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Yildiran, G. ( 1977). The eflects of level of cognitive achievement on selected

learning criteria under mastery learning and normal classroom

instruction. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago.

Yohon, T.I. (1996). Mastery learning versus traditional teaching methodologies

effect on secondary students' anxiety levels. Dissertation Abstracts

International, 57(8), 3370-A.

Zapico, S.C. (1991). The Quasi-mastery learning instructional system for

community college chemistry. (Ed.D), University of Central Florida,

134.PP, Dissertation Abstracts International, 52(10), 3509-A.

APPENDIX - I

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES Mahatma Gandbi University

1998

Pre requisite Test on Heat and Sound

Standard IX Sub: Physics

Marks: 25 Time: 35 minutes

(Choose the mast appropriate answer from the options given below each quedot~ Each carries one mark)

1. Molecules are very closely packed in A. solids B. liquids C. gases D. plasma

2. Absolute scale is named after the scientist A. Thomas Kelvin B. Reamur C. Celsius D. Fahrenheit

3. When a body is cooled, its molecules A. begin to move faster B. begin to move slower C. become heavier D. become lighter

4. Heat transferred from one object to another through direct contact between two bodies, without the motion of the molecules is A. convection B. conduction C. radiation D. insulation

5. The equipment used to measure the depth of an ocean A. Sonar B. Laser C. Scanner D. Radar

6. Sound travels faster in A. vacuum B. steel C. water D. air

7. Freezing point and Boiling point of water is A. O'C, 273K B. 273'~, 373K C. 273K, 3 7 3 ' ~ D. O'C, 1 0 0 ' ~

8. Find out the one which is not an energy form A. Sound B. Heat C. Light D. Water

9. A bimetallic strip of copper and brass when heated A. It will bend with copper at the outer side B. It will bend with brass at the outer side C. It will not bend D. Bending is not visible

10. Increase in length, when temperature of a body of unit length increases by 1 ' ~ . This is called A. coefficient of linear expansion B. coefficient of cubical expansion C. coefficient of superficial expansion D. coefficient of expansion.

1 1. Relation between speed of sound, distance of reflecting body from source of sound and time for hearing echo A. v = 2tid B. 2v = t/d C. v = 2dit D. t = 2vld

12. The minimum distance between the source and the reflector, so that an echo is heard, is approximately equal to A. 10m B. 17m C. 34 m D. 50 m

13. Persistence of hearing is A. 1/10 s B. 1/16 s C. 1120 s D. 16 s

14. When a metal block is heated, its length, breadth and thickness increases. This type of expansion is called A. linear expansion B. cubical expansion C. superficial expansion D. absolute expansion

15. The temperature of a body changes by 23 '~ . What is the corresponding change on the Kelvin scale A. 23 K B. 273 K C. 45 K D. 300 K

16. Heat loss from a surface by radiation can be minimized by A. polishing the surface B. blackening the surface C. creating vacuum around D. keeping in dark

17. When a liquid changes to vapour state, the force of attraction between the molecules A. increases B. becomes negligbly small C. slightly decreases D. remain unchanged

18. In a cold winter morning, it is more comfortable to sit on a wooden chair than a metal chair. This is because A. metal feels harder than wood B. the metal chair may be wet with dew C. metal is a better conductor of heat than wood and takes away more heat

from your body, leaving you feeling cold D. wooden chair keeps more heat in it than metal chair.

19. On hot summer days ice blocks are covered with sawdust because A. it absorbs water formed by the melting ice B. the air trapped in the sawdust insulates it from the outside heat C. it is easy to cany D. saw dust is easily available

20. When railway Lines are laid, a small gap is left between the ends of the rails. This is because A. it allows them room to expand in summer B. trains can move easily C. the tracks can be replaced whenever necessary D. it is difficult to manufacture very long rails.

21. A boy hears an echo of his own voice from a distant hill after one second. The speed of sound in air is 350 mls. The distance of the hill from the boy is A. 175 m B. 700 rn C. 350 m D. 100 m

22. A thick glass tumbler cracks when boiling water is poured into it. Why? A. glass is a poor conductor of heat and the inside expands more quickly than

outside B. the glass contracts unevenly C. parts of the glass melt D. glass expands unevenly

23. Houses built of mud and brick are cool because A. they are inexpensive, easily available and also good conductors of heat B. they are bad conductors of heat C. they are dark in colours and good absorbers of heat D. they are good reflectors of heat

24. A beam of steel is 20 m long at 5 ' ~ . Its temperature is increased to 25'~. The coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 0.000013P~. How long is the steel beam at 25 '~? A. 0.0065 m B. 20.0078 m C. 20.0065 m D. 20.0052 m

25. The figure below shows a rectangular box with two holes A and B at the top. A burning candle is placed under the hole A. How is the air in the box circulating?

A. The air will not circulate B. The air enters through B and goes out through A C. The air enters through A and goes out through B D. The air enters through both A and B

APPENDIX I1

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES Mahatma Gandhi University - 1998

Pre-requisite Test on Heat ahd Sound

Std : IX Sub:Physics

Marks:25 Time:35 minutes

rmao lwo~s~m~. A. amomd o & d d d B. olmd C. omd&jrru' D. naomdnnqg am1 cumjmidom mmidmiamout m d o q mrmo~m&@~os A. n l w m a r u m s B. darnarucom & i o w p b C. @om0 rudmlm~cml D. aomo &iowpni am1 rumjmldorn ~ d d u a l ~ ~ & l s m ~ m mo93ml rurru'm~daam- mrmo~m&@ios m m o m o ggloom monlo ~dmmlm~cmmi A. (r%onhnmo B. d3umo C. d&I; lmmo D. &ld3e1&0

mm~~omm,kr$ -90 & a n m a m 3 d gnlawocolm~m @ d & m m o

A. a m ~ m o d B. aamd C. m"&ornd D. owod U9o09t$7~lCl?X3J~ld q~mlwom" f B ~ " l 3 ~ l m ' aWfJ7CSl q J ~ W J 0 &lslmcd A. mlrnjm B. wlcd C. rpwo D. cuowl e ~ e ~ m l o ~ a m m 3 6 % ( ~ 1 ~ 0 d@rnluwio A. O°C, 273K B. 273OC, 373K C. 273K, 373OC D. O°C, 100°C @ ~ d ~ c o ~ d m g l o m m I o m & o m m i & A, mm"oo B. mod0 C. ~d&omo D. rpao

smjmbo onlm10 a d d m mmj wpmnsnSNS d jsomlwod A. @dm- monnjrummnn~ r u m m m d w o ru@wdcmb B. sm~m" m3nnj~mmmi rummrmmdwo ru@wimi C. mdm' mo~omocmlo m o a d m j m l g l D cu@w~mim" d a m ru~mmomil&omornod# am1 omr$Imlgd rnl@mj@ amj nsm'n*noq mod 1°C @nudmm,~amrau8 mlso md~)'!aqml ny)rm~ 6o6mlm~rm m06uj

A. ~ ~ ~ d W J ~ n i l & m m Wl6TTXJ&0

B. cujoojmnil&mrn cnjmortho

c. LOJ~~eId6bm)rn (n16m36%0 D d & m m cnp-mo6%0 mm-ommkr$ arucnm, mmu 'om lo~ aLmomQio ~dmldmrno p m o m l w rumim~rujo mmlai@ q m o , ~ d d w ~ r n l a&utmoornspm mmwo ~ C U mml a&$@ m W a

A, v=2t/d B. 2v = t ~ d C. v = 2dIt D. t = 2vld

22. d@yoru@o av lgod &sl&lslw g3mj s o q d o d ~ z j p r ~ i . A. ~ a m i @mi &~=.13er&tbm3aumfim3mawlmo ~ 3 n u l q gdeocno r~~oa3cnamm3d onrcn

mild no&milmim~ B. ~ ~ m i l o n j l oJe.taowson@p rujrngnkn m l m l d d rJimp.-mirni C. ~ 3 m i l o q dlwoowmut gm~&jrmi D. ~ o d o n j l dmoocnmmqo ru~rn~rru'm mlmlwld d&milmpi

23. 06&@0&8rnj0 d~si&~0&3rn10 mldeml~mlm~m nlls~&glm3 mgj nn6mpJ mmianr O $ S p i . ny)C1UQh&36nS?

A. gm dam~odlm3 4 g 1 9 m l d e~a~:dmo&~nn~ oy)nn~tbm3aumfim3mao~mmg( mgj d~a&gm@~d (~dmmil&O~&cr~~o hdqJm1.

B. Fa &id3~&6VB@36nJ C. ga @mime mlomlw~@ruwowrn1m~d q s l o m g&om3@irmj D. pa dislom m m 3 d ~ d d d m l ~ m ~ r m ~

24. am1 20 m mlgmj@ 5OC gmGmodm~@ ~ l d e6nJnoloffj g '~)&m3Cj 25OC c a d g w d m ~ r n ~ . ~ I e J o q ooedwjddbrwm cn~moaho

0.000013P~C mqosmahld 25OC d mrnlonjl mlgo.

