisture is up to about an inchirorn rhe Eop of Ehe seed bed, if it is dry deeperEhan one inih it should be watered'

The third is frequency, if a plant does not re-ceive enouqh R'F. courit fr6m Ehe ground and Ehe at-mosohere. iand ir takes both), then it will not ma-;;;5--;;;;";iv it 'i-rr onlv vi:ild around 30% of itsoorentiai. ihac is why mosE farmers only exPectibout 302 to 40% of rhi: poEenEial of each planE,quite a \.taste, dont t You agree '

Our research has proven Ehet by puEting Anten-naes up at cer tain locit ion-s r \'te can enhance Ehe en-',, ior.r*itt t enough to a1low. ttre plant-maxirnum R'F';;;;-6 draw irom thus giving'us close to 100% yeildfrom all types of bearing Plants '

Have you ever wondeled why plants grovt largerand faster- along a wire fence. The fence is- acErng.r "tt .nt"trna' 'The fence will enhance lhe freque-ncy;;;; i;; oi rit'" feet on each side of it and if"3" die down below the surface of the soil on each

"ia"-.? itt" f"""" you wi1-l also find that the mois-

l"ie co"nt in the ioil is greater for about the sameJi"i.""". Yet about 15 or-20 feet from the fence

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rrrf*

F

*:t-:li.*

l;L:

III

iI

tiI

you will have Eo go down five or six times as deep-to f ind the same kind of mois Eure.

AnoEher observalion that gives you some ideaof what higher concentration of frequency can have onEhe hydro count is to seE a car next to the metalpoles' that hold the high tension wires that run as-ioss counEry, and park another car abouE lwo blocksaway, When- you come back in the morning the carund-er rhe hiLh tension wires next to the pole willhave moisEure on the windows, which the one twoblocks away wi 11 noE,

This should give you some idea of what freque-ncies can do. IhE acm6sphere is loaded with miil-ions of frequencies and they are being used daily.The funny thing is, that \"te are tolally unaware ofhow much rraffic is going on all around us. Anot-her thing that is amazing, is that we are only us-ing about 2% of tlnis traffic.

With MAGNA CULTURE, we can use a small amountof Ehese frequencies, we do not need Ehem all, aslong as we can atEract some of thern it will giveEhe plants a much sEronger flow to draw from andsinc6 each plant is a kiowledge in its own, it willonly use what it needs.

Some of the drawings and pictures on the nextfew pages will give you some idea as lo how you cangec 6eEter resui.Es from your planEs, of course,,itiloes noE mean that this is the total ansvter. Ifyou can experimenE wiEh your own arrangements andget better results, please do so and let us knowwhaE your results are.

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O n Prepare ground as for normal

A Q i1"",:ie*l:i.i:iri"isti,::ii;:u"'I il:':;*ofll.o"t"t

or coaEing shourd

Reshape co.: c hangersfor antennae ' as above.

Insectisides should not be needed as much, -as desEru--ctive insecls do nol like the frequency Put out by tne colls'Constructive insects, such as Bees and Earth Worms are notb;-ih";;4. In fact, Earth Worrns Ehrive under MAGNA CULTURE

conditions, as our experiments have proven '

The I'IAGNA CULTURE anEennae rechargein Ehe soTTTs?-dTfiEe plants or Erees

'quency of che EARTH'S ETHER FIELD.

Ehe mineral susing the fre-

PLANTS AND VEGETABLES

lpGROUNDLEVEL l.' ls*

-20-

L

I

FRUIT TREES

Whenalsoith

8" to to^- t{oatx 8r os

Detail of treeAntenna.

Alwavs be careful noE to allow the antenna $tr re s

Eg touch the leaves ofresu1t,

FENCES

Ehe plants or bu__rqing could

Chain Link Barbbed hrire

:I

9 turnconical

coil

\

Iwater ingfill pipewater.

GroundLevel G

GroundLeve I

FENCES BECOME ANTENNA

-2r-

POTTED PLANTS OR PLANTER BOXES

Groun dleve1

Planler box maY

available. Trel l isesplants - Peas , beans,

be used indoors with

be any size convienent for area

can be atEached for climbingtomatoes, etc. TheY maY also

Grow Lights.

Coils should be cleanedtwice vearlv. To do Ehisimerse'in a- Pail of hot\^rater in which t box ofsoda has been disolved.

9 Eurnsof wireto forma conicalcoil, North of the

coils shou ldCLOCKWISE.South of theCLOCKWISE ,

Equator thebe COUNTER

Equator-z z-

v'I

It

frtlt

iitl{

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We do not recommend Eha! vou use commercial ferti-lizers, they are lolded wittr aitificial junk. Plantsare living cells of their own and it is no! naturalfrom a common sense direccion for us to feed our plantssomething that ne know is unhealthy.

lf you will look at the labels on any of your com-mercial lrtificial plant fertilizers yorl i.rill see thatthey give you a danger precauEion tha! iE is dangerousEo vour health. bu! r^re don't seem to realize t.haE evenafter we feed it Eo our plants and then \,te eat the fruirof that plant, thac iE may still be dangerous to ourhea l th

Take these three items and run them Ehrough yourmind. NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, and POTASSIUM. That isthe main ingredients of artificial fertilizers, wouldyou sit down to a table with a plate full of Ehese soca l Ied life giving items?

For the pasr 30 to 40 years, our agriculture sys-tems have grown to depend on the commercial ferlilizersto Ehe poinr that 98"1 of our farming is artificial.Now let us take some figures from anoEher direction andsee if we can still add 2 + 2 and come up \tith 4.

During lhis same period of time we find lhat therehas been a Eremendous increase in Ehree of the mosE dis-abiliting diseases that are known Eo man. Number oneis Heart Conditions, number two is Arthritis Condi!ions,and the third is the most baffling of all - CANCER. Iam not a medical doctor, but I do-feel that 6ffiedica1research finds a way to counteracE che effects of what-- !he chemical reactions of these artificial poisons are'to the human body, they just might corne up with an anti-dote,

Through our research we have proven to our ortn saE.-isfaction lhat by getting back !o basics and using nat*ural organic fertilizers we have much healthier planEsand fee I healthier ourselves.

There is more waste that comes ouE of the kitchensof mos! homes than it would take to farm half the landthe country has, To name some of the iEems that couldbe reused: old breas, coffee or tea, vegelable r^tas!e,ciErus peels, old shopping bags or nelirspapers, yes oldnewspapers, just shred it up and mix it into the soilwith all the rest of the left overs.

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With a good. sysEem of recycling your normal or-ganic waste and using the I'{AGNA CULTURE system of en-hanci.ng Ehe frequency count around your garden, you canget back on the righc track to good healih

One of our Service Members just brought us a bookthaE is an outstanding piece of iesearch.- We recom-ment you read it, noE only is it a good book on plantlife but it is very good on basicall.y what life is allabouE. Read it:

TiEIE: ''THE SECRET LIFE Of PLANTS".By: Peter Tompkins & Christopher

Bird.Pub. : AVON,

Found in mos E BooksEores.

We also recommend, "ORGANIC GARDENING & FARMING",a monEhly magazine found.usually at Ehe local NewsEandsor Drugs tores .

I,rIe have talked quite a bit about what the freque-ncies that we exist in can do for planEs. So be pie-pared, because in our next issue wt will cover whatfrequencies can do for the human body.

The next issue will be in SepEember 1976. If Ehisis the firs! issue of the NEW AGE-SCIENCE JOURNAL rhatyou have read, then you may be interested in the firsE,it was published in March '76.

The NEW AGE SCIENCE JOURNAL is a quarterly publi-CAtiON Of thc WORLD FEDEMTION OF SCIENCE & ENOINEERING,TIiE.COST IS $3,00 an issue or 99.00 for a one year sub-scrrpt]-on,

We publich a NevrsleEler rhat goes to our ServiceMembers each quarter in addition to the JOURNAL. Thereis no charge for the NewsletEer. To become a ServiceMember there is a life fee of $2.00.

WORLD FEDERATION OFSCIENCE & ENGINEERINGDept. S, M.5842 McFadden Suite "J"Huntington Beach, Ca. 92649-,:. /.: -Xa1z

-24-

'fryE'o' R E X R E S E A R C HP O B O X 1 9 2 s 0J E A NN V 8 9 0 1 9U S A

NFI. f i \23- mu6

I , tLE: fY\U E LL€R

flh3net lYtato.

ff;ii,li,.Jf5hiii;,l"lSill,if,,ni:::jli?iiii! i rre :es,! a controvers i a,

i mpu, se motor ) -that -; t' jj:l;i' jiffii.i'il".s.;l:i:iii )ilii,.Fnlfi li,,' .l!J?ll;;,,,.P;;.;;""::::i! oistraim ir,ii,"-''niilli:irf,l *f,j?,.'inji.r.i!

iitf ;ii;.,i,|:l;ii4;*,'iffiiiff.i:niri:i:ilnii r#:i:ii. j*,jq,,tf

l6-stoructrt rr* t' rtt ,

Free Energy From Revolutic-- . comPci.nl .nrrn..r, notcd thrt .i

fh. srcrict on tA.e Pates vtduthor.d by Ton vaLnud., t Cah

lodia.haied !@1.^ct )ounotBt a^d

l.cqu,,t .ontibutot to fi. SPOr'LICHT.

