andrija mohorovičić geophysical institute department of geophysics , faculty of science

AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects

Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia

Zvjezdana Bencetić Klaić [email protected]

The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution

MAJOR AIR QUALITY CONCERNS IN CROATIA

• Pollutants?• Sources?• Incidents!

mailto:[email protected]




Main pollutantsMain pollutants(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )

SOx (SO2 and SO3)NOx (NO2 and NO)NH3

NMVOCCO

Gaseous:Gaseous:

http://www.mzopu.hr/





TSP(PM10)(PM2.5)

Particulates:Particulates:






Arsenic (As)Cadmium (Cd)Chromium (Cr)Copper (Cu)

Heavy metals:Heavy metals:Mercury (Hg)Nickel (Ni)Lead (Pb)Selenium (Se)Zinc (Zn)






Persistent Persistent organic organic pollutantspollutants::

Lindane (HCH)Pentachlorophenol (PCP)Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)Dioxins and Furans (DIOX)Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)







Short Chained Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCP)Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)AldrinChlordaneChlordecone







Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT)DieldrinHeptachlorHexabromobiphenylMirexToxaphene





Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, gaseous (2002)gaseous (2002)

(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )

(103 kg/year)





Intercomparison (2000)Intercomparison (2000) (source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )

Austria

Austria

Germany

France

France

Croatia (2000)

Croatia (2000)

Italy

Italy

EU

EUUK

UK

Czech Republic

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Slovakia

Croatia (1990)

Croatia (1990)

Poland

Poland

Slovenia Slovenia

Germany

USA

USABulgaria

Bulgaria

kg SO2 / inhabitant kg NOx / inhabitant





(103 kg/year)

Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, gaseous (2002)gaseous (2002)






Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, particulates (2002)particulates (2002)


(103 kg/year)





Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, heavy metals (2002)heavy metals (2002)


(kg/year)





Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, persistent organic pollutants (2002)persistent organic pollutants (2002)


(kg/year)





Sources of Sources of acidifying acidifying gasesgases(SO(SO22, NO, NOxx,,NHNH33) (2002)) (2002)

Agriculture42 %

Burning -energy production16 %

Burning – non-industrial 4 %

Burning – industrial 13 %

Road traffic 12 %

Other mobile sources and machines 7 %

Production processes 6 %






SOSO22 (2002)(2002)

Burning – industrial

34 %

Road traffic 8 %



Burning -energy

production35 %

Production processes

9 %






NONOxx (2002)(2002)


Other mobile sources and

machines 23 %

Burning - energy production19 %



Production processes2 %Road traffic

41 %





CO CO (2002)(2002)





Road traffic 49 %


Other sources 1 %





NHNH33 (2002)(2002)


Agriculture94 %

Production processes 5 % Road traffic

1 %


Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia


Particles Particles (2002)(2002)


TSP PM10

PM2.5


Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007





Pb Pb (2002)(2002)



Road traffic 93 %

Burning – industrial 1 %Burning - energy

production1 %

Other sources 1 %


Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia


Hg Hg (2002)(2002)



Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007


Burning – energy production36 %

Waste treatment and deposition 2 %


Fossil fuel and geothermal energy

distribution 1 %Production processes

3 %





Main sources %

Cd Industrial burning 59

As Burning – energy production 50

Cu Road traffic 80

Cr Burning – energy production 40

Ni Industrial burning 67

Se Production processes 78

Zn Road traffic 83

Other heavy Other heavy metals metals (2002)(2002)






Main sources %

PAHs Non-industrial burning 98

DIOX Non-industrial burning 96

HCH Agriculture 100

Persistent Persistent organic organic pollutantspollutants (2002)(2002)







Main Main individual individual SOSO22 sources sources (2002)(2002)






Main Main individual individual NONOxx sources sources (2002)(2002)






Main Main individual CO individual CO sourcessources (2002)(2002)

0,2%

0,0%

0,1%

0,1%

0,1%

0,1%

8,7%

0,3%

90,5%

Oil rafinery Rijeka - 730 t Oil rafinery Sisak - 124 tNašicecement - 308 t TE Plomin - 280 tCement production Korpmačno - 181 t TE-TO Zagreb - 160 tPetrokemija Kutina - 26863 t Dalmacijacement Split - 782 tOther Croatian sources - 279080 t





Some hot spots Some hot spots 1. Rijeka 20% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from oil refinery and TE

12

2. Zagreb 4% of Croatian NOx (2002) from TE-TO and EL-TO

3

3. Sisak 15% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from oil refinery and TE

4

4. Kutina 9% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from

Petrokemija

5

5. Plomin 6% of Croatian SO2

and 5% NO2 (2002) from TE




Current state Current state network network

12

34

5

http://zrak.mzopu.hr/glavni.asp

http://zrak.mzopu.hr/glavni.asp




Recent serious Recent serious incidents - 1incidents - 1

1 6

2

34

5Karlovac, 23 February 2007

Beer factory – unlawful CO2 emission 1 died




Recent serious Recent serious incidents - 2incidents - 2

12

34

5Sisak, January 2007

Oil refinery – H2S pollution




Recent Recent serious serious incidents - 2incidents - 26. Sisak, January 2007

Oil refinery – H2S pollution 1, 13 and 16 January

http://zrak.mzopu.hr/

H2S (µg m-3) – daily

C6H6 (µg m-3) – daily

PM10 (µg m-3) – daily




Recent Recent serious serious incidents - 2incidents - 2Sisak, 1 January 2007


CO (µg m-3) – hourly

H2S (µg m-3) – hourly

C6H6 (µg m-3) – hourly

PM10 (µg m-3) – hourly




Recent Recent serious serious incidents - 2incidents - 2Sisak13 – 16 January 2007


CO (µg m-3) – hourly values

H2S (µg m-3) – hourly values

C6H6 (µg m-3) – hourly values

PM10 (µg m-3) – daily values




Recent serious incidents – 3Recent serious incidents – 3Sisak20 February 2007; 15:15Crude oil spill 100 m high jet

NO2

CO

H2S

SO2

C6H6

PM10




More about SisakMore about Sisak

H2S (µg m-3) – daily1 - 12 April 2007

SO2 (µg m-3) – daily

PM10 (µg m-3) – daily




Recent serious Recent serious incidents – 4incidents – 4Rijeka, 3 - 5 February 2002

12

34

5SO2

RijekaFebruary, 2002

0

100

200

300

400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15days

conc

entr

atio

ns(µ

gm-3

)

Jeričević et al., 2004On 4 February a warning was sent out to the public not to expose outdoors!




Other sitesOther sites Kutina, PM10

Rijeka2, O3

Zagreb1, NO2

Zagreb1, PM10

Zagreb3, O3

Osijek, PM10




ConclusionConclusion

• Old technologiesOld technologies

• Unlawful emissions Unlawful emissions

• Answers?Answers?

andrija mohorovičić geophysical institute department of geophysics , faculty of science

Documents

effects zagreb

faculty of scienceuniversity

republic of croatia

croatia pollutants

persistent organic pollutants

so3nox no2

croatiazvjezdana benceti

sox so2