A. 0.0065 m B. 20.0078 rn C. 20.0065 rn D. 20.0052 m

PRE REQUISITE TEST

RESPONSE SHEET -

Name of student: Standard: Scores obtained Sex: M/F School. .- - -

APPENDIX - I11

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR UNIT I1 - EFFECTS OF HEAT ON LIQUIDS AND GASES

I - - I I and method

I

Behavim

Knowledae and Comprehens~an Appl~cat~an of

sc~entific knowledpe I

Content

8. Relative humidity

9. Weather forecasting

X

X

X

X

X X

X X

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS M)R UNIT I11 - INTRODUCTION TO SOUND

Behaviour

! Application 1 I

of i Knowledge and Comprehension scientific I

I knowledge ~ i and I i

I-. --.- 1 1 method , Content 3

C 0 0 C

X

X

X

X

X

1. Sound energy

2. Sources of sound

3. Essential elements needed for producing sensation of sound

4. Frequency of sound

5. Limits of audibility

6. Supersonic and Mach number

7. Reflection of sound and echo

C

V1 O 1 C

8 8 0

C U U C 0 .s 3% 3

X

X

X

X

X

X

U U

L=

k V1

I I C

0 V1 u'= M .E!

X

X

X

3 E C

c 0 z % 2 a 2 B

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

g 8 .h

X

X

'5 2 % 'f % 2 $ 8

X

X

X

X

2 a ,, C L d X .s .s L.

0

.?I~x - 33 g

e i -

X -

X

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR UNIT IV - WAVE MOTION

Knowledge and Comprehension scient~fic knowledge

and

C---, ---,. + -7 method I

v

c n u

X

X

V I

3 C v 0 C

C 0 I U) '= * ! g

1. Characteristics of a wave

2. Relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength

3. Transverse wave motion

4. Longitudinal wave motion

5. Comparison of transverse and longitudinal wave motion

X

X

5 & 2 9 * 0 O G

% .@ 3 2

X

X

U) C 0 2 %3 -i! - i

X

X

X

X

2 8 e 0 .e, % 5: u 3

X

X

X

X

X

- U

X

X

X

X

l-

X

X

TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR UNIT V - CHARACTERISTICS AND POLLUTION OF SOUND

Content

Application of

Knowledge and Comprehension scientific knowledge

I

I

1. Propagation of sound through solids, liquids and gases

2. Musical sound and noise

3. Intensity of sound

4. Pitch of sound

5. Quality of sound

6. Sound pollution

and method

u

+ E 25 2 s = .g, ~ * 8 .o a * .d s- * "I O ," E Z 3% 8 * k

X

U 5 8 B 'e. 0 f? U U

p! 3 3

3 X

X

X

X

X

X

3 o c L U

% * * * .5 8 * 0 - &j p~ 5 - o u 53 = 3

X

X

X

X

X

i I 0 I U

2 i a 3

U

2 @ g 3 s-"0 o a L a

0 .g, 3 'g 8 8 3 2 z - 3

2 X X

X

X X

X X

x X

X

Y1

I "c +. 0 "I

u = M .o m - 2 g

.% G 8

X

X

O M

c 0 0 - * 8 u - ~

* .c a m . 2 c S o * 3 0 ,

2 % 5 V1

2 - 0

X

APPENDIX I V

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics

Unit I -Heat and its effects on Solids

Standard IX Marks: 25 Part A

(Choose the correct answer. Each carries one mark.)

1. The Heat energy of a body is the A. average kinetic energy of the molecules. B. total kinetic energy of the molecules. C. average speed of the molecules. D. total potential energy of the molecules.

2. The unit of heat energy is named after the scientist A. James Joule B. Alexander Graham Bell C. Thomas Alva Edison D. Issac Newton

3. Which of the following has highest specific heat A. Mercury B. Kerosene oil C. Alcohol D. Water

4. When a liquid changes into a solid the process is called A. Freezing B. Melting C. Vapourisation D. Condensation

5. The energy required to heat 1 kg of water from 2 5 ' ~ to 7 5 ' ~ is A. 21 x 105J B.2.1 x 105J c. 210 x 105 J D. 0.21 x IO*J

6. Snow on the mountains melts very slowly even in Sun because A. snow is very cold. B. snow is very hard. C. snow has a high specific heat. D. snow has a high latent heat.

7. During the change of state of a substance, its temperature will A. increase. B. decrease. C. double. D. remain unchanged.

8. Heat energy required to melt 10 kg of ice at O'C to water at O'C is A. 33400 J B. 334 x 10' J c. 334 x lox J D. 334 104 J

9. The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius is of the object. A. specific heat capacity B. heat capacity C. calorie D. latent heat

10. If 'm' kg of a substance of specific heat capacity 's' is heated to raise the temperature through tOc, the heat required is J. A .ms / t B. mst C . m t / s D. m l s t

(1 x10=10 marks)

Part B (FiN in the blanks. Each cammes one mark.)

11. The quantity of heat energy absorbed during the change of state of unit mass of a substance is called

12. The specific heat of water is 4200 J ~ ~ ' c . The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 0.15 kg of water from 1 5 ' ~ to 2 5 ' ~ is

13. If 'm' is the mass of a body and 'L' its latent heat of fusion, then the quantity of heat required to melt it at its melting point is

14. 1 Calorie = Joules. 15. Latent heat of fusion of lead is 26 x 10' Jkg. The heat energy required to melt

10 kg of lead at its melting point is

(1 x5=5 marks)

Part C (Short answer type Each cammes two marks.)

16. State the vrinciole of method of mixtures 17. ~ifferentiate between heat capacity and specific heat capacity of a substance. 18. What do you understand by the term latent heat of fusion of ice? 19. Why is water used as coolant in motorcar radiators? 20. Why does ice cool soft drinks better than water at O'C?

(2x5=10 marks)

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics

Unit I1 -Effects of Heat on Liquids and Gases

Standard IX Marks: 25 Part A

(Choose the correct answer. Each carries one mark )

1. The temperature of a body changes by 27'C. What is the corresponding change in the Kelvin scale? A. 27 K B. 273 K C. 300 K D. 246 K

2. Choose the incorrect statement. A. Evaporation takes place at all temperatures. B. More the area of exposed surface of a liquid, more is the rate of

evaporation. C. An external source of heat only can cause evaporation. D. The higher the temperature of surrounding air, the more is the rate of

evaporation. 3. When the air bubble rises from bottom of a lake, its size goes on increasing

gradually. The reason for this can be explained by A. Boyle's law B. Charle's law C. Pressure law D. Pascal's law

4. Helium gas liquefies at A. 4.2K B. 4.2"C C. 2.2"C

5. Instrument used to measure relative humidity is A. Hydrometer B. Hygrometer C. Barometer D. Thermometer

6. The pressure of an enclosed gas at 2 7 ' ~ is 2 atmospheric pressure; the pressure at 127k will be - atmospheric pressure. A. 413 B. 312 C. 813 D. 1

7. How much heat is required to convert 100 litre of water at 100 '~ to steam at 1 OO'C? A. 2.26 x 10' J B. 2 . 2 6 ~ 109J C. 2.26 x lo7 J D. 2.26 x lo6 J

8. A cylinder of volume 400 ml contains air at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. If the entire gas is forced into another cylinder of volume 100 ml, the pressure becomes ~ .~ atmosphere. A. 5 B. 115 C. 114 D. 4

9. The melting point of ice on Kelvin scale is A. OK B. -273K C. 273K D.373K

10. The temperature known as 'Absolute zero' is A. -273K B. 273°C C. 0°C D. -273'C

(1x10=10 marks)

Part B (Fill in the Blanks. Each carries one mark.)

11. Liquid helium loses its viscosity completely and crawls up the side of a vessel, this characteristic is called

12. The amount of water vapour in the air is denoted by the term 13. During cold winter night, if temperature falls below the excess water

vapour will condense to form dew. 14. When the volume decreases the pressure increases and when the volume

increases pressure decreases. This relationship is known as 15. The S.1 unit of latent heat of vapourisation is

(1x5=5 marks)

Part C (Short answer type. Each carries two marks.)

16. Why is wet handkerchief applied on the forehead of a person having high fever?

17. Bums caused by steam are far more severe than those caused by boiling water. Why?

18. List any four parameters based on which, weather forecasting is made. 19. How does ink filler work? 20. An inflated balloon exposed to Sunrays will explode with a loud sound. What

is the reason for this?

(2x5=10 marks)

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics

Unit 111 - introduction to Sound

Standard 1X Part A

(Choose the correct annuer. Each carnmes one mark. )

Marks: 25

1. When a flute is played sound is produced by the vibration of A. material of the flute B. lips C. air column D. all the above

2. Choose the incorrect statement. A. Sound requires a material medium for propagation. B. Sensation of sound requires a source, medium and receiver. C. Sound cannot be heard on the surface of moon. D. Sound and light cannot travel through vacuum.