::::,::i:r^,r:"";:;l:2 1-a i - E3!- 'fr r ;;;;;;i;.,";;;,.',;;'.;;ij,'-- = hfrillf r-E '*r'r""'"*'""*''hdsur .d d i l { .an l l t Th . lo* .3 r cor l

L * - - t - E ',"?':;i:f;'r:r;:r,iil:iffr; mH!ffi -yA *ti:::'t::::1:"i :'^*::::t

IIEL-rE i.rE: - - I l r = I

E* h4 .n . ! ,m16 rh . . .n ! ip t to ' - ' . , - . | , .u r . F r ' l h . i inorcd *h . r ln . , . r ,n80rc aooqBl .ds Ey .onpr i r$n onc da6rn . cou ld . . ! l ) p 'o ' 'o . r "

-I"ilii'X,'"':::*'jSJl':..,."",," ;:liil;'. ';,;;" ;;' ;;;;;;";;;,;' rh< iar'rr , maen.nc n.,d ,r o ? e. rh. .,d,ncr' 'r,,otr.6.n,s or dB'/

ror3cvdtr 'd ' bu,tr,$btunt,r h. '" ; ; ' ; ; ' - ; ; ; ; ; : i ' "s;" 'd' ' "3:: 'T" ' ; ' j* ' ' , rhar novin! 3uch l i : \ f f i i : ru.*ff". ' i : , ,T*i ' ; : ;

;:'i'S""'fl"T:li,:'.ll-":#l'; ;;;.r;-, man' orhd!. (uch ar 1., po*' ru' masnc's psr ron co'h rourd th.' tr'qD

ftfiilLtit:;1$:l'vii *ri:ll*,:;?::';,,11,i1',ii:: ;iT1:',il:1'l:l'il:1T::'.rff: "".J'i'"fr'"t'f"i:i1lriffT':il:il"IX';:F"1'j.*,.Til;#'#:; i;; ha'c prcvco o"cr rnd ov.r,ha, Fssncr o'|h'onrvrnajnt'n'nc'eoiidb'onrh'

t,rc,r*,,y ,'.. ,, rirc. ro ru! ,h. a,*.. .,g";.""io.,,ch!ndous unoun, or ,,#.tr::;l;91h.Ts:;"jf;:T..#l; Y;:,.,:ll.l jJli-1",'I*","",,

iilvl'.|L1v1,111v::..:'::ll: {fi.?TiL'.:c. consn5 o, ,., "* :lr:H:::ili:''il[YlsiJ',':;' fi:':]:,t1:'.ilH"fnlT'ilJ:H,fi#tiy;l;i'3i,T:::;?I ::T1""t.i:;:T:lls*i::::li:ri: ,.?."..1,"i'i'.."iii'";0"..",0. *. n, l"JTjil,"ooeo'v:

rh! cre''ic po*'rc;n,inu6 ,o dcnv hin ' Prt.nr roi ' :TjTI,ll:;'fri:i::,IlT;:';*: .ii-io* i.i 'pin

"i.iu. uu' i'."" u. Muircipr.,! ,o d.mon!'ar. ! eo,r-

_ r|srtu mrch.. Tbc b|.tr drjtscoo.. Doil{ ,.r

",j I L n r n.r,_ r. ,r- rnd. - ft!.d b', h.nd d6lrr. rh. 16 Fr..t inr n^d.t,ot r hr $dJ+.ork .d -rd.o-,-b;"; ,

Muuci!, !cnd:I", . : , tdL._:: lX:#'; ; ' t :" ' f f I ; lHi l : ; i l , ; ; . ; ; ; ;d ,o pai ,o coir.-r. r , i r uh. "Mft. .n. or rh. M,nd,b.n lof'v 'nrchrn. B rn.,

T.:T:l : :;;i- coil! mounrcd opposn. rhc 6{nd! on sponlor.d by , M.strct''. B.!arn. |nd

f f i I : : i l ;"J: i , iTl l ' : : ' i i ' : l ; : : : - : i ; ;"*". . ip 'oduc"0u\ncdot

"(F!o!.o'rhrnlthdr ^z Inoulta' ! ihh ocrob<' i EI0 in

t i c t l : l | .mr l |n !o r ( | l re l . l . c (no l c lF ' ' - * " i tLFrndc or ' (oob 'n (d l r r ' l rd$ In t 'b 'u ' rv mon ' rc rd b t I 'n ! 'u l r ' Cr l lo io ' r '

i*+xi****m* Muller Wasn't Alone in Fieldpraa( , mr \ rnB \ . * run ! dc t ' c . 'n . I_ficrenr bv comDrrtuon ro M!lt.r'3. Th' ptoblcn n no{ on' of lcmsnlict thos' rho hlrl ut. il

fi; #;;#;-" - ---. ''

whit. rhc Mulcr ma8ncric moror o, larenr p,oltrionor lov.rrmcnr-in l- . rh. nucld porc' srhc-1h. monon.

Tr.dltioflll, !16(nc orrc.r I pro- "

p"rt,"p, ,r,i ..u p."i",s,n8 of a fKrd() 1h.- probl.n for all of tb. olv\ norr lucr.tiv. sem in lg) v'm of

duc .d b r "punt in ! t lou lo t tm! ! ihc "ov . r -un i l y " moto t -8€n. r l lo r mtn t tud r (d @min l fo r * l rd {o r th r ' l a l r io l t lnd t t io t khcc-a rh '

. . 1 | c f i . | d . A . o | | g r c o n d u c l o . r t r . 6 c o n c c D l s b . t n s g l c u l a l c d i n t h . p d l s o . | a l o e . d c . ' h a n y w i l h p s t . n t s p n d n l y o f t h . | ' i n e u ] 0 d e o n o f u c

"ir,i, p.J ,r,-,rr, " ..'".tj.

r*d, ;;;;;;;ou;; ;r ;li;;;;i,;"..".;d :i:11.,: ":1:,,Ti.Aj:f1"'j]f:

*f',1'"T:lirrry in,cnoon ura, pro"cs::..:::,j:91:'1"::.lj"Hf;".bl,.l; roa"r, rr'.,.

"'c numc,ous orhcrs i"';i';;j:;;;,;;;;;;, *..; ras,ri. lnd c6i crre,,\c *ourd ,u,.r,

M^d.do*n '|h. @" end'|n.' 'n" '''' -'" .,;:, ii,lflJ;:T,:?,';n,;l"J ,,?Hil'i'"f"il ̂ ff9.?l'illll: "?'J,:i::'';li.'ii ililillTi *--]'i,'i'llT,'"r.* ," n,.p,"r.",. r,., i.,' io;"n-'" 'o,..n.,sy rhd r.- *rs pubrtshcd br H.'p.. rnd Ro$. tt ulr.d.bour' h.!.u. r rd par$r.phs

. rr.|l. Thr mor. clccrriciy onc alnrs, qurrcd ttrutr th..quipmcnr, ha5 r.rn.d hs not rct.ivcd a r'4rn.d ofh.dia ftob Po*cl st'us!l'':, '

* i " ,# ih. i " - . , " l " i r . co. i idc ' rb l . ra 'n. b;as. orrh;u.s. rcnxon, bur i r r .us {h. t rory oJ th. l$r "Tod.v rbc.hr . ic iDdu' t .v i3.'^":iH:

;ii'il;:;;il io pure e cu orncc r.ruid ro a..nt h,dr . Dr- r@ r.rB or sr,urrtc b<,w..n thoF*ho orrch*orr or contituour 'rloMoorr.s

ch.triciry our of rhc D.sn.t,. ti.td, &d r.f,,. outa monopot,-zi .l.ctnc po*.r rnd lt coneqs ot 2lo' municin'l 'sd

b e a u 5 . o f h a t | o 9 3 d u c l o l 6 B 1 . | ' c . ' o d l . : . Y 1 . ] T . . j I ' : : T ' " l l ' : l

^il:'A','3ffl: er"ccpr i arica F-";;.""""**"*:q*.lr*,:*-*:x.:t-": ;iliflf"'"iiiT"l:li"i.';f,i:l;rbc uDddryins o,...d n a,'cd *:.T:;;-fi:;;;i.i'Lliili!1n"i'-; i;pr.r.a'r_ -.iiLr. r. o" (r.t kirorlru), rr rlr rar. onr) rour

"o \ ! , un r ! by Mul lc r ' : . * .P-

t:i,i.",,1""i iii'Jil n,, .. *:: f[:ff;lc*t]i;rtHl"*:ffht:"s#'*"fi,55[t ::l'l:,i'i:i$'fr:lii;Fi::':il;:ic . l l .d ' rhno$rDL. .p . rp . rud .Do 'on . o tO. .U.a .osr * r . n . rgy r , . t re .n . i8y p roducuon ort , r Erhb lnhd.nr ph) !cn l \ , In . u t o r , | i | 2 h ta* | l (

nng. in 3iz. t'om rh. cirY of Los,r hu b6. 'hpo$'br<' ro s.n.'.'. I F,nr I nose w no Day: Illlpulililurtr I i"ia.i-.," ii. n",r.i .r r."a.r-".D o | . c | ( l n o | y l h a n l h . . m o u ' n " ' t ^ " ] - . - . _ l ] : _ : - - . . . -

Fv. r n .c . Mr .ha . t t . r rd ry pu lnFd Th. fo l to* rn8 , ta ten I rom lhc En- , ' r rd . r , ro rbn r rn , r . ' d r - - ! ' : " "1 : " " * ; : " : - " : " " :

,r,. i,,,.t*,,...,,..r i"i "i . .,.1;#;1;;""1:;i;il;;:t,;;, *l't,*;:r;lr:lll: :,h:lix] ','ilf;i::,l';:li;:,:;

nrrn.r,. rr.r'r r)6 y..rr r8o. K'1G n- rhore rno artuc..p(rpcrual monon L-rl or*-* t'r. r.r.l dr x cirrB. rlrd$r t.d.,rlrrcncr.. rnrr tro.' ' rnn*n. rnar r r r r r r . r ' i r ! rexc mor ' - . - ibtc wh.n rhc 'ubjc(r o l - .* ' . " ,1. : : j i l i l : : i l i l v idepoEr ro publ 'c .nd pr i r . ,G rDr.ms'."i'":Tl:1ll:l l-i"ll-:.:3:1"'" ;;;fi;';;,"; ;d ::o;;;'u;;,i'; :T,:.1L"il'*,,," ̂ ,,on ,.oc,., om!-1.,::iJ;;$;j,:lir:ji;d;

E!, comcs up. t*.d.nd -o,td *,tu 4L r.!a rh6. por.r lyncd r. {'una ro'

3 o n o r N l l o l a I 6 | t , t h . 8 l c 2 i . 5 t . | d | ! U n o d t h . t U b h . . d | n 8 o t ' ' D o l t l r 'c.t !.ruu*t tn iisror', b€. rbl.to *otl qutrd '- i"*

"-ttlicl't p()rt ' 't" ;v'rhad $Mto'!{o' linc rnd 'om' a

,i,h 'on. or loda' r hat.i,.r. lhc cos norto '''d'nc' i'|v'i: :;';:;.;;", 'i"iY"iill'!Tl# ni o'.mir6-o.r dsrnburion *n6 d'

ccDt ot.orcruniry milhr nlvc becofr. Pb. r.tPtk Fr' L 'o'd 'ort 'i "*-" tt-ii dt rvint 'tetricnt from 10199 ooe'r

" i i l i i ' .6 ' " . " ' -0" r"R, ' " , , . , r ' . 'ur . -na' ' - r t* ' * r ' t - r wi lh ' lm M! l lcr '3 inv 'ntron har ' ino

Phnt! '

ih"l;;1,,";;fi;ilh;;I;*;;; 'll:,'i'.1ii,:qi:i:iqli! ;;l l*ii"'.j'#:t:; i:l',;:'.i.i ,.;Yii:,1':i5.i::l'f;:'iiii'":';

dohinzn, d.rsr,ourc ot th.20th c.n' . dr E..dr..l*:,::,1:i *.* fi:,-';:;i;#;; ri. cn"yoop.- .*i;c by pubri. ascnci6. rb. p.iwk

tu'iutr.,.