3. Which of the following sound waves can we hear? A. 15 Hz B. 1500 Hz C. 25000 Hz D. 35000 Hz

4. The number of vibrations made by a body in one second is A. velocity B. amplitude C. wavelength D. frequency

5. A thick wire and a thin wire having same length and under same tension were made to vibrate. The frequency of sound produced by thick wire will be A. higher B. lower C. double D. equal

6. Speed of an object moving with speed greater than that of sound is A. subsonic B. ultrasonic C. supersonic D. infrasonic

7. 1 Mach number 1s A. 680 m/s B. 340 m/s C. 850 m/s D. 3 x 108m/s

8. The upper limit of audibility is A. 20 kHz B. 20000 kHz C. 20 MHz D. 200000 Hz

9. When tension of a string increases, frequency of vibration A. increases B. decreases C. becomes zero D. will not change

10. A ship sends a sound signal down into the seawater. The echo is detected after half a second. The depth of sea at that place is (the speed of sound in sea water is 1500 mis) A. 375 m B. 750 m C. 1500 m D. 350 m

(1x10=10 marks)

Part B (Fill in the Blanks. Each carries one mark)

11. When we speak sound is produced by the vibration of 12. The sounds of frequencies below lower limit of audibility are c a l l e d . 13. is used to call dogs, which emits ultrasonic sound waves.

14. 1 Mega Hertz (MHz) = Hz. 15. are widely used as diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical tool in

medicme.

( 1 x5=5 marks)

Part C (Short answer fype. Each cammes two marks. )

16. How do bats avoid obstacles in their way, when in flight? 17. The echo of our sound is not heard in a small room, but is heard distinctly in a

big hall. Why? 18. It is not possible to talk through open space on the surface of moon. Why? 19. What is sound and how is it produced? 20. What are ultrasonic waves? State two applications of these waves.

(2x5= 10 marks)

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics

Unit IV - Wave Motion

Standard IX Part A

(Choose the correct answer. Each carries one mark )

Marks: 25

1. The maximum displacement of the particles of a medium in which a wave is travelling is called A. amplitude B. frequency C. velocity D. wave length

2. A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate at right angle to the direction of propagation A Transverse wave B. Longitudinal wave C. Compression wave D. All the above

3. 'h' (Lamda) is the symbol to represent A. Frequency B. Amplitude C. Time period D. Wave length

4. An electromagnetic wave is formed by the A. Constant electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of

propagation. B. Electric field along the direction of propagation and magnetic field

perpendicular to it. C. Periodically varying electric and magnetic fields along the direction of

propagation. D. Periodically varying, mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields in

a plane normal to the direction of propagation. 5. Which diagram represents a sound of higher frequency?

Same time interval

t--+-

6. What is the relation between time period and frequency? A. T= l/f 0. f= 2T C. f = T2 D. I/f = IIT

7. Pressure and density variation occurs in A. longitudmal waves B. electromagnetic waves C. transverse waves D. all the above

8. Wave motion involves a transfer of A. only energy B. only momentum C. both energy and momentum D. neither energy nor momentum

9. A boat is set into vertical vibrations by waves of speed 5 d s whose crests are 10 m apart. What is the period of vertical vibrations of the boat? A. 2s B. 0.4s C. 0.5s D. 0.1s

10. A horn emitting sound of frequency 500Hz is blown first in air and then under water. If the velocities of sound in air and water are 350ds and 1400ds respectively, the ratio of their wavelengths in air and water will be A. 1:l B. 1:3 C. 1:2 D. 1:4

(1x10=10 marks)

Part B (Fill in the Blanks Each carries one mark.)

I I . If the speed of sound in air is 330m/s, the wavelength in metre of a note of frequency 550Hz is

12. The waves on surface of water are 13. In a transverse wave travelling on a rope, the distance between a crest and the

next tough is x, then the wavelength of the wave is 14. In the figure shown below is the amplitude of the particles of the

medium.

15. The frequency of a wave travelling at a speed of 500mIs IS 25Hz. Its tlme perlod w11 be - -

( I x5=5 marks)

Part C (Short answer type Each carries two m r k )

16. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves. 17. Define wavelength and velocity of a wave.

18. The following diagram shows a displacement-distance graph for a wave. If the velocity of the wave is 320mls. Find (i) the wavelength (ii) the frequency

(iii) the amplitude (iv) the time period.

19. A tuning fork of frequency 500Hz is used to produce transverse waves in a string. The distance between two consecutive crests is 1Ocm. Find the velocity ofthe wave.

20. Plot a displacement-distance graph for two waves A and B such that the amplitude of wave A is twice that of wave B and wavelength of A is three times than that of B.

(2x5=10 marks)

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics

Unit V - Characteristics and Pollution of Sound

Standard M Marks: 25 Part A

(Choose the correct answer. Each carries one murk )

1. If V,, V,, and V, represent the speed of sound in a gas, liquid and solid respectively, then A. V, > VI > V, B. V, > VI, > V, C. Vl, > V, > V, D. V, > V, > VI,

2. The sketches below show sound waves formed in the same time interval. Which diagram represents a note from a musical instrument?

A. I B. I1 II

C. both I and I1 D. none of the above

3. The loudness of normal speaking voice is A. 140dB - 170dB B. 100dB - I lOdB C. 60dB - 65dB D. 1OdB - 20dB

4. Excite two tuning forks of frequencies 256Hz and 512Hz. which one will produce a sound of higher pitch? A. not able to predict B. tuning fork of 256 Hz C. tuning fork of 5 12 Hz D. both will have equal pitch

5. Sound is heard when the ear receives impulses from A. the air around the source advancing to the ear B. particles of air shot away from the source C. the compressions and rarefactions advancing through the air D. By the formation of transverse waves in the air

6. The factors on which intensity of sound depends A. Frequency B. Amplitude and Distance between observer and source C. Wavelength D. All the above

7. lncreasing the frequency of a note A. decreases the speed of sound waves B. raises the pitch of the note C. increases the loudness of the note D. decreases the amplitude of the waves

8. The property by which it is possible to distinguish different sources of sound is A. quality B. pitch C. loudness D. frequency

9. Sound travels fastest in A. vacuum B. steel C. air D. water

10. Which of the following diagram produces a louder sound?

A. Wave I +Tirnelsetond-+ B. Wave I1 C. difficult to predict w D. same for both I and 11

(1x10=10 marks)

Part B (Fill in the blanks. Each carries one mark)

11. One end of a long steel pipe filled with water is struck, if three sounds are heard distinctly at the other end, the last one was that transmitted through

12. An example of a sound of high pitch is 13. The unit of sound intensity is named after the scientist 14. The shorter the length of vibrating part, the is the pitch of the

note produced. 15. 1 decibel (I&) = bell.

( Ix5=5 marks)

Part C (Short answer type Each carries two mark)

16. Why do we hear the sound of thunder after the flash of lightning is seen? 17. Suggest any four measures for reducing sound pollution. 18. Differentiate between musical sound and noise. 19. What are the ways by which the pitch of sound produced by a vibrating string

can be altered? 20. Write two ill effects of sound pollution.

(2x5=10 marks)

APPENDIX V

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics Unit I - an3nl0.1~0 mcocum"rn~a~~lu~8 m a n l a 4 m ~ 3 o l r n r u j 0

Standard: IX Marks:25

Part A ( ~ C J N ~ O OmmpW3Ph83m) 2mmo o a n m ~ m s ~ o m n n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .

moamomIm&o moamo mod&" esiano)

1. ami w~~~"an~do I$ nn3anlodexzo

A. Cin(m3iIa7&@pS mmomml mda&odexzo

B. mnnoim&@~os mda&odexzo

C. mnn3im&@~os mmomml aruman

D. m(m3im&@~os rmgo& womla&odexzo

5. lkg s?ao 2% m p & 75OC mom i r ~ s c ~ e m d arum g"3dexzo

A. 2 1 x 1 0 ~ ~ B. 2 . 1 ~ 1 0 ~ ~

c. 2 1 0 ~ I O ~ J D. 0.21 x 105 J

6. & ~ a n m @ l a ~ ~ m m " m)~mynonlcrng3a~o cruswwomom pm1&2cm~@1.

&3mrnomd ?

A. m m l m ' mgl anmp~om"

B. m m l m ' mgl & ~ l m ) o ~

C. m m l m ' 2 w d m dml&"sano~oomlanwom"

D. m m l m ' w@om 2 w d m iocul&mma7mmodrn3~

lo. 's'oJlmMs~w3(o?a,w~@'m' kg m m 1 - am1 n~33drmommiocq 2'~)&'rn3rCi

.................... t°C ~crudm~rm~lm~rum~rn3~ nn~dmlo~dmlrnmmo J waul m l m j o

A. ms B. mst C. a D. t S St

( 1X 10= lomarks)

Part B

13. ami h1~3dmmdo4 m3mj 'm' 20 ~sfl&msrnE?llmnn3d0 'L' 20 mcru3d

i o m m m l d ~3dmmo ~ r 3 3 r u a , m d e 1 3 & 3 d rmgmmjm3ax mo&

~ w l m l m ~ o .

is. oanulo4 ~sruS&mmdmmonlo 26x103J/kg msm'. lOkg eemY m d o 4

Part C

is. 'msnmnpym~os mczR~mmdmm3r~0' ngmm1odb~m" ngmom" rnm@

a o m o n t & ~ I m m i ?

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics Unit I1 - L R C I C U ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I J O a 3 o l f b m ~ I a ~ r n ~ ~ m~1~cam,16)r$

C T U J ~ W ~ C O O

Standard: IX Marks:25

Part A

(qjgwio m m m ~ o o ~ x ~ m ~ ~ pninmo o m m o m s ~ o r n 9 ~ m ~ & .

a3am3mIm~o ma03 m36m" fbjmo)

Part B

( ~ I s j c d o w m i d i m l ~ m i l t b . a3am3mlmp a3am3 mad1863 Nlma )

1 I. mom& ~ l a l w m l o ~ njlmTa&th3mlgl d ldqm3wio m & o ~ s & & w l o mmami~ amj

~dmamllma &is1 rni&@laam" a9~&3rd m 3 u l m ~ & w ~ o o d g j m m i ~ ~ o r u r u l ~ m &

o m @mi dowJmJ.

12. mmmldbslmloa m a m o & d m l o q mgnjlorn o g ) d d o w ~ m ~ .

13. m l m & 3 a m o ~ m l & ~ l m m m l d b s l p - ~ & m 3 ~ el io mom" &vlw~crmolJtl

mul&mi@ m a m o d d o m 3 ~ m l & m l ~ mp~m&ml&&lJt l m i d o o&o@imi.

15. m 3 d n l l & m m almmodmnloaj S.1 w j m l g . m m - .

( 1 X 5 = 5 marks )

Part C

( aamo mama ruo&~mgIm8 @ m m o og)9&r11&. a3crn3mlm~o 2 m3dmV wlmo )

20. ~ 3 w ~ mloy m a j m 8 q o o ammo oruwlamnn~ru~m~m3a8 o d 3 ~ 1 a d 3 & ~ m o m m ~

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics Unit I11 - msru'ammilo~ ce13aamm"

Standard: IX Marks:25

Part A

(nylgm~o mrarn~aw3~9jm3w ~ m m o onnrnosmnns~omq~nnp

a3arn~rm'lrn~o eoam3 modm" esinno)

imamdmlwlcu~os gwdrm dmlulw3m"

A 20 kHz B. 20,000kHz C. 20MHz D. 2,00,000 Hz

Part B ( njl~~odocrumi nllmI$mp,. S33003M0a0 maom3 m3dm- 86jm0 )

1 omcn3onnSmi ( 1 MHz) = Hz mmocnmo@ mm9m~crmdn~mom a l ~ m m d mmQl

a3m~mmlm~0, am~cnln&I;lmru6m~o, mm-~m~&lw6m~0 mgbo QONRJ

m3mirmd& 2 ~ a w ~ w l m ~ r m ~ .

( lX5=5marks) Part C

Formative Diagnostic Test Unit IV - nnm~cnda rno

Standard IX Marks : 25 w

( ~ g r u 1 0 mmaw3e~jrn~mi g m m o omomoms~m~&.a3am3mlrno aoam3 modmu ruclllmo )

9. am1 am32lorn ao6mm3w .a,mrnmlrn1 (Lnawwm~a0lom3m" s m j mmocno 5 m / s acucnmdd msrmrmlmjmj. m m o c n m l o ~ (am1 cro$ocnmc& m m a l a ~ s m & a o 10 m aqosmahld amosjloq w ~ m m ~ c r u & m r n m l o q ao3arn&gm0 m,mm3m1&, A. 2 s B. 0.4 s C. 0.5 s D. 0.1 s

10. 500 Hz a ~ q m m l a u ~ ~ crodoo 2 r n a m q m ailmild q o ~ o cu3wjcMla~o d m l S s3wda10mm"ornjm3ml. c r o m V o d o q Ldarucno cu3wpJld 350 d s p o s 3 w m l d 1400 m/s mp,o6mm,ld ~ o w ~ r u l a a w ~ o eoamlaauvjo mmocnooodw~mu8 mmzlapg rmarn1d3mo. A . 1 . 1 B . 1 : 3 (2 .1 .2 D . 1 : 4

( 1X 10 = 10 marks )

Part. B ( rul21ad3wdi d p l d m 1 & . ac1am3mlmo 633am3 mad&" ru7m0 )

11 . mm"o(smno4 ~ d a r u o o 330 m / s go m c u ~ m 1 5 5 0 Hz 20 m ~ o m m , l d mmocnooodw~o .

12. s 3 e a ~ d m I m a m l a j m 3 d h ~ m mmomm~do

13. & w n l a ~ o s a d 3 & i m am1 m r n j ~ d m j m mmotnmmiloq cro~ocnru10 msjmnn1@ cndmru10 cmmzlaj@ olmo 'X' m o m a h l d cmamlo~

Part C ( s lam3 m a m 3 r u 3 & ~ m I d ~mcoom91midh. aoem3mImo mm2 rn3dmU s i m o )

i. nnmocnooe6w~0 ii. mi,yvpnl iii. mod iv onowrn&3~0 ny)rmlru &36md)6)3&bdh.

19. 500 Hz m~@ru)mmlcrup-@ om1 s ~ p m l 0 6 ann3dm" omj &m~Imil& mmrn~idm"m mmocnmd g m 3 m p 1 . mmsjmms~cmm m m i c m & o c n m d mamlw~fg mm&eJo

10 cm ~ 0 6 m & I m 2 mmocnmmI0njl LdoruOo &36mJ&. 20. A, B, ry)m m m ~ mmocnmgps mim3rn~ccmm - elm icn3G rumdmj&. mmocno

A aqos cmgaml B uvlasdamm3d 2m~j Iw~o nnmocnooodw~o B cru~asmlarnm~d m ~ ~ m F j I c r u ~ r n ~ 6 m ' .

( 2 x 5 =10 marks )

Formative Diagnostic Test in Physics Unit V - L R ~ . I . M ~ @ I ~ I J O ~ ~ 3 r n ~ r n ~ I a ~ r n ~ ~ r n w d a q

crulowlmo

Standard: IX Ma1ks:25 Part A

(nyl~mjo (mam~aw3sjrn3w @ammo ommosmrmsjom9~m,~&. a3om3rmlm10

a3am3 m3d& mlmo)

aawp amcnmow m ~ d ~ m ~ r n ~ are;l@?

A. V8> Vl> V, B. V,> V,, Vp C. V,> Va> V, D. Vp> VS> VI.

2 moo9 o&~s~amlmlmim mmocnm&dmcd @om m r n a u o o e d w j d a ~ ~ c u

( IX 10 =I0 marks )

Part B

( rdsiadoaumi ~~lmlglm~& a~om~rmlmo aom3 mgdm- m7m0 )

1 1 . am1 m7g0 q s l m =a0 mloy ~'llmaoodgIo$ a m i m d & mjlwogilout m i m i

ru~nn~minn msr;jomu8mo(! mimmmllma a&u8m3& & Y I ~ J . rngruio m m m 3

mo oh3 m q o a? &is1 ~ i d ~ ~ m o odgodsm)3m-.

1 2 . 9 9 rmo3daulai@ am1 mqm36m'

13. g h ~ m x r ~ i ~ ~ a ~ l ~ m l $ n@m ~~omj im?xrm~r$ m n n p m m 3 d ~ o

mraolauo~s~m~.