"on*,, b briruenr in n,

'iil;;

",.- di.. ' compenr6 r'c ri' domin'riDt rorcc in

For Those Who SaY: 'lmPossible'

raorucrfr rra x. ll1.l?

fiy Super Magnet Invention

f InquirytI. Unit.d Str6, lupplyitt tt Frc.tlolth. nrtion I .letrioty .nd dn&olun8rh. trsrnison tridr, ad ilou.icin!'tuuch ot rhc totdnm.ntt PoEr Fll-

''wilh,n thc rilntdi(ion lridt, th.small munrciprl .nd rtr.l .lElnclysrcns u. oEBhdo*.d by lh.prrra!.compcnd .nd lh. t.d.r.l 9o*.t r!.n'cr6 c tufi@ndcd bt th.m Strl.

. r.sulstory cotnmissioB. *hich rd.6.-

rablishd.ir $ rt.mpl to conrtol rh.

JrnfiE(ompida in oc carlY l9Os. u.'h,sllr-inlh.ned

by rh.n FliUi.lc lou l . "

At( morc dd.rirttlon ot ttE Po*.r .co'ntani6'..lour, thcr. ir t}r ldln!.n-(,:

' 'Tb..biss6t |6.tit WdJ Stldl'r in'eolvcn.nt io t!tr..Fpir.. Prod!cjna andr rarsn ix ins . l6 t r i c i l r i ! tbc m6tcan i ra l ' i n l .ns iv . indunr t in (nc to r ld ,and rh.po'fcompaii.3 hiv.lon8 b.cnkno*n |J lh. divid..d.o|rchil. ofw.Jl

"Th. privrl. powcr.omp| i6 lr!d;tiomlly issuc hrlt ol all lh. n.v coB-mon ind$i.id no.l c!.rt y..r rnd rb-rorb.r lhkd of illcoDor.t finsnc'n8A! nuch $ /lo Frccnt of I cot{suncrlb i l l t6 ro p ly fo r nnsc in l ch ! t86 .Thu3, r l l r t c numb. . o i h r jo r banr . i !and bfol.i! ruch as Ch6. MAnhalunrnd M. r i l l Lynch . . . e r f - t .d by de i 'sio$ conccmiq pow.r conprn'6.

WIIJIELU MUU.ER. . . br..rd r.|| L! .brr,

"Hslf oI lhc inconc of maJo nvcsrm.n t b .n l .6 i ! . r ima ' .d ro .om! r romfin$cins pnvrt. po*!rcoDpani6. a

It Won't Be MonoPoiizedwilhclrn Mull.r hs b..n inlci6lcd ih mrln.tkm d.t tinc. h. r r tourh In

O.rm.nt Ho*cv.r, ht b<.h.olBrcd wnh th. po'cnli.l Pok nhd.n t In p.I'

man.nl htsnclBm aboul 20 y.!r lso eh.n. b.!l b.:rinr hc had tl3c.d in anod. fa t . r ] la rs . f lu ( t ' . l d b . r *dn l *o Frnrncnt h$n. r ! lho t .c to$ | r@Eud th roush a * r11 .

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p e : n a n e n t c o b a l - t m a g n e + - s . T h e r c t c r h a s l 5 e q u a 1 l 1 , s p a c e d

ian ina ted i : on paCCies c : : , , . he pe : i ; he r i , , . t s -_he i cco r : u r . s , t he

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w o : k 1 s t : a n s : e r r : c i l r c D o r - _ : o n a + . e l y t o e i e c t r i c a l w c : x .

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o e r e r a t c r h a c t c b e c e r : : , v e d ,

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t h e n o t o r . T h e s e r j . e s r e s i s t o r , a c r c s s w h i c h V , j . s t a k e n , t s a

s m a i l r e s i s t o r i n t h e o : : i e r c f i c h n , a n d i s n c r m a l i y s h c r t e i

ou t . I i cwever . when t i e : : .Fu+_ : r , e3su :e r - i e t : t s were be i : . i g . _ake t . - . he

s h c r t c i l c u i t a c r c s s * L h a ' - r e s l s t c r . n ' a s r e n c v e c . T h e r e a s o n : c r

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i r ^ ' , + + ^ r l . , ^ * ^ 5 ^ - ir - r r i J u ! r u L u e r n e - - c r r s c : - : t : , c a l : n t . h g a : - . a L , , , s i s .

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w a v e j c r : r w a s o b s e r . , ' e c u s : n g a p h r l i p s D u a l - t i a c e c s c : ) - J _ c s c : p e .

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m e a s u : e n e n t s - , a k e n w h r i e c h e n c t o r \ r a s r u n : - . i n c f : : e e .

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f a c t o r s a n d t h e o n e s u p ; J - t e i b y t h e m o - , c r ; : r a n u f a c t u r e r .

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G e n e r a t o r ( ? o w e r t r t . l J c t c : ) { F c ' , r e : i i t c U n l o a i e i i , i c i 3 r )( P o \ n e r o u t c C ; F : - : - ^ * l

G e : : e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c : . e s : o r i n e l o a C - , _ e s : a : e :

Wave fo r i r o f t he sene la tc : : ou tpu t was exa rn rneC du r ing Tes - . i . 1 .

The ou* -pu ' - \ r ' as a s rne \ ra i ' e w i th l i . t t r e d i . s to r t i cn a ; i i a : resuenc . - ,

o f . i 8 0 I . t z .

I

J

- 5 -

C o n c l u s i o n s

B a s e d o n i . h e t e s t r e s u L . , s , t h e - c e n € r a t c r d o e s n o t h a v e a r :

e f f r c i e n c y g f r e a t e : t h a ; i l O 0 i a n i , i n c e e d , d c e s n c . g a p p r c a c i . l 0 0 t

I t L s b e l i e v e C s i g n i f i c a n : L c s s e s i . u e t o e c C 1 , c u r r e n t s r n . , h e

r o t o r a n i s t a t c r a n i o v e r a l l f r l c t i c n a l l - o s s e s a c . o u r . t f o : . . h e

l o w e f f i c i e r c l ' . i t s h o u r c b e u : , d e : s t c o i t e s - . c o n e i " t i o n s w e r e

l e s s t h a r i i e a l , h o H e . , , e r / j t i s : e L t E . . : s a ; . a l y s i s g : . v e s a f a i :

e s t : n a + - e c f . - h e q e n e : : a + _ c ! , s e f f i c l e n c v .

Recom: .en ia : i c : t s

h ' e b e l - i e v e a : u r t h e : r e C u c s i c n o f t h e a m c u n t c i n e t a l l n t i e

m a c h i n e a n i a i n c : e a s E d u s e c f 1 a n . : : - , a t l o : : s w o u l d s : g n r i l c a : : t I y

r c , l r r r . o a d i r , : n z t 1 , . , - .= q e - a : . u . - _ > : e : e s : s l o s s e s . F : : - c i : c : - . a i l : s s e s w : . - - b e

l o w e r e C b y u t : j i z i r c g : e a t . e r c c n t r o i d , u r i e g t h e r , a c ! ] r l i e

c o n s t r u c + - i o n s t a g e : n c r C e r t o r e d u c e t o l - e r a n c e s .

I t i s o u r b e l , i e f , w : - . - h t a : e p r c p e r c . e v e l c p r i e n t , + , h : s m 3 c h i . e c c u l C

be a :e :a - - : ' . ' e - ; , . . - - :E : . : : : : : : e : . c1 . _ - : : . : : a -_o r a : - j : e c : a ve r . . , s : , :F . I€

c c n s : r u c . - i o n . N c - - e w e d o n c t b e l r e v e e f ; i c i e n c 1 , w i l l _ e v e r b e

g r e a r - e r t h a n o r e q u a L t o 1 0 0 t . T h e a t t r a c t : v e n e s s o f t h e n r a c n l n e

i q i n i f q c r n n r a a a, _ _ n s . ! r u c - " i c n . 3ecause c f i t s h r_eh f requency

g e n e r a t r c n , l t w o u i d p r c b a b l y b e r , c r e u s e f u l r ! . . h e o u r - _ p u r , " e : e

rec t i f : "ed an i . emp ioyeC as DC power . Cne app l r ca i j - c l i t : i a t cc r ,es

t o n j . n i , b e c a u s e o : t h e n a c n i r . e , s s i n p i e c o n s t : u c : i o l i , l o w

s * . a : : 1 n g t c r g u e a : : d a p o a r e n t i n C e p e n d e n c e c n s p e e d , i s r e : l o c e

w l n d g e n e : a ! : o n .

- 5 -

t _

l t-__ 1

\n=L_{_

,l

f --r_

a )

I

' . . \ -. J1 i_- _: -\

" , ) : \

= -

, 1 . -

I C O N F I G U R A T I O N 'DATE ez- r \ -3D I

-_ -

TEST NO. { H e a T ( ^ J G E L - E H E , v T r r S E . D A S L . o A D

IN PUT OUT FUT

v2 PF . PT Y T v2 PF: P r i t

J

tI)

tjlY01

, ' I

dVl

23a J . q 23. . : - , i l z . o+

q.1r rZ-r(

r A

2 . 2

3 . ?z .?3 , ? -? . o

) . \

2 , A

3.oe . 6

? , b

" - i

' ' " 18 . o i

4 , 3

O a ,

= ^

; . o

r ' " IL . a 1

I6 . o Ir '" i

' , ' s i1 , O i

COMM:NTS 1co.+2. -cA w,r'r ft€ i . ' l , t1^rJe.ft ie3lrt oA?a

A * e ' A i ( r . J a E l e r a € h . / T ' - , A S ! ) 5 e O A S , - o a o A c t u S S A L !

C , r , A S E S . A S . T - { r : i L o a C r S P u ( L E l y l | E s ( . s T ( v F / P o c - 6 ; 1

?A.-aoQ- o x./ r,. e, o!Jr.!./r r.:r r-L GE .5-,O a^O !!A S NCf

rne A5 'JRJD. Tr . rg r_ - aO er .+S J leD tS a F1 Ef 'AJS c 'F i rDaS(JR! ,ou- r9 ( ) t por^ :F CL cFJLy - T r { b {L - Fo l rE L-oAC r la c rJ l i v 6g __egAt OT G-L \_ lvAy ' t Aa .JO f .J O< d e A : 'gCLBD.