14. &mmo odrp)~m e 3 m m 0 4 ml@o &~ocu~omallma mmpmIoo$ m @ r u p r S

15 .1 onufrulomlma ( 1 dB ) = omma

( 1X 5 = 5 marks )

APPENDIX V I

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES Mahatma Gandhi University

1998 Draft Achievement Test in Physics

Standard 1X Time: 1 hour 40 minutes

(Choose the most appropriate answer. Each question carries 1 mark)

1. In the process of vapourisation, the state of liquid changes to A. solid B. vapour C. no change occurs D. none of the above

2. Instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure A. Thermometer B. Barometer C. Hydrometer D. Hygrometer

3. In Celsius scale freezing point of water is A. O'C B. 1 0 0 ' ~ C. -273'~ D. 273%

4. The boiling point of water on Kelvin scale is A. 273K B.100K C. 373K D. 173K

5. The lowest temperature that can ever be attained is A. -273.1 5 ' ~ B. -273.16'~ C. -273'~ D. -373.16'~

6. Thermometer is an instrument used to measure A. temperature B. relative humidity C. pressure D. volume

7. The maximum value of relative humidity is A. I B. 100 C. 4.2 D. 2.2

8. Super fluidity of liquid helium occurs at A. 4.2K B. 4.1K C. 2.2K D. 2.1K

10. Limits of audibility of human beings A. 20Hz - 20MHz B. 20Hz - 20,000Hz C. 20kHz - 20OkHz D. 20kHz - 20,000kHz

1 1. Supersonic refers to A. Speed of an object moving with a speed greater than that of sound B. Speed of an object moving with a speed equal to that of sound C. Sounds of frequencies above the upper limit of audibility D. All the above

12. A Musical instrument which produces sound by the vibration of air column A. Guitar B. Violin C. Flute D. Drum

13. When a solid changes into a liquid, the process is called A. Melting B. Vapourisation C. Freezing D. Condensation

14. Which of the following is a percussion instrument? A. Veena B. Flute C. Guitar D. Chenda

15. Waves which are widely used as a diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical tool in medicine A. infm sonic B. sub sonic C. supersonic D. ultra sonic

16. Mach number is the unit of A. intensity of sound B. speed of a supersonic plane C. distance travelled by a supersonic plane D. frequency of sound

17. 2 Mach number is equal to A. 340ds B. 240ds C. 680mIs D. 840ds

18. Whistle which produces high frequency sound to call dogs is A. Allen whistle B. Galton whistle C. Hamilton whistle D. Hilton whistle

19. Sound produced by an irregular succession of disturbances A. musical sound B. noise C. sound of high frequency D. sound of high intensity

20. 'Echo location' is not used by A. Dolphin B. Whale C. Bat D. Owl

21. Bats detect the obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected A. Infrasonic waves B. Electromagnetic waves C. Ultrasonic waves D. Radio waves

22. . is not an electromagnetic wave. A. x-rays B. y rays C. radio waves D. sound waves

23. Velocity of sound is maximum in A. gas B. liquid C. solid D. vacuum

24. From the wave patterns given below, select the musical sound.

25. Which is a longitudinal wave? A. water wave B. wave on a rope C. sound wave D. x-ray

26. When an air bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, its size goes on increasing gradually. This is because A. the pressure is high at the bottom, so volume of the bubble is less B. pressure is high at the top layer, so volume of the bubble also increases C. the temperature is low at the bottom, so the volume is also less D. temperature is high at the upper layer, so the volume of the bubble

increases

27. Waves on the surface of water are A. Longitudinal B. Longitudinal as well as transverse C. Electromagnetic D. Transverse

28. Who invented telephone? A. Alexander Graham Bell B. Lord Kelvin C. James Joule D. Henrich Rudolf Hertz

29. Decibel is the unit of A. pitch B. loudness C. quality D. frequency

30. If V,, I , VS represent the speed of sound in a gas, liquid and solid respectively, then A. Vg<V~,<Vs B. V,<Vs<Vr, C. VL<Vs<V, D. Vs<V1.<Vp

3 1. Intensity of sound produced by thunder is A. above 120dB B. above 140dB C. 90dB-100dB D. 100dB-110dB

32. If 'm' kg of a substance of specific heat capacity 's' is heated to raise the temperature through t0c, the heat required is J A. ms/t B. mst C. m/st D. mtls

33. When the temperature remains constant, PI the pressure when volume is V1 & PZ the pressure when volume is V2, then A. PI VI= P2 VZ B. PI V2= P2 V, C. PI / P2= VI / VZ D. PI P2=V1 V2

34. The quantity of heat energy absorbed during the change of state of unit mass of a substance is A. Latent heat B. Specific heat C. heat capacity D, temperature coeficient

35. The temperature of a body is a measure of the A. Average kinetic energy of the molecules B. Total energy of the molecules C. Total velocity of the molecules D. Average potential energy of the molecules

36. When the volume of a gven mass of gas remains constant, the pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature A. Boyle's law B. Ohm's law C. Charle's law D. Newton's law

37. Ratio of the amount of water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount of water vapour required to saturate it is A. Dew point B. Humidity C. Relative humidity D. Latent heat of vapourisation

38. Which of the following is not a characteristic of super fluid helium A. liquid crawls up the side of the containing vessel and empties it B. liquid crawls up the side of a vessel and enters in it C, liquid loses its viscosity completely D. liquid loses its conductivity completely

39. A large difference between the readings of the two thermometers of a wet and dry bulb hygrometer shows that humidity is A, high B. low C. double D. zero

40. If an inflated balloon is compressed, it bursts. The reason for this can be explained by A. Charle's law B. Boyle's law C. Pressure law D. Newton's law

41. Which of the following is the highest frequency of vibration? A. 500Hz B. lMHz C. lOkHz D. 20,000Hz

42. Which of the following is not true related to sound pollution? A. loud noise can damage hearing or even cause deafness B. all unusual social behaviours exhibited by people are due to sound

pollution C. maintain automobiles in good condition D. plant trees extensively

43. The distance between two successive points in the medium where the particles are in the same phase of vibration is A. pitch B. amplitude C. wavelength D. velocity

44. The propagation of disturbances from one point to another without the translatory motion of the particles of the medium. A. amplitude of a wave B. wave motion C. wave length D. wave energy

45. Sound produced by a wire is of low frequency when A. wire is a thick one B. short wire is used C. wire of high tension is used D. All the above

46. Three space crafts moving close to each other in space. Two of them collide each other. The passengers in the third air craft A. can hear the sound B. cannot hear the sound C. can hear the echo D. can hear a louder sound

47. Compressions and rarefactions occur in a A. Transverse wave B. Longitudinal wave C. Electromagnetic wave D. Light wave

48. The roof and walls of recording studios and cinema theatres are made rough A, to reduce sound pollution B. to increase reflection of sound C. to decrease echo by absorption of sound D. to absorb sound to reduce sound pollution

49. The distance travelled by a wave in 1 second is its A. amplitude B. velocity C. wavelength D. frequency

50. The distance travelled by a wave during the time a particle of the medium makes one vibration is A. wave length B. amplitude C. velocity D. frequency

5 1. When frequency of a vibration increases its wavelength A. increases B. does not change C. decreases D. may increase or decrease

52. In transverse wave motion, the particles of the medium A. vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation B. vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation C. will not vibrate D. travel from one point of the medium to another

53. In longitudinal wave propagation there is A. no pressure variation B. pressure and density decreases C. pressure and density increases D. pressure and density increases and decreases

54. Frequency of a wave is A. number of vibrations per second B. distance travelled in one second C. maximum displacement of the particles of the medium D. distance between two consecutive crests or troughs

55. Relation between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave A. V-flk B. V=R C. f=Vh D. V=Uf

56. The maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from their equilibrium position A. wave length B. amplitude C. velocity D. frequency

57. When a wave passes through a spring A. the particles of the spring vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave

propagation B. the particles of the spring vibrate parallel to the direction of wave

propagation C. the particles of the spring vibrate both perpendicular and parallel to the

direction of wave propagation D. the particles of the medium remain in their own position as the wave

propagates 58. Pitch of sound mainly depends on of vibration.

A. amplitude B. frequency C. energy D. speed 59. Which of the following depends on the intensity of sound

A. pitch B. timbre C. loudness D. frequency 60. Sound travels slowest in

A. air B. water C. steel D. vacuum 61. Two tuning forks of frequencies 480Hz and 210Hz are excited. Which

one will produce a sound of higher pitch A. not able to predict B. both will have equal pitch C. tuning fork of 480Hz D. tuning fork of 2lOHz

62. If the specific heat capacity of silver is 0 . 2 4 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ k g ~ C , what is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of lkg of silver through 5Oc1 A. 12x1@~ B. 4 . 8 ~ 1 0 ' ~ C. 2 . 0 8 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ D. 2 . 5 ~ 1 0 ' ~

63. Specific heat capacity of iroa is 0.48x10'~k$~. What is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 15kq of iron from 2 3 ' ~ to 3 2 " ~ ? A. 0.648~10~3 B. 0 . 8 ~ 1 0 ' ~ C. 0.288~10-J D. 0.396~10'~

64. If the latent heat of fusion of lead is 26x10'5, what is the heat energy required to melt lOkg of lead at its melting point? A. 2 6 x 1 0 ~ ~ B. 2.6 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ C. 2.6 x1045 D. 2.6 xlo35

65. What is the heat required to melt 150kg of ice at O'C? A. 2 .22~10'~ B. 501x10~~ C. 4.49~10'5 D. 50x10'5

66. If the pressure of an enclosed gas at 2 7 0 ~ is 1 atmosphere, a t m o s p h e r e will be the pressure at 2270C? A. 271227 B. 227127 C. 513 D. 315

67. The temperature of a body changes by 50 '~ . What is the corresponding change on the Kelvin scale? A. 273K B. 50K C. 223K D. 323K

68. A gas jar of volume 300ml contains a gas at a pressure of 2 atmosphere. If this gas is transferred into another jar, its pressure becomes 5 atmosphere. What will be the volume of the second jar? A. 150ml B. 30ml C. 7501111 D. 120mI

69. A cylinder of volume 600ml contains air at a pressure of 2 atmosphere. If the entire gas is forced into another cylinder of volume 200m1, the pressure will be - atmosphere. A. 6 B. 116 C. 312 D. 213

70. Relative humidity of a room at 3 0 ' ~ is 50%. If the temperature increases to 40°C, the relative humidity A. increases B. decreases C. remains the same D. depends upon the size of the room

71. Why the bum produced by steam is more severe than the bum produced by boiling water? A. 1 kg of steam at 1 0 0 ' ~ has 2.26x10'5/kg of heat energy more than 1 kg

of water at 1 OO'C B. lkg of water at 1 0 0 ~ ~ needs 2.26~10~5 of heat energy more to produce

a bum similar to same quantity of steam C. steam contains enormous quantity of heat energy than boiling water D. the latent heat of vapourisation of water is 2260xl0'5/kg

72. A gas enclosed in a cylinder at 3 3 ' ~ has a pressure of 2 atmosphere. Find out the temperature when its pressure becomes 3 atmosphere. A. 186 '~ B. 6 9 ' ~ C. 5 0 ' ~ D. 1 9 8 ' ~

73. A boy stands 68m in front of a high wall and then blows a whistle. What is the time interval when he hears an echo? [Speed of sound is 340mIsl A. 0.6s B. 0.05s C. 0.4s D. 2.5s

74. A ship sent a sound signal to the bottom of the sea. The echo is heard after 2.4s. If the speed of sound in water is 1500m/s, what is the depth of the ocean? A. 3600m B. 1800m C. 625111 D. 313m

75. What will be the wavelength of a wave moving with a velocity 500mIs and frequency 50Hz? A. 10m B. 2.5x103m C. O.lm D. Im

76. Find the amplitude & wavelength of the wave in the following displacement-distance graph.

A. 2cm, l Ocm B. 4cm, 20cm C. 2cm, 20cm D. 4cm, l Ocm 77. The time period of a wave travelling at a speed of 500ds is 0.05s. Its

frequency will be A. 1Hz B. lOHz C. 25% D. 20Hz

78. A displacement-distance graph for a wave is shown below. If the wave velocity is 340ds, find the amplitude and frequency.

D h c e Q

A. 0. lcm, 850Hz B. 0.2cm, 566Hz C. 0.6cm, 1700Hz D. 0. lcm, 425Hz 79. We hear the sound of thunder after the flash of lightning. State the reason.

A. lightning occurs first B. lightning occurs near to the observer C. sense of vision is powerful than sense of hearing D. light travels faster than sound

80. Which of the following wave represents a high pitch sound?

A. wave 1 B. wave 2 C. difficult to predict D. Same for both 1 & 2 + Tim 1 second +

DRAFT ACHIEVEMENT TEST IN PHYSICS

RESPONSE SHEET

Name of student: Sex: MiF School:

Standard: Scores obtained

PENDIX VII

ITEM AHALYSIS OF THE DRAFT AC-IT TEST

* indicates selected items

APPENDIX VIII

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES

Standard IX

Mahatma Gandhi University 1998

Achievement Test in Physics

Marks: 50 Time: 65 Minutes

(Choose the most appropriate answer. Each question carries 1 mark)

1. instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure A. Thermometer B. Barometer C. Hydrometer D. Hygrometer

2. The boiling point of water on Kelvin scale is A. 273K B. lOOK C. 373K D. 173K

3. Limits of audibility of human beings A. 20Hz - 20MHz B. 20Hz - 20,000Hz C. 20lrHz - 200kHz D. 20kHz - 20,000kHz

4. Supersonic refers to A. Speed of an object moving with a speed greater than that of sound B. Speed of an object moving with a speed equal to that of sound C. Sounds of frequencies above the upper limit of audibility D. All the above

5. A Musical instrument which produces sound by the vibration of air column A. Guitar B. Violin C. Flute D. Drum

6. When a solid changes into a liquid, the process is called A. Melting B. Vapourisation C. Freezing D. Condensation

7. Waves which are widely used as a diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical tool in medicine A. infrasonic B. subsonic C. supersonic D. ultrasonic

8. 2 Mach number is equal to A. 340ds B. 240ds C. 680ds D. 840ds

9. Bats detect the obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected A. Infrasonic waves B. Electromagnetic waves C. Ultrasonic waves D. Radio waves

10. Waves on the surface of water are A. Longitudinal B. Longitudinal as well as transverse C. Electromagnetic D. Transverse

I I . Decibel is the unit of A. pitch B. loudness C. quality D. frequency

12. If V,, V,,, Vs represent the speed of sound in a gas, liquid and solid respectively, then A. V,<VI<VS B. V,<VS<VL C. VI <Vs<V, D. Vs<VL<Vg

13. If 'm' kg of a substance of specific heat capacity 's' is heated to raise the temperature through tOc, the heat required is J. A. ms/t B. mst C. m/st D. mt/s

14. The quantity of heat energy absorbed during the change of state of unit mass of a substance is A. Latent heat B. Specific heat C. heat capacity D. temperature coefficient

15. The temperature of a body is a measure of the A. Average kinetic energy of the molecules B. Total energy of the molecules C. Total velocity of the molecules D. Average potential energy of the molecules

16. When the volume of a given mass of gas remains constant, the pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. A. Boyle's law B. Ohm's law C. Charle's law D. Newton's law

17. Ratio of the amount of water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount of water vapour required to saturate it is A. Dew point B. Humidity C. Relative humidity D. Latent heat of vapourisation

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of super fluid helium A. liquid crawls up the side of the containing vessel and empties it B. liquid crawls up the side of a vessel and enters in it C. liquid loses its viscosity completely D. liquid loses its conductivity completely

19. A large hfference between the readings of the two thermometers of a wet and dry bulb hygrometer shows that humidity is A. high B. low C. double D. zero

20. If an inflated balloon is compressed, it bursts. The reason for this can be explained by A. Charle's law B. Boyle's law C. Pressure law D. Newton's law

2 1. Which of the following is the highest frequency of vibration? A. 500Hz B. lMHz C. 1OkHz D. 20,OOOHz

22. Sound produced by a wire is of low frequency when A. wire is a thick one B. a short wire is used C. a wire of high tension is used D. All the above

23. Three space crafts moving close to each other in space. Two of them collide each other. The passengers in the third air craft A. can hear the sound B. cannot hear the sound C, can hear the echo D. can hear a louder sound

24. Compressions and rarefactions occur in a A. Transverse wave B. Longitudinal wave C. Electromagnetic wave D. Light wave

25. The distance travelled by a wave in 1 second is its A. amplitude B. velocity C. wavelength D. frequency

26. The distance travelled by a wave during the time a particle of the medium makes one vibration is A. wave length B. amplitude C. velocity D. frequency

27. When frequency of a vibration increases its wavelength A. increases 9. does not change C. decreases D. may increase or decrease

28. In transverse wave motion, the particles of the medium A. vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation B. vibrate parallel to the direction of propagation C. will not vibrate D. travel from one point of the medium to another

29. In longitudinal wave propagation there is A. no pressure variation B. pressure and density decreases C. pressure and density increases D. pressure and density increases and decreases

30. Frequency of a wave is A. number of vibrations per second B. distance travelled in one second C. maximum displacement of the particles of the medium D. distance between two consecutive crests or troughs

3 1. Relation between velocity, frequency and wavelength of a wave A. V=WX B. v=tx c. f=va D. v=wf

32. The maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from their equilibrium position A. wavelength B. amplitude C. velocity D. frequency

33. When a wave passes through a spring A. the particles of the spring vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave

propagation B. the particles of the spring vibrate parallel to the direction of wave

propagation C. the particles of the spring vibrate both perpendicular and parallel to the

direction of wave propagation D. the particles of the medium remain in their own position as the wave

propagates 34. Pitch of sound mainly depends on of vibration.

A. amplitude B. frequency C. energy D. speed 35. Which of the following depends on the intensity of sound?

A. pitch B. timbre C. loudness D. frequency 36. Sound travels slowest in

A. air B. water C. steel D. vacuum 37. Two tuning forks of frequencies 480Hz and 210Hz are excited. Which

one will produce a sound of higher pitch? A. not able to predct B. both will have equal pitch C. tuning fork of 480Hz D. tuning fork of 210Hz

38. If the spec~fic heat capacity of silver is o . ~ ~ x I o ~ J ~ ~ ' c , what is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of lkg of silver through 5Or7 - - .