NOJA I

33ffiF1++,,J a_ - - !

..-..:::

D A T E B ? - t r - 3 o

T r c T l ' n ?I l - ! ) | l l l \ - / .

CONFIGURATION

LoAD rr .JCJL€A5ED FGon I esf {-{

I N P U T OUTPUT

v T v2 PF. I T V T V2 | r r . l l P r f

) \ 4 J . C . I <.> (- . s e*

l a . 4 r a < tF2 , 64 , Ll , I

+ . Lz . g

? . at , b

. l l

3 . O' ? t

2 , e

" ,+

4 , o ' ,i

s . 6 i- , < |

- ' - 1n . e l

Ie , " i^ - i+ ,5

-1 f'l

6 . b

s.+

COMMENTS * <esr- t t ro qrr tx 6cro c .1A ! ! rh< ocr ,B ' { gATA

c!

! r

D ^ r t

i lJc^,A I

lffiElTi"u ai

i r ' - !

;:;;;

CONFIGURATION .

LoAD O€cArASeD tr i?6r--1 Tr--ST da

OUTPUT

, + 1

C O M M E N T S 'il c..gqg.-ro i-l.T,a r.loTot

i l i . 1 li , iq , . tea i

, er . +

t , I

< , 1

? . aj . 4

? , ot q

?,+? ,o

t 4

< - t

t3 .>

> . ' t

A . '

4 q

A ,"\

b , (

In As,,tA eFIAER t OA-A

DATE Bz-t l . :o

TEST NO. 3

I N P U T

V 1 l V 2 1 P F 1 I PT v r i v , l v r j e n jl l P - f- l

! "

\ ; ^ ' t

AN AIIS E R TA, ccflPoBAt-]OfJ

DATE 8z-rr - :oCOI 'JF IGURATION

T t r Q T N n a| ( - \ . , I r t v , -

CPeFJ gRC. l - , \T

LOADI N P U T OUTPUT

v 1 v2 PF. Y Tl l

\ , : 1 1 r _ I t , r Iv 2 l r r , l I r - T , l

2.5 > 1 ^-t 1 a r r 4 (

. 1 a t ' 433

R 9

r a C

R . 4

t ^ , . 4

t a . 5E . (

I t , o

( . E

€ .c8 ,o

4&tt

COMMENTS'-r., A\.,r€ tr<&fi !,-i AS

D r . . ( L r ! 6 ' < ! - r r S

+- <al.r,Ecte9

ExA H,r | . /EbTLs'( .

! , r { r { ?1oTo(L i la! e tAc' i - | t !n 'J OatA

oFJ -l"inE OScrrr4s<.,c)oE

! \ j No1/A: AN ALg:PTA

CORPOFaAnOtJ

DATE ez - \ t -3o

TEST NO. 5

CONFIGURATION

5 F+o(a< cr. tt-curT

I N P U T OUTPUT

v2 ^ - lr i r . I I ' T VT Y 2 t r ' r ' I p - i r

' ' l

1 1 4 233 i .54r+qsL l l l +

€

i

iI

ll

I

i

iI

I

I

I

iI

i i li i ii i i rl i l li i i ll i

I r o | + aI l ' { , " iI i e ' " i1 i - - ii 1 t t . c 1i i 7 ' " 1I l C a

l i - ' - iI t i o . oI i e ' c i

COMMENTS * c.ac.q.trc:to \,\rFr tso-ra ,.r r rJ,.rra <-;-,<rlds o^1.a

0 \ ^ i \ |

r ' I, . l ac ' : c . ' .Y ' . ? ^ - ^ - . !

r. ll:i r{1, E r.1 | ,i Ia LJ* P[ J Fi.Ar-

-r r" E

rr -E

i;.-;;---------*i rrtr./A t I, !' 6ffihih,., 4\ t\ . 1 : : , .

I vq . r / r a ' \ r ' ! ' r t - f - " *

,.i

DATE 82 -r r- 3o

TEST NO. L

C O N F I G U R A T I O N .

No !-€AD o'J |n c-roR

I N P U T OUTPUT

VT v l v Z a a . | 't' v r l v r v? P E I l P r l fZ+o ? , q , o ? 3 q . t 7 ,".r I

suqI

II

IIIlI

IIIIIlIII

iI

lri ti lIi l

i ii l

l ii it ii ii il li tI

i ii l

^Ar,rf -rf '?/^ * <aeztc' ts {-rs Frar.6. Fra }re'r.c<JrL3u L . / t Y t r Y i t r l \ | J gt 0 r rA

! v

D . ' t

AIJ ALBEBTACORPORANOII A I

I i ^ - " t '

M : F - h 1 1 O a ?

$e cisacr-a.r:*-aoe cf ar oFE.s:_ig fierd callec the g6ck E.M.F. can be el-::n-_f":q I not ,-t-q a r€€.e t Fast a ccil cr a ccil pas! a nia;net as :_s de_<c:i-bedrrt U.S- Patent * Erai._d tc Jchn Ec.klin. The EcJcij",,i des rgn ho"reverdoes not^ have a very s..Ls ian.-:

": cu tg.r: as '1 :-s lirnr tec tc a ,,i.-r_.!,'ar. a,tc..:nt cfRotor Poies and stator co:-r.s beca..:se'of '.he-s-.ac.c pressJre cf the pci.e F,i eces''Entrrg to ar*-.act '.c '-her: resp€c-ive r€€nets. v,."-i"". J---*f" L el:ni.ratethrs Fressure d 'nc:easLng tc arr cdd nurnier a pluralty or !a"t"i rraqrrelsposi tionec arcunc an eve-.. nuJrbe- cf Rotor pcles ari ti:ui c*t-nf a s ra€er.ie.tof s'-aicr y4::e'-s ar.'c ne.lt:: a-:: z:ro mag::e t: c pr;r;; *:*.*.]*='i.L, ..,' "*_

f:eely '.i -t nri''imal eifort. *.s ,.s - *"]i"[a io cavear # :2, iSi-irr"aSeptenber 15, 1962.

Mi.riral,. hysterisis lcsses in r_he Roror Fclas ia< achieved ty utili_zlng Lhesafie polar:' ty of aii stator na€ner--s, so that a ccn.orete ir,a:netic ch aroe fl-cmlbrth tc souL\ pores does nct occ..r thus errmi''a tirrg ha.Lf ;f - n".*i h1,ste:is:sroop uhat reour-c ocg':r shouli Lhe sta:cr uagr,e--s be poiar:zed i:r an a-rta-:r:t.r r,-,north ard sou --h f ashion ar !-.,4 -r;,

he r:nicrue <iesigr: of tlie gele:atcr r.ien canstr.,uc..e,i wl th ef ec-:o ma:i1ecsto the rear and beslie each StJtcr o.: tglt Coil and ccnne:red i,r ser:es w: --heach otSe: by r=a.'ls of b:-poi- cap.cricts w:-11 ar.so pt""ic. fa"-# *.rr"f crce ' tris oc3J'rs h41en Lhe Statci uag::e- are g:oup€d crcse erlouqin -!o eac.1oLie! at '.jje rotors edce so LhaE whs.r i F.otor pcie rras .;; ;;;;t ,gc fiowin an Exc:'--,g or Drrv:J€ coir cn ..he rear oi tt," st"'-"r Maq:1et i.t can b€ trarE_fer-red to the adjacent Drrver cc:,l tra"uE ! capacitor and tr's caus ir€ a rnovefiEitof the rotor' the rotor ha.s tc b€ loiuJiy t"tated and the Exci ri.nq coiLsr'on,entarlly eee"rgizec io Per.rr,1t j-nt*-nal n,ot-u. ro.c. ;. -GJ. "il?

,o.o.can init:. ar.ty be br..Eht to sceed rr uuir.iG ll'cro prccessiii *rJ"vr"-o srriichessui tabi'y proq:'afimed to rrse ..he o-tgr*- c.rri io *a -a r'ctcr n:rd-urgs and rha.rrlrrn -!he'n back .'to qrtp,rt coi-rs. Tbe Dr:.ver co:.rs can-1"-*iliJirva'lerglzec { aisaharg:.ng an applcp!.raie D. c. cacEcitcr into -*he *it:.nE co:-ts ,lry means cf Dicdes ccnnected in str:es be:*een ail Dri.ve:-s.

$wffi7, : -7

1 \ ^

tJ^

'i

rln

\

hr-\c.U

- l o

F m-i-\

l\F

.T\ \

t\ nr'N Ae b--r trI.r l|l

IfJ

<\

a4o -

, l

F

vn)

d\ n I

i,jffi

(-\

l ) l ){ ; i , r( ^ S b )

t i r i{ x i . l

r I i

i \ n

l l ir i ti i i / a

/ i , r r .

' , - - t r

, / \' \ , / i . - \ \

\ . . . , / i t ; . \! : i .

., . . 1 ! . ., ' ' t i l i S.-.-.---.-- iii i:

'.j

,---"t' rtt' u',

( ' t , t ,

",, -----"-,t

.^,

./ ':,

)'/ \ /

/___.._,/ //"/ /.,t '/

\ .,,' ,i\\,\/' i/

' \

I

tI

- i

d.-\

-\.r ,\

\ . - r

t , l1 l l

,'-.tl'\'.:--'d

N:\t, 0

ob

. \ \t

; lu r >i

.-r .J

I

' | \>

\:r

t I L - - - -

\ ]. . i , - - 1 i i t{ i i i i i ; i l! 0 . ; \ : i _ _ _ i t i r j i

. i - . ; l l i : j

: !

PIEASI N] l IC i ;

N c r e c o n l e n d a t l o n w a s g i v e n b y i l O V A o n t h e c c j - l r s s : z e a n Cn i r r n l ' 6 n ^ 4 + , . - * ^

v r ! q J . i , l - .

Our genera tc r has guess wcunc i 2CC-Z|A t r rns o f # t5 w i re

wh j -ch is : to t an o ! t i rn r co i l_ . TLe bes t co iJ . ou tpu t - was read

a t 1 5 v o 1 t s , ' 1 0 a n r p s w h i c h i s 1 j C w a t t p o w e r . T h a t a e a n s i f

we caLcu l -a te the ; l rper cc l i w ind ing and s lze i t shcu id

: .ncrease the ou tpu t su cs . "a r t i a l_ l -y . Wi re s ize and cc l l

tu :ns and ccr l nu : :bs : ' s an i cores can p lcduoe any cu tpu t

We be ie ive tha t ccnvent iona l - genera tor co i l - w j_nd ings tha t

t rake a i1 ' . : x charge th :ough a g ,0OO ! (gauss) nagnet , ccu ld

b e i u r n s o f a n y s i z e u i : e c n a : u e i n c h c c b a l t m a s n e i i c

c o : e t h a t i s : h e s ; : : c - , : . : : ; : : .

I t wcu l_d c rea ie the r ! i r r ,_ :J a .c : ;e rage a : .d vc l tage cu tpu tj , f we adhea led . to the ccr - \ ien i t .na l genera tor cc i f rs ou tpu t J

N c r e i e r e n c e t o N e w t c n t s i a w o n X i n e t i c E n e r g y

o t o n t e r , C s t . s t a vi n h ^ + i ^ - \4 r r | ! v v r 9 l : /

c4/2- /r .

?nce Z or I

Y:g :e t r c e l : - i i i r . a t i cn a rcund a Sha f i i s ex t l a ined f c r

a l - l - non re luc ta r t nc * , : r Een€ra t : r s h ,h : ch i s ac i . _ iev€a by

e r ; l cy ing an even : : . : : be l c i r c t c r ses :en i s and a i . uLgven

nurnbe : o : s i a t t cna : . : r I e : : ; , a r .en - " a : , J .7 ' ; l e fec t : ' c Ea ine i s and

c o i l s . T h e r e j o r e , r , e t : - . e i t c a l l y e i i n i n a t i n g a i l s t a t t c a t : r c

c v ! 1 2 - ' : t a T : y ' e q q r r r p , _ r : _ - - a l 1 1 - - : r r r - + . n -

fcrward and lei .arr ' , i rg i_el : - : t ; r : tper)-y s j taced alcunl , anC,/cr

? - - C - t - S L : ' - " . - . - , - _ : _ : S C f : ) : _ 2 - i - 2 - J / - - c ' , r n . n- e , _ t , q . . _ / L - _ r e : : . : i _ : ,

an l f c : a : : bea : : : : ; s - : . a . : u : t : : - : r : i , a : ' y f ash i - -n .

C d d a r d e v c r ' r r ; . . - - i r : * e - - r r a i . r r - - - -L , ! . . , - . . - L _ _ . . - 1 t r _ J _ v L L 4 r r . - i . = S : " e S y : - n a Z e T :

t o ro -ue r x !u t , and t l - . : s i s ach ieved by unequa l r z :n t nagner i c

Pnc.r

R: I :R T3 :

i : s c h e : : l e c t r : n : . s : :

) raw t igs 3ne an i : " c

E n c 1 . , l e t t e r , F , e s u ; l : ,

-3 o r8

_ 1 . a q q ' : t p q ^ : - ' o d - - - * ^ - - - *c J , e e _ - s u . : - e j r . e i t t : 3 i : : a n d r , a s : - e : - c - . i , l . " . f i f f ^

t ( ,et ! ! l f i l t "1t1 i t l -Y.L=- r ' f i

'

o+f'. *r/tz

r r . c i - e p r . r - - E o - . r r

: t : i : T : F : i : I : . r . : ) { ! :

I he ro to r has eve r . ses re r . t s c i f i ne l a ;n rna t i c r ^s o f

b r a s s a : : C : r c r - a l t e : r - a : - : y a : - - 1 , / r : c t h e : r a . i : . c : : : n a : e r : a . l s ,

wou l -d da - rpex the edd re c :L r . ren l s a r . c i L ] s . , e r t s -s . l hese

segre : : s a : ' e : : f , e : : e : i t : , a . r . : : . - nag : .E :_c a r : : : r . - : a r . : uc t : ye

nat er i a l .

? h e r o t c : ' c a r . b e : n a n y d i r e c t t c r - : n C e f i n : : e i y , a l o n g

a n a x e l , v e : i : c a l c r h c l : z c l t a : , o : a n ' ; c a n b : : t a i i c n t t e r e a j .

Ro tc r co l ' e na re r taL shou . ' ' - d re : lUA i i n nass to the

na te r i a l - o f s ta to t ' co r - f s t -n a re ia : ' n :ng he^ i x .

nbp r r r : * ' r r e o- - r L i L ! - - J ! L f . : , e : : t c r _ r = . , t T t , ^ r r j r ; t r

r r j *changes t r ough cc : t s . \ f f f : U .E1 I l . / t c , -l l \ \ x c L / l I l / , ^ . J J ' t r ^ ) J ' /I I I ' x 4 * - y l \ / r t , t .( - / \ / o + l L * / Y 5

v | ,

I e : : e t : c I : : e : g 1 ' - s s : : : e : j : . t ; . e

a s s e : b I ; . ' a t a n ] ' s : z e . C t r : l i " : : e : . : e s

+ ' t r h 2 c < r n r i e ' - r o o n i , - - _ ' - l _ - - - - l -

. . ' i o t o r f o l c e - n o r c r e : a t o u : r n l l t r :

, ; - ^ r - ^ + ^ -r r J r : / = - t - L . L U -

i < - r -} . r ! ! t - r _ - r r a r s _ J

l aws c f lhys 1c s )

c+f:,,.ftz

t

?'AaE + o, I

:

Tl i . r ' G:] i tD.. j_ laR caILs, l l i )

l i l iJ fH:Y t j . : :CSiTl : ] ; r I

W j " re shou lC be w :und i n the p : . . l e r d l rec t i cn , t . a rns

: - a , , j S r ? o a . . 1 2 _ f - n r i - i h a * r - - F q , - r r r n , l .: - - - - - -

cc re na te r i a l o f ccba l t ra : ' e e - th nagne ts chaTgec i ; t Le

a r n o u n t o f 8 - 1 0 r C O a 3 ( ; a u s s ) c r i i c i 1 6 - l e r O O C C e , c r c f a n

e lec t l o naq -ne t i c . a t r . i _ r .e a ; . a r . y vo lu : re p (gauss ) .

U s - n g a n o d d n i n b e l o f t . C . c c i f s , w c u n c i o n n a g n e t i c

co res , t hey a :e tben p iaceo a r t . dxd an even m l l t e led : r ; r : and

b : a s s s e ; e : : e c t - ' . - : . I : t h e l a r t s ; t e r e : j a : j ; : r ;

g J : T o s c l ? t c , c y : : t i : : - c 3 i , l i n : ' _ r , e l : ; : : c a l , i . : r : , 2 : r . t a l ,

V F ' - i ^ A r - c n ' > 6 - i ^ : : n - s c q i . , c ;t s - w - v e + , . " - L - - E - _ L a _ : , _ - , - - _ - _ - . I s L a : e c i , c r

r i n g e d a n C / t : a r 1 ' : : : b : r . a t - c r . : : e : e c j

C\I { }l , t / , o+fz; f tz

A * ! ' ^ - ^ - r - - *d r l ! - ; - ELr c r r vc - : JI n i l i ^ 2 + ' ^ F c

l { o rwo od ! ! essi ' , '2 c c rT q AT h c M : n L ' : I

- r r

' r ' c h + 1 Q a 2l > = c 1 " Q . / ' 1 c -

3 : : . : o r ; l e a t ] . ' . ' r \ ' 2 i r i ' . ' r - - r a - i e m t h d r i 6 ', - - - . - - - - ^ . - i :

/ , 5 .5 . Jus r : . : 1g & Cc . - Be rw j . ck & Smi th / No rwcod

3cn !a : ' . y ; I - cndon r l ' 13c l , 1 i f l - an & Co . , i t d . / Copy -

Para : : ca ln / Chap ' , e r 10 / I a raday rs & i enz rs

ilil*";,:'*;Hl3i : :"=;; =;:;' ?. ii; 5 r "', "i3::t :;;'r'rpi1ri edl age 2 - t hec t ; ' o i l pe ra t i cn / ra :ag ra lh l .

?hys i cs ?a r ' , s i & I ; / - . . i r t ho i s , l av id i 1a i1 i ca3 , & Rcber tR e s n i c k, Johe , , j r i ey & Sons , . i g . - l i e . ; yc rk - l cndc r : - S l r cney f c : c . , t _r . . . ; - 1 c ) 6 ^ 1 A C ) . - , : :

| . J l ,

?age 9 iL / Chap te l i > / l z ra ta r s ! a r ' , / l r c i ?a rag raph

: . o r 5Pncir-

TC EXlLq.rl{ AI.{Y liUX CI1-N::

(!,S!.-r-Di'i & L i;'S 1L,/,')

1'l'r:a

i + i +

t n g .

r n

\ .ent i c ! ia1

manner : .n a magne t i c

coi f . ' , {e make our f

r f a ] . . l . i ' i - c n ' : + c F i . '

n a c c l l t h a t : s e r r e

c exp l -a ln the back !

w i th - r , he ou i !u t c .1

s ta t i ona ry and when

I and we shc r t c i r cu

- . r : - l i r ! r - + r - - - -

i i ier- :y on paqe 1 ] 9

1 ^ 6 . r 2 - u . : \ r r ; ^ - t v

or the cc i l i s wcunC

i r o n o

- t r l u l

M a k i t t a i l u j { c h a n g e :

tha t i s ; no t Dov ing a nagne t

cha lge by ncv ing segnen teC

up c orre s pcnd j . t ig magnet l ,c f

by a f l ux change , Cces nc t

when ve a: 'e in i | ,e sa_Te di :

. ls the pernanex.t la; .e: wi^:

f lux cha.r-ge coDes --h.r :ulL r ,

i t w : l l c r :1y make - "he ma .g : .e

These two sen tences c i l a : ' a

peJadox w l th each c the r bec

when we mcve a rDagne t c i a

+ h c r . r . , r o d ' v . o n + i a . ,: n a m a

? l e a s e : : v e s : : ; a ' " e d : . _p . a n a i 2 - - r c 2 n . : - ^ - - - s . \