A. I .2x1035 B. 4 . 8 ~ 1 0 ' ~ C. 2 . 8 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ D. 2 . 5 ~ 1 0 ' ~ 39. If the latent heat of fusion of lead is 26x1o3Jkg, what is the heat energy

required to melt lOkg of lead at its meltin point? F A. 2 6 x 1 0 ~ ~ B. 2.6 xlo5J C. 2.6 x10 J D. 2.6 xlo3J 40. If the pressure of an enclosed gas at 2 7 ' ~ is 1 atmosphere, - atmosphere

will be the pressure at 2 2 ? ~ ? A. 27/227 B. 227127 C. 513 D. 315

41. The temperature of a body changes by 50 '~ . What is the corresponding change in the Kelvin scale? A. 273K B. 50K C. 223K D. 323K

42. A cylinder of volume 600ml contains air at a pressure of 2 atmosphere. If the entire gas is forced into another cylinder of volume 200ml, the pressure will be atmosphere. A. 6 B. 116 C. 312 D. 213

43. Relative humidity of a room at 3 0 ' ~ is 50%. If the temperature increases to 40°C, the relative humidity A. increases B. decreases C. remains the same D. depends upon the size of the room

44. Why the burn produced by steam is more severe than the bum produced by boiling water? A. 1 kg of steam at 100 '~ has 2 .26~10~5 of heat energy more than lkg

of water at 1 OO'C B. I kg of water at 1 0 0 ' ~ needs 2 .26~10~5 of heat energy more to produce

a hum similar to same quantity of steam C. steam contains enormous quantity of heat energy than boiling water D. the latent heat of vapourisation of water is 2260xl0~J/k~

45. A boy stands 68m in front of a high wall and then blows a whistle. What is the time interval when he hears an echo? [Speed of sound is 340mls] A. 0.6s B. 0.05s C. 0.4s D. 2.5s

46. What will be the wavelength of a wave moving with a velocity 500ds and frequency 50Hz? A. lorn B. 2.5x103m C. O.lm D. lm

47. The time period of a wave travelling at a speed of 500ds is 0.05s. Its frequency will be A. IHz B. lOHz C. 25% D. 20Hz

48. A displacementdistance graph for a wave is shown below. If the wave velocity is 340m/s, find the amplitude and frequency.

A. 0.1 cm, 850Hz B. 0.2cm, 566Hz C. 0.6cm, 1700Hz D. 0. Icm, 425Hz

n

49. We hear the sound of thunder after the flash of lightening. State the reason. A. lightning occurs first B. lightning occurs near to the observer C. sense of vision is powerful than sense of hearing D. light travels faster than sound

50. Which of the following wave represents a high pitch sound?

-+Tim 1 second*

A. wave 1 B. wave 2 C. difficult to predict D. Same for both 1 & 2

PENDIX I X

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES Mahatma Gandhi University-1998

Achievement Test in Physics Std : 1X Marks:50

Time:65 minutes

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49. gslrnlmdo7 am&o p s l r n ~ ~ m o a&tboamord &3mmo.

ACHIEVEMENT TEST IN PHYSICS

RESPONSE SHEET --

Standard: Scores obtained Sex: ME

APPENDIX X

A Model of the Lesson Transcript used for initial teaching

Name of Teacher:

Name of School:

Standard: IX

Subject: Physics

Unit: Sound

Topic: Sources of Sound

Strength:

Date:

Duration: 40 minutes

Instructional objectives

The pupil should be able to,

S- compare and discriminate various sources of sound.

w classify natural and artificial sources of sound.

* generalise that sound is produced by the vibration of bodies.

* generalise that a material medium is necessary for the propagation of sound.

Concepts

. Vibrating bodies produces sound.

r Vibrating body, which produces sound, is a source of sound.

. There are Natural and Artificial sources of sounds.

r A material medium is necessary for the propagation of sound.

Previous knowledge

The pupils are able to name various sound sources.

Teaching aids

charts, pictures, round bottomed flask, bell, and spirit lamp.

Pra~arotion Identification of situations where sound is produced and not produced.

Content I Specifications

A vibrating body produces sound.

Stretched rubber band and tuning fork vibrate to produce sound.

Learning activities

Recalls

Evaluation

Recognises

Handles apparatus

Recognises

From positive and negative situations where sound is produced and not produced, students find out the factor which is common in positive examples and absent in negative examples.

A chart with the positive and negative examples is shown.

Teacher demonstrates some simple experiments with the help of pupils. Stretch a large rubber band as tightly as possible and then release it.

What do you observe? Can you hear a sound?

What is the factor, which is common in both types of examples?

Identifies

Ask students to cite more examples of various sources of sound.

When human beings I Recognises !

An excited tuning fork is brought into !

talk, by the vibration of 1 contact with the lips or ears. What

1 I while it is still making a sound. I I

I I

Strike a tuning fork against the palm and then dip it into a glass of water

vocal cords, sound is i Cites examples produced.

I 1

' do you feel?

A s you talk, place the fingers on the throat. What do you feel?

Infers

Generalises

What causes sound?

Based on simple experiments and discussions students are able to amve at a conclusion that sound is produced by the vibration of a material body.

The vibrations of solids, liquids or gases can produce sound.

How is sound produced?

Recognises

Discriminates

Pictures of various sources of sound, which make use of the vibration of solids, liquids and gases, are shown to the pupils.

A vibrating body which produces sound is a 'source of sound'

How is sound produced in the musical instrument Jalatharanga?

I 1

Recognises

' How is sound produced in a flute? I

How is sound produced when a stone falls into a pond?

I How is sound produced in a drum? I

Cites examples

Draws table

by the by the by the vibration vibration vibration of solid 1 :ofliquid o f g a s 1

Pupils give more examples of production of sound by the vibration of solids, liquids and gases.

Prepare a table as shown below Compares classifies

Give an example for a situation where the vibration of a solid produces sound?

Generalises The vibrations of solid alone can produce sound? T/F

Sound produced

I I I

From the above table pupil generalises that a vibrating body which produces sound can be called a 'source of sound'

Sound produced

Sound produced

rhere are many artificial md natural sources of wund.

Sound travels only in a medium

Recalls

Classifies

Finds reason

Students classify the artificial and natural sources of sound.

of sound sources of

Teacher asks a question if we are in the moon and an explosion takes place on the moon. Do you think we can hear it? Explain.

To find out the answer'teacher and pupils setup an experiment

The vibrations of liquid alone can produce sound? T/F

Give two examples of artificial sources of sound.

Give two examples of natural sources of sound.

Draws figure

Take a small quantity of water in a Analyses I round-bottomed flask and boil it till

1 steam fills the flask

Handles apparatus

I

Observes

I I

Compares

Suspend a small bell with a string inside the flask as shown in figure and close it air tight with a rubber cork. Shake the system. Can you hear the bell?

Shake the flask after cooling. I s there any difference in the intensity of sound?

A D D ~ ~ c P ~ ~ o ~ Sound cannot travel through vacuum

Finds reason We may not be able to hear the bell if it is well cooled. What is the reason for this phenomenon?

Generalises

Explains

Applies knowledge in a new situation.

Infers

1 Based on discussions the pupil generalizes that sound cannot travel through vacuum and sound needs a material medium for its propagation.

Pupil answers the question whether sound can be heard if an explosion takes place in moon?

Student infers that sound cannot travel through vacuum and it needs a material medium to propagate

Give an experiment to show that sound needs a medium for its propagation

What are the essential elements required for producing sensation of sound?

Review

Ask pupils to give a small description of what they have internalized.

How is sound produced? r Give a musical instrument, which uses vibrations of r Sound is produced by the _ of a air column to produce sound.

material body. r What do you mean by a source of sound? r Give musical instruments, which produce r Give two examples each for artificial and natural

sound by the vibrations of solid. sources of sound r Give a source of sound, which produces r Give an experiment to prove that sound needs a

sound by the vibration of liquid. medium for its propagation.

Home assignment

1. Identify situations where solids, liquids and gases act as sources of sound. Classify them and prepare a table.

2. Prepare a list of Natural and Artificial sources of sound.

APPENDIX X I

A MODEL OF STRUCTURED PEER TUTORING

Pairing of a master 8 a Preparation of more non-master to dear questions by a new pair

8 conduct quiz Phase Phase 'I1 0 p-ramme

Block diagram of Peer Tutoring

Phase I

Based on the unit certain questions were given to the students.

They are expected to answer these questions based on the unit.

The students who mastered the unit were expected to do this

assignment.

Phase I1

The masters who had completed the assignment were paired with a

member from the non-mastered group. The top scorer will be

paired with the least scorer. They're asked to discuss the questions

and answers and clear doubts.

Phasem They were asked to change the pairs and then prepare more

questions and conduct quiz programme.

Phase N All the students have to write the prepared questions and answers

in their notebooks and submit to the teacher for correction.