/ ( )t t J

1

SACK E I N C - i l L S

t sack ! .M . I . : s exp la j -ned a ' "ay by NOT mcv iug a t ragne t

tb rough a co iL o r a cc i l - t h rough a magne t i c f i e l d ' l he le i c re

we nake a f l ux change by r c ta - ' i ng fan ina ted i ron and b rass

segnen ts and /o r o the . Eagne t : c Da ie r i a l s , g . ] J . pas t a cc i l '

o n a D a g n e t r s t a t L . n a l ) - c r r t b e o u t s i d e o i t b e r c t o r ' T h e

e lec t r i ca l cu r ren t p rcauced in the co i t wh iLe the f l ux change

h a s t a k e n l i a e e w : : i . a l : c v : r - g r J : c : ' ' : s : n t ] ' e s a i : ' e c : l E ' : - : :

a s t h e o r i g i n a i l e r n a n e n t D a g n e t i c f l u x d : r e c t : ' c r ' u h 1 c h : t l s

o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e ] i f , T o p p c s : n g t a s i n a c c n v e n : : c n a 1

dy r ,anc r c gene :a t . r . ( i : f : : l :C l i " .Mee t : : cn l { c t - ' l f : r : e )

1o a r . y cha : i ge , w r - : . ch :e ie : s t : r ak : - ' . 5 e -ec t : : c : : ; " ' : 1 '

change a : l y way y .u wan+" coes nc t ap l l - y t o i be wc rd

o r : l v t o t he s :a temen" c f n : v i r . g a l i agxe - ! t h : : ugh , c :

Tii3 EI-E3TRa t{_r.GtifTlc M:T:P

I _!U)(

34.'

o+f zzf tz

C:IfS rX?:,-r,:]i:l

I t r o c o l , : - s o n e a c h c c r e ( o n e A . C . - o n e D . J . )

c o l t - a t 1 ' e a h v r r i ^ * ^ : r c c e s g : r s a i \ d / : r c t r ' - - - . ^ r r - . r nv J L , : e - q . . y / ! _ L ! r - _ _ ! . , - e ! q v

^ h r - . a u h i n l . i n + . . n ru s . . i _ _ _ g - v e U S : a S : . e - - t Z : t - C n i L €

wh ich i n t u rn w i l l g i ve us pu i sed oagne t i c r c t? * r . t - c

1 - z z ' t 3

s e L f e n e l g : z e C

n c. f tne{1

PaCLb o r B

D f*E.- r,].fr ,\il,,,[ ib-

Ttst- regtlts of theF- uLlq:r.- Bcn6ra Lor lo Canadaeu5 . , l $ep t .87

g tlrrrl

?ot th. D.. t . !ah: Dnth. Aot lv. lb ' t | ( ' t lna Ltd' h"

ruttctta6 tbr OevrloFlnt ot I Latl.tlc aaDatatcr by F'f l l ha t r fh l l l . t o t th . count t l / Can.d l '

tttot to actlv. Ltt.tl'rtir llvolv-'nt r-t ttrun'nitalartlata tF4 .louna th. r-!ia tt.a v l'rt" l|llc"! . . t l | o l . ? .n . . I ' ! . ' . . . t r - i r l . r r . a ' t l r l t t l . t 4 .8un1 ty€oula b. aohlav.d 1t tho 9Fot.c? | . . r Dtol t 'F l t tundrd'

to thta rlr Actlv. Lt{(attal Drovl ttat tEtctra .'rd

DHtt .a. lor. l Fr.onn. l D.qul !a{ to C.3. t r th ' "" lDl l l tvrt tha G..hnololv. hrn{tltra tot tha tForoot ar'{,"" on'

. t l t lar aol l l r . .

tta r.ohlna tsaa ooGrttuctcd 1n locc€alca to >'nlllacra ilrll.. rllh at.t. ot ttra ltt octanctt. lrtarElltta.ttra r.. coicrst.d * rt. eLtl.. elatt (erlat lcl.atltlo

- o?ttrF ) sat il. .aalt. a F.t r .{tt llr .a tb ratrlta L.D?cvtdsal b.lortt

..... tE tlllar h[oFll! SaD.rrtctr Erl ttlra tra a{tclals

trlr.lrl. rs!. to.f.a {rutl|lt th. rGta r? AratF'i. rtat. t'ur. ' ' fltr! c6tt3Ertl6 catrtltaa .t tO ffrtllllf'&rl*x

taa'rata Ja to oo?Ft,LF. .l..tt1!.1 Gallt (lt F a1-, tattha ltaa!.tloa of .l.otrlcal outEut tto|..!. tlra r.Gocdos?l,as?attor !4. . 3r.lla8 tttraa l r.tlnt A terPl tt -eoLilt

aGtlala dra 7 alurln?.l|r hoat aroh$lf,a oatla tgr ltin at1r, Ithrat!.nS sa.t on ritrtllt tlulcr.

lath 4c .n6 Dc dtiva rotott. sDFa ul.d ta ttca'Y16. tb.lntu't POr.a F ntsd.<l to t.1itl!'n a Fotor r 9re{ Of aooo to 300!I t I ' A DC 6utPu? e.ct l t l . r G.t .bl . o; 1t F' raa art{an.d.t'!ll!rt'd 3t' t"tr'd on th'

"F"'tot! co"l'ls'i ton '

AAt l l lonal ly a .ol l . t atot . DC Aulaa tro aot t faa Ooaf tnctaaualiS ?or.t dllvor colt. .,rd tha 16 Fototr Lttata to gcta! th.alaetr loal tan.! . tot-

. tl)r tatt aqul9lrnt uaatt to varlfv Patfallartoa. ocnalala€ot I l t t .chl dual t recr 60 t f ls o.al l lcrco9.r r ? lr ! . l t f t vol trot . ! . rnd .h AtDtoD.- l"ooo Ac/tc l r . l l . t t .ot arFsa rat6r.

Owat thtr ty taata r ' r t ' oonclu6'd r l t t r th ' ' l 'c t r lc

aanalator. Tha outgut col'lt tt't\s r'tchod 'I'Gtrt3':ly ln

i r f l r p l lo l to tart lnt to r ' . r lq1t ' Port" outgut r , rd r1a1!1t '

i * fo t t .n. l .nt Io. . . . . toth Dc ! 'ot l? l t r t " '

aC ostDut D'- tD

f,tarutr-anta 5tia coaauctad urt nt vfrj'aa trofi-1t6uot1v' t'rt

lodt. tnDut Dor.aF La ooFt'qt''d ?o8 to'r t"tot ttll ' uttrr'

eC Ctfrra aoto?a. ?ha tatultt of th' t"t' F r'|t'lrd r n'rl"]', rutgut to tnDut ! )ar rr t to o? o, !6 to! both A€

"r ' DC

I rc l t f t .C La tuF- .n t . . t . . t l na r l t h t h ' r o l16 t t r t ' 9u l "

lotor rr | atot auoc.aatul 6u' tc ' t t 'n ' lv ' t t 'a ' f i t 'Dth"

Jr.a.ro.c Dv tb. Goll.Dtlna rat|.t !'€ t1'la 1r tL 'rl v'!-cof

fr. ?F..ortl, ttr. t6:,1C tt.t. tv't- lt )'1G' tttl"'t bv

a ao}a oonwantlonal D|:r|th rD6 ccut'to! "tt-'

? l t t .an t . . t . f rF. GAt atoa r l th th ' t r ' | ' t t lo i l ro ' t l i t

aoDtlnFrtl'oo. tlsttatant aa r'11 "

' t..dl' 't'tt t|r't' rrL

aonasitod. i..ult. lndic.t.a tt't ttr' 'r'r13r !3t r"t ualtv

r"ii"r tb. t?.tal.!t t..t' Barr+{F ' tD' "

ortrLt ot tL St'

li- i,rir... .h.. r?lttuD rttet r-tl atrld rt D' 1nt3'r"

to &aousstaly dotelrl. Be lrtlt tdt' 3t'..6t t3'ir 3"fr

tndlc.tcd outltut to lnput lrt tcr !'nat t|. fttl O' t' to O'6''

.tta!3lv lrl'ab.F thatr ttt 8.4't't'! t'rtl!t' t'b 1l'utt16

rgltar raa al ra ?r.i rltl ar avrE "rx|rt

of Ff- -'

nailil. 31.tt lrl t.tl- -a .laltft'xllJ f,|clfi'- r'dll CF

.*?ri rf. l.{tcrttnc .tr .dinstt.arr dtl ttr |''Ue'aril"afif. rlullna atrttuD. tbrr,r'trt. e'nt' ln'ritlt tLcutgst./lnFut torraF !.tlc xrt tha '-' '

fn concltralsD tb. I)Flfaat Jy'.t- "

ccr| f t' 3rrtrt(t '!o" lo3

otarrta ovar-gnlty and tha oddl'v'n 9t1n61til ' lo" oot D?oY..

to bt banaflolsl 6u81h|i oo'!?trt'o!.G ca'F tld'

Baaad an th. a f ,ova r . .u t ta . Act ' 'v ' L l l t t ln t l r ' l

r u r p a n d a d t u n d l n a f o ! ? h t g r o J ' c t u l r t l t t u F t h " r c 1 ' n t 1 t 1 €

.v lOt to. 1n6lc . t . . th . t .oh: lo to3y c ' r t b ' 6 'v ' la"d

r u c c a t t t u l l Y .

$tli -rLtl|ra Ltd. Ftlld llr' to 'rt't 'tr tl i ' lt

a lnaeta ctcf t.t 1'n to tha lsy t' l 'tttl 't ' 'D' tb' lur'F d'

cr lJlillF.rrt -o a.rtt a a.a ant '?t toF t;' trot"t' ?b'

.f.€ lrffvlfrfa rrta fPt as*? rrJ cr e'.. o? tb' rotlO'

t i Glaatr ta ' t ru l6 l l t ' to ' r t r . . ' D ' ' ! ' t l tuc ' to th '

ra y b|.flF:rt aar<t ltTt|Fi:'rrt ' !8{ "oun'

tlr' Ftl6 rho

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Dcal|t |rilt'. iaC r tlE cr.alDflttt "

3" tr'l'tlcinl'

b.ta,'ia /l€Glua taatLat laa 'r|6 tft ' lt D"c bu'tr"' "9'!1'nc"'

tinrr 'l}f ?c y.s otas dr6'drrtr ' o'atl".l!' '!' tuD et'

Ar..ol.talAattrr. frt tlltLra.

\'

Energy Conference Reports

Scienfis ts Express Amazetnentof MuI Ier D entonst rq . t ionCopyTrsht o 1990 by Jeane Manning

-You ' re u lo lo t ing the Laws o ! Conserva t ion o f Energy , - o sc ienr is tlom Mary land, exc !a lmed to B i l t Mu er o l penr i r ton l 'A .C. , Conado.

le 1os oyons

I g roup o l par t i c ipants , o t rhe Soc ie ry /o r S c ien t i l i c

Exp lo ro t ion (SSE) me- . : . .g i r ; Augt s t , go thered or iund o smaexper imento l appora tus . la @os s i jng on the s idewalk ours ide obu l ld - ing on the Ston f o rd l Jn iuers i ty compus, uhere rhe SS E meet ingroos held.

f he snrall-ra-e experiment haor been der.ased by Muller ro resr

wfrat is happenrng in hrs larger rna-chine. The expenmental appara tu scontain€d nvo of the specially-wouno'driwr' coils (which go into Muller'srnagnet motor) sucked face-to.face,two electrolyric capacitors anci a luliwaw bridge for DC (drrect cunenij, aL,on a strip of Plexjglas.

The researchers had brough: testrr,g€qupm€nt - a multimometer and cur.r6t prob€ - and showed onlookerswtat happened when the cord on therpparana was plugged into an elecrL.cal ostl€t ousrde the building

The equipment showed 2.9 amperesof the llguolt currenr gorng inro theuru€ demonstratlon apparatus Mrit.-plied, that means the input was 333 5vr'atts AC. But the outpul was mea.nred at 2.5 amps and 153 voirs _382.5 watts DC - which caused heac,Sratching and amazement among SSEIr|€m0€rs and guests.

Muller and his engineer Cerald Dielcam€ up with the expe nment in orderto pro\€ that t}|e malenais they use oc,ooost

- or in other words am plrly _the power flowrng through them _s,.ally the power comes from the processor rro!1n9 sup€r.power{ul magners pa:rtle specal corls tne researcr.ers ?,plain. The experiment was to try' usln3

AC (altemating current) on a lineup ofcomponents. inslenC of ha,,rng then',agneis passrng bg, the coils

El i m in at es Core [-osses

The matenals Inciude amorphous meralcores ins ide the coi ls Mul ler was one ofthe fint independent researchers rowork wrth amorphous metals. olhcr.wts€ known as metaliic glasses Thealloy was developed to cut down anh€.t loss€s in transformers for utrlitycompanies. In Mul ler 's machine. rneb€nelrt is that the amorphous-metalcore do€sn t oppox the next oncom-ing magnet .

Muller invented the brushless magnermotor and g€nerator in whrch a fly-wheel

.rotates sup€r strong magners.spaced along rrs p€nphery, past coriscontdnrng amorphous metal cores. Tliemachtne contarns an odd-numoer,zeven-number configuratron ol poies/magnets so that the wheei rs neverstuck in one position. Over the vearsMuller refined his concept inro a so-phisticated d€uce that has no srarrc(stopPed) posrtron and therefore tumseasily despire the powerlulholding iorceol th€ new magnets A fur ther re{rne.ment has been tne aoor t ron ot ar . e ec.I romagnet whrcn perrodrcal i , r ,cks af lynvheel magner lon*ard lus i a l ter r rpass€s t ie ere._: rcr .na3net T: . .s sp. : :second t imrng ts dcne by etec: ro i . . t ia

s*llching: a microprocessor controbthe process of f lashing onent into tixcorl which tlren brjefly becomes andcti\ated elecnornagnet. ol a pohriryto repel the fl9'r,,'hee..l nragnet ard thfkeeps the wheel roll ing.

Displ ayed lrlagnet Motor

When Brll and llona Muiler and MulierTecMologres engineer G€rald Dd wer€rn\,lred to the SSE meeung, lhsy in tumasked associates in Glifomra, RayCarnaano and James Wanhan, tokurga sample of the Muller notor/genera-(or.

Dnrang a van irom their homes in SanJose to SIanford, Camaano andWanhan hauled the 8Gpo.nrd wrsronwhich they had hrilt. Tlre van wasparked ne.r tlre SSE meeting pbce,and there Muller and arsociales denronstrated their hardware to scores olSSE participants, in small gralps.

Regarding whether his rnachine can b€both a motor and a gen€rator at th€9ame time. Muller says. .ultra.last

switching abrlity - nanor€cond tim.ing- is a key ro its b€r€ both. lt can'generate

when a magnet approachesa coil, and 'rnotor'

as tlc nragnctpass€s th€ coils. A compder contrdswhen the dwice is opentirg as a mo-tor tuming its shaft, and wh€n it isgeneratrng electricity. The generatedelectricit! is stored momenlanjy in cr-pacrtors to be used when tfu machinesqtches to being a motor.

Muller said his own machrri€ has tesledat b€tween eight to one ard fiw to one-over

unity" {more pou/er out thangoes tnto a deuce).What about the machine dernonstratedt,o SSE partrcrpants? ls rt .orer

uniry.?Camaano repl red thaf the Mul ler modelreproduced rn San Jose by hrmself andWanha,r -hasn

t b€en tesled underload But Bril s (machrne) has. -

Vol ?, No 3, l99t rorrlplr 71

Ilnn!arta('

I

ce R.eports

ff aV Camaano and James Warthanf \ of

!1 Jose have already buih aversron ol lte motor,/g€n€rator, rn co-op€rat ron wt th i rs inv€nror . B. l l M_l ieror t ,ent ic ton, 8.C. . Canada. When

i11!:i-Tr in\ared ro rne SSE rneeuns.h€ asked hls t!r.\o San Jose assocrates toonng th.elr machine lo Sranford. Orh.crwrse, Muller wou,o have had to trans-pon h ls .own demonsl rat ion rnc le lthrough the bureaucracy ol rhe rnrer.nauonal border.

Cy"i", a 27 year oid machinrsr,/rn€chanrc. and Wanhan. a 45 vea, orocompder.programmer, say they wouldo€ onjy about su months a*av homllnlg I car wrth lhe magn€r horor

JtrHil"J,"#*ILffi;i:lpowenng a srandard \,\! Rabbrr p.ck-;:q : d*,:" rhar any auro mecnan.ccoujd tnstall into a !€ntcle rn a doy ortr.l/O.

.3: :f 'o have Mo banenes - onetnat th€ magnel molor.ge n era ro rgurges and one *rar it run-s ofi orr rnlrg urcuJd be controlled by a mrcro_procesor Control cirCurt. -Bralcng

thecar ton d€ad srop would be no prob.:] | ,\.Jnaalo sars. -The

corls wouload as brakes - A 'coggrng effecr - wou,dslow down rre car. fu rn the rncunent

T:Il: th" .,.ropro."rro,.-luou,osutc.\ the motor/Seneralor to the gen-erator mode. inducrng a brakrnq eiiecrf;^1rt

u, 'regenerarrve brak,iq ,nu)€ car.

croprocessor control circuit whrcn re-ceives data i rom an opl ra l encod:r asto^Lrle magn€l/ cor,. parr relalronsnrp".rnen,actN?les rnosie l (meraj ox ide s. l r .con ! te ld e l lect I ransis tor) s*r tches to€nergrze LTe e iec: romagnets

R1S-u.ta "g

ne Muiler masnel rnoror,which us€s po*.edul neodh, ,um-rrcn.ooron,p€rrnanenl magnets. Camaano:, f

. *. re hamessrng vonexes. - He

:]:^ -.o.T:nl"d on marching capacr.:a.nce_Td. ind-clance, and rJneo c,r.)^'ll- _ 1l'u o,o dTosr everyhrng *arhresonanl clrcujts. When you make aT:s,":rl. fretd resonare. rjre power ofrne l te td go€s way up . .

*.1:: g" }1 {o* duo has spenr:,":'.li: of do ars on ,"se.r.i.,,ngan-ol burldrng the macnine On therr

Ij.l_!" : a $5.000 drnamerer forrEJ,,r r9 neajrstrCalJy. hOwg!€1, t l rg,t 'n1.

lurc.hase was to be the newmosrets whrch can hanole I.000 volrs:j]:y

orpr The powerful masners,rnoucrng culrent as they turn pa-sl thelI_"- lr.

responsrble for sprkes olcurrent whrch previously bumed out::^1T""11, before rhe new m;srerswere ar,arlabre und proteal,on o*,c",

Their mrcroprocessor conlrol crrcurtwras.desrgned.ano developed bv. tackj : :1::T." for. .Lrshr Ens,nee,,ns:T?uno and Wanhan.s compuny).ll.o^,1" ii"'",r* conr,oi r.,nri

-.,osoevetop€cj b5 the same company

Tle mrcroprocessor can b€ tntenaceO

lj,l,-1f ".::. ccmpLrer, Canaano

l i l l , l i Throusr th. p", 'ronar- v . , , l JuL< r we Can COn t ro l a r ] l J :C l t anS

^ l . Lu, rj rc rlolor,/generator u,hij€ it $ nmn, lS lhere lo.e, Curr / cr r le , rn ,ncaover,cc. motor,/gcnenton rnocc or!alt adius€ble !rhile the rnachine.6 rLt.r-nrng - a ieat that Ls impossrb{e forconventtonal commLtaloR! "

.The status of all fr-rncUons cn be

contrnuousl5, monrloreo by he per.sonat computer, a,rd orre the optr-murn.op€mtlng FErarn€ters are enab.xsned, L\ls ctaA can be pennarcntJyprogrammed into the miooprcressorlor production mcdels."

]1: hvo r-rchers say riur pouenng

1*r *uid be fairly stra{irt-forrrard.

I ne exisring clutch, flyrhed ard sans..1t,,?n -l be used .Aa

adaprer plarwould need to be made lo moud rhemotor lo the Uansmisslar, ano rnesnalt ol the moror r,r.ould need ro be

I',":n,^:9 ro acc€pt the a<istrE fly.

wh-eel, Motor speed an rlso be con-tro ed by m rc ro p rocessor,r

^I:i *. would have a fe€ alsrgy

€t€ctric car!"

n ^ . \ - . . . . ^ - -v" \,(( lJi Iyy0, th€ innOrarorsIrom san Jose gaw rqtn&trl, arunier update on aOvrb of LrghtEngrneenngi -We

ha,J€ a Ev, rnotor/generator und€, con$!@n thrt utr-Ilzes all the pnncrples rr,,e hol ol, arr,.rsnouid produce free energ ratio farrn exc€ss ol that whtch is lrosm at drrsnm€_ we are using trin cr.l|1ter.ro{at-lng

o,1-t wrth the motor =tion down{oward th€ cent"r of tll€ Gcs and Ii€generatrng s€ction out on the p€nph-ery.

-What is requrred to genelne por*er lsa luctuarrng magnelic fid. ihe con_ventional \!ay to g€nerate el€ctnctty tsoy mo\,tng magneE paS coils, Theprobrem with this i5 tl,!t the rnoreporr.,er you take out of tlt generaror,

Ine more torque is requird io nrm rhesnalt, due lo L€nz's bw. li lat haooensrs, the,cori, repels dre nragret comurgIn. and holds onto it goir! away (in aVol.2. No 3. l99l rcurf-r.& 69

Scn Jos e InnouqtorsDesign Neu NlqchineCoFx/r€hr e 1990 by Jeane Mannrng

Cnuld o 'free energy- cor ba}ocrerylor s€ie ntiJic f,.,,16r"l,11rooch!ns

oDer the horizon? At the,.t ctii1"r"i""" .i7"ti',2'it'"n

meeting' roum & zeit intercie,.'edy,"or, brild

" u"tir'-^""gi"i!u .b"tit'" thev' could, in less rhon omotor to power a ueh ic le ,

MicroprocessorCircuit

Cont ro l

The s*rtchrng rs ccnrroiledby a mr-

ta

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Energy Conference Repofts

Researchers ShareIn f o rmat ion

Muller has cooperated long disrance b5sharing information wrth the npo SanJose men as they built their model olhis motor. Both th€ Canadians and theCalifomians are exp€rimenting to f indt}te best balance ber*-een voltage andamperage lor doing work, Camaanosaid. He and Wanhan have built corls inwtrkh they aim {or hrgher r,oltage andlc^{€r amp€rage. 'Maybe 100 volts arten arnps.'

ln the Muller motor,/generaror modeithey took to Sraniorcj, the San Joseres€archers were usrng iewer magners- ergnt rnagn€ts tumlng pasl s€vencoils - in their fly^,vheel than Mullerfu they leamed from Muller, Camaanoard Wartlun were using neodyrnium.iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets. ol a siz€tlo inches square and one inch tnrcx.whir:h Canraano said are 37 megagaussln strength, This means, said Murrertlnt €.ch rnagner has a holdrng iorce oi2,000 bmes its own w€ight.

Orcr the !,rears of his research, Mullerhas informed thousands of people tf,,are pernan€nt magnel is a p€rp€tualenergy source, cnrrrlng'enorrnousalnp@re pressures wrthin itself.' Un-likc a battery, the new breed of super-pc'*eriu.l permanent magnet doesn tlose drmglh over decades, or wrth use.

Muller Educates

As for the Law of Consenration ofErrergy, Muller joins leading-edgephpiclsts in descnbing the uniwrse asan op€n *st€m. A more€utput-tian-nput device would break the Law i{op€rating within a clos€d system.In addition to new rnaterials such aspsnnanent magner and amorphousm€tals rnai{ng it rcssible for Muller todo what formeriy w"s not possroie.ngw ao\"ancements ln €lectronics al50

mafie new macil lnes ie.asrble Hrglrcur ren l c3r ' , be s . . r tc lec in , *ha te ,e r

dr rec l ion Cesr re : !1u l ,e : e rcLarns . s . :!{e are nolr a3:e lC C:lslruCl geiTfLa_

ner l nagre : r : . - : J rs . l . , .EP c : s r : r j . .tha t a re a lso gerera lo rs a i the sarnet i m e . '

'We can now c i i rec t back mot rve f o rces

- tha t a re nor rna l lg ,a3ar rs i the magn€ l - back rn to lhe sa : r€ d ] Iec t ron aslhe molor W, t l . c - : : : . i ' e o i o rushes

M u l l e r b e g a n h r s c a r e e r a s a ne lec t romechan ic {o r tne gran t Sremense leanca l company o i West Cerman; .wr th t ra ln lng rn h rgh- i requency uorkL-a ter cha l lenges r r .c iuded br r ngrng

FD\4er tO mrneS: r rcn le rn C:naC. :and then stanrng hrs ou.,n applrancerepa i r bus iness rn Bnr rsh Co lumbraHis exp€nmenlatron \^ h magnels go€sback to 1966

I nc rea s in g Recogn i t ion

August o i 199C was a srep ior*ard rnpubl rc recognr t ron of Mul ler Technolo-gres. Mul ler s s t , i l recervrng leners ancjphone calls from people who saw hrsdemonstrations at Stanford and. onAugust I 1 and l 2. al the Solar LrerggExpo and Ral ly (SEER) rn Wr l l r rs . Cal r -iomra. Muller macie nvo of those lenersav" i lab le to rcsm&rc l t

For example, one xienlrsl wrth a Ph D .director of a center {or leadrng-edgeresearch, wrote Muiler, '... I was rm-pres-sed wrth your demonsirations althe SSE meeting thrs August.'

An engineer irom Berkeley writes toMul ler : ' . . . about your f anrast ic ma-chine. The srmpircr ry of hardwarecoupled wl th ccmpiexrry of conrrormakes your dynano approach the ce,sign of nature.

'

Ilona Muller repois lnar at the SolarEnergy Lxpcsrrrcn i:ei siro,r,eC lieMuller molor-geret'a:or to .nan,i sc di

car innovators liacluding those u'ith theSianlord Uni\,€rsity car, which, inci-CentalLy, won irrst pnze). At the SFIRg a t h e r i n g ' * e a l s o m e t w i t h D r .Krncheloe aga:n." Dr. Robert Kincheloeis a Stanf ord University researcherwtrohas in the p3st demonstrated willing-ness to examine seleaed unorthodoxenergy-generating hardware.

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1- l

IIII

ilt)(

convent iona l des iEn) . '

'Our ne\! machtne does not do lhls

\\ 'e keep the magneB and coils stalion-

ary in relationship to each other' and

move Metglas {amorphous metal) poie

pieces in b€hlreen, thus causing a fluc

tuating masnetic f ield which in tum

produces p} , ' e r But !eB l r : tLe to rqu€

is r eq- ' r ed lo ger ( 'd t? ; | : * ? : r , ' ; : f : : l : s

de s ign

' 'The motor ing sec l ion is un ique a l :o

\Ue have an ar rangemenl o l Permanent magnets tha t Prcduce a s l rgh t

motonng e i f€c l , a rd ! r€ on l ! 'us€ !en

l lrtle current to enhance th,e motoringof the d iscs. "

'It rs computer<ontrolled and the or'cuits are nowin de!€lopment arrd stroHbe completed within t\., '€ months.-

EnergyConference RePorts

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E nergy Conference Reports

Reseorchers ShqreI nform ation

l '{uller has cooperated long distarce t,,,,sharing inlorrnaiion with the r*\.o SanJosc men as they burlt their mqiel o{his motor. Both the Canadians ano rneCalifomians are exp€rimenting to fi;rdthe best balance ber*-een voltage andamp€rage for doing work, Camaanosaid. He and Wanhan have built ccils rnu,irhh they aim for higher vohage andh,*,er amperage. -Maybe 100 volts atten amps."

in the l,luller m,oior,/aeneralor mcdcltnq, tock to Sraniorc, the San Joseres€-archers w€re usrng lewer rnagnets- eight magnets tuming pasr sev€ncoils - in their flg,rheel than Mullerfu they leamed f rom Muller, Camaanoand Warthan were usrng neodymiun.iron-boron (NdFeB) r,ragnets. o{ a srzetu/o inches square and one inch thrckwhr-h Camaano said are 37 megagaussin strength. Thrs me:ns, said Murrertllat €.ch rnagnet has a holdrng iorce o:2,000 bmes its own weight.

O,rcr the years of his research. Mullerhas informed thousands of people thare p€rrnanent magn€t is a p€rp€tualen€rgy source, caryng -enorrnous

amp@re pressures wlthin itself ' Un-like a banery, the new breed of super-pouerful grermanent rnagnet do€sn lloee strenEh over decades, or with use.

Muller Educates

fu for the Law of Consenration ofEnergy, Muller joins leading-edgephpkists in derribing the uniwrse asan op€n slstem. A mor€-output-than-input device would break the Law i{op€rating within a closed sys.tem.In addition to new matenals such asP€rTnanent rnagnets and amorphousmeta.ls rna.king it possible for Mr.rller todo what formeriy was not possible,new advancemenls rn electronics also

n:a i . re ne i r nachrnes feesrb ie Hrgrcui'ren: can b€ s"Lilch?C ir-r ,.,, hale,.. 'rC . : r - t , o r , C e , : e - \ 1 - . : e . : , , - = . :vee aIe no!r! acie lO Cori-<lrua: pel-r-;nerr rnagnel rrrqlors, Lat'se oi sraatha t a re a lso ge .era tors a t the sar iet i rne . "

"We can now drec! back rnotrve fcrces- tha t a re normal lg agar rs l i i e magnet - back rn to the sz :ne c t rec lLon asl5e mctor \ .1 , . t i . r " t lhe -s . c : o r is t (s

M u l l e r b e g a n h i s c a r e e r a s a ne lec t romechan ic io r the g ian t Sremenselectncal company of West Ger-.nan;$ . th t ra rnrng rn h rgh- f requency uor ! .L ,a te r cha l ienges inc iuded br rnc rngpow€r to rn rnes rn nca ie rn Ca la : . rand then s tanrng hrs own app l ranccrepa i r bus iness rn Bnt rsh Co lumbraHis expenrnenlat ron ullh magnets go€sback to 1956.

I n c rea s i n g Rec ogn i t io n

Augusi ot 1990 was a s lep {or , , ,ard Lnpubl ic recognr t ron of Mul ier Technolo-gies. Muller rs stril rec€r\4ng ieners andphone calls from people who saw hrsdemonstrations at Stanford and. onAugust 1l and I2, at the Solar E:rerg9F:po and Ral ly (SEER) rn Wr l l r rs . Cal r .iomra. Muller n-,aoe rwo of those lenersatra i lab le to rsvm&:c l t

For example, one scientrst wrth a Ph D.d i rector of a center for Ieadrng-edgeresearch, wrote Mul ler : " . . . lwas rm.presscd wrth your demonsiralrons atthe SSE meeting this August."

Ar engineer from Berkeley *rites toMuller: "... about your fantastic ma-chine. The srmpi icr ry of hardwarecoupled wtth complexrty of conrro,makes your dynamo apprcach the c. .sign of nature.

I lona Mul ler repons that at the Sola:Lrergy Exposrr rcn. ihe; sno,reC l i :eMul ler motor€ereratar lo .nan, ; sc, r :

car innovators {including those with theSranford Unrrer . , : , car , whrch, inc i -dentally. won iirst prize). At the SEERgather ing ' r le a lso met wi th Dr .Kinchelce agaln." D. Rolxrt Kincheloeis a Slanf ord University researcher wlrohas in the pas: demonstrated willrng.nels to examine seleaeii unorthodoxenergygeneraling hardware.

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72 tr,r'aslt Voi 2 , No 3 . i99 l