PPENDIX XI1

A MODEL OF SMALL GROUP STUDY SESSION

Preparation Evaluation

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Bbck diagram of Small Group Study Session

Phase I - Preparation

Teacher divides the class into fivelsix groups based on a pre-

planned design. Each pupil was given a chance to teach and be

taught by others. They discuss among themselves and seek help

from the teacher whenever needed. Students have the

responsibility to make sure that all the group members have

mastered the topic. Here the pupils express their remarkable

ability to cooperatively correct each other's learning errors.

Teacher gives four workbooks to each group. The students discuss

the items and write the answers. Then they verify their answers

with the answer sheets provided to them. Students complete the

process only when all the students understood the topic.

Phase 111 - Evaluation

In the last stage, the teacher conducts a quiz program. All the

members of the group are expected to answer the questions in a

cyclic manner. The group that received top score will be reinforced

by giving praise words, small rewards etc.

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES

MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY 1998

STUDY MODULE Standard IX

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

Prepared by: Ancey Varughese Guided by: Dr. Celine Pereira School of Pedagogical Sciences Lecturer

Mahatma Gandhr University School of Pedagogical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University

Welcome dear students ...............

To the self study module

-- - - -

This booklet is for self-study for pupils of standard IX. With the

help of this booklet it is easy for you to study the topic 'Modes of

Heat Transfer'. This module contains four capsules. Read each

capsule carefully and try to answer the questions given in the self-

check exercise.

You can observe the pictures given, frame questions on that, find

answers to the questions and finally reach the conclusion. Then

attempt the evaluation session. Though space is provided for

writing the answers, you should write the answers in separate

sheets.

msTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

The pupil will be able to

W= Recall examples from everyday experience for the

transmission of heat from one place to another.

Recognize different modes of heat transfer.

W- Discriminate between different modes of transmission of

heat.

Recognize that different materials conduct heat differently.

'8. Discriminate between good and poor conductors of heat.

'3. Cite examples for practical applications of good and poor

conductors of heat.

@- Cite common examples for convection currents in fluids.

Recognize that heat can be transmitted by radiation through

vacuum.

w Cite examples for transmission of heat by radiation.

CONTENTS

Instructional Objectives

Capsule

1 Flow of Heat

2 Conduction

3 Convection

Answer Key to Self Check Exercises

Capsule 1 Flow of Heat

Capsule 1

FLOW OF HEAT

lmagine it is a warm summer day. You feel it really

hot because, heat flows from the hot sun to your

cooler body. There is nothing you would like more

than a tall glass of iced limejuice. As the ice melts

in your mouth it takes up heat from your body and

leaves you feeling cool.

You have many daily life experiences related to the flow of heat and

you just analyze those situations and complete the following

sentences in your notebook.

(i) Boiling water is poured into a steel tumbler. The tumbler

gets too hot to hold, because heat flows from to

(ii) An iron rod kept with one end in the fire cannot be held a t

the other end. It becomes very hot as heat flows from

Capsule 1 Flow of Heat

(iii) Heat flows from a body at a temperature to a body

at a temperature.

Meenu placed a steel vessel containing water on a fire. Tick off the

statements, which are true.

(i) The steel vessel and all the water got hot at once and she

could not even touch the vessel.

(ii) At first the lowest part of the steel vessel got hot and she was

able to hold the vessel at the top. She could even dip a finger

into the water at the top.

(iii) The steel vessel remained cold but the water got heated

slowly.

(iv) Gradually the water at the top started heating up.

(v) Finally the water began to boil and she could neither hold

the steel vessel nor dip her finger in the water.

, ,, $q/,;;;,

I t is comfortable to sit in the sun in winter because / / I

heat flows from the to your ,/dfl/// - , 1 , i

1 i 1 1 When the sun disappears behind a cloud you feel *

-

Capsule 1 Flow of Heat

Findins:%

(i) Boiling water is poured into a steel tumbler. The tumbler

gets too hot to hold, because heat flows from the water to the

steel tumbler.

(ii) An iron rod kept with one end in the fire cannot be held at

the other end. It becomes very hot as heat flows from the fire

to the rod.

(iii) Heat flows from a body a t a higher temperature to a body at

a lower temperature.

Obsenmtion 2

(ii), (iv) and (v) are TRUE.

It is comfortable to sit in the sun in winter because heat flows from

the sun to your body. When the sun disappears behind a cloud

you feel cold.

Conclusion

I t is found that the steel tumbler and the iron rod (Observation 1)

were directly in contact with the hot bodies. The water

(Observation 2) was not touching the fire but it got hot slowly, till it

began to boil. The sun (Observation 3) is millions of kilometers

from us and yet we feel the heat. Perhaps there is some difference

in the way heat travels in each of these cases. Let u s know more

about them in the coming capsules.

Capsule 1 Flow of Heat

Self check exercise

1. In all the three observations, heat flows from a body a t a

temperature to a body a t a temperature.

2. A metal spoon is placed in a cup of hot coffee. Heat flows from

to

3. Heat flow takes place only when two bodies are in contact with

each other. [TRUE/ FALSE]

4. Heat flow will not take place in vacuum. [TRUE/ FALSE]

Capsule 2 Conduction

Capsule 2

Experimental setup

To do this experiment you require an old clothes hanger, a wide

mouthed bottle with a screw cap, sand, some fevicol, common pins

and a candle. First open out the hanger and remove its plastic

covering if it has one. Open up one side to form a right angle and

fur it on the bottle cap. Fill the bottle with sand so that it will not

topple over.

Place the rod on the ground and keep four common pins on it, as

shown, five centimeters apart. Drip one or two drops of molten wax

from a lighted candle on these pins. When the wax cools and

hardens they will be fured to the rod. Fix the rod in the bottle and

heat its free end in a candle flame. Then observe what happens.

Answer the following:

(i) In which order do the pins fall off?

Capsule 2 Conduction

(ii) This happened because

a. Gravity pulled them off b. The wax melted c. The pins are heavy

(iii) Why do you think that this happens only in this order?

(iv) Suppose the rod is heated as shown in this diagram. In

which order would the pins fall I 2 3 4

off?

a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,3,2,4 c. 4,3,2,1 d. All together

Findings

(i) The pins fall off in the order 4,3,2,1.

(ii) This happened because the wax melted.

(iii) The end of the rod nearest the candle gets heated first. A s

heat travels along the rod it melts the wax. Thus pin 4 falls

off first and pin 1 falls off last.

(iv) Here the pins would fall off in the order 1,2,3,4.

Conclusion

Heat travels in solids by a process of conduction. In a solid the

molecules are packed close together. When we heat one end of a

rod, the molecules in contact with the flame heats up. Heat is

slowly transferred to the other end of the rod without the actual

movement of the molecules. Since the heat is gradually passed to

the other end, through the stationary molecules, the wax near the

heating end melts first.

Ca~sule 2 Conduction

7tansference of heat energy from one part of a body to another part

or from one body to another body in contact with it, without the

actual movement of the molecules is called conduction.

Observation 2

Do you think all solids allow heat to pass through them easily? As

shown in the figure a silver spoon placed in a cup of hot tea

quickly gets hot and is dificult to hold.

A pressure cooker made of Aluminium can be easily lifted off the

flame by using its plastic handle.

In the above two cases,

(i) and permit heat to pass through them

easily. They are called conductors of heat.

(ii) The spoon and cooker get hot quickly because both are made

of -- --

Capsule 2 Conduction

(iii) The handle of pressure cooker is made of which is

a - conductor of heat.

(iv) Why is it possible to hold the hot pressure cooker using its

handle?

Findings

(i) Silver and Aluminium permit heat to pass through them

easily. They are called good conductors of heat.

(ii) The spoon and cooker get hot quickly because both are made

of metals.

(iii) The handle of pressure cooker is made of plastic, which is a

bad conductor of heat.

(iv) The handle of a pressure cooker is made of plastic, which is

a bad conductor of heat. It does not allow heat from

Aluminium to pass to the hand.

Conclusion

Generally all metals are good conductors of both heat and

electricity. Other substances conduct heat by differing amounts.

Substances, which do not conduct heat, are bad conductors.

8elf check exercise

1. Define conduction

Capsule 2 - Conduction

2. In the following list, underline those, which are good conductors

of heat.

[Copper, Wood, Iron, Steel, Paper, Cloth, Plastic, Glass, Wool,

Aluminium, Mud, Bricks, Cotton]

3. Underline suitable answers in each.

a. Coolung vessels are made of

[Aluminium, Wood, Plastic, Steel, Brass]

b. The handles of these vessels should be made of substances

like

[Plastic, Iron, Aluminium, Wood]

4. Which of these teapots would be difficult to hold if it was filled

with hot tea?

(c)

5. Walking barefoot on a stone floor feels cold in winter. Why?

Capsule 3 Convection

Capsule 3

CONVECTION

To understand this concept let us start by performing an

experiment.

Experimental setup

You will need an empty bottle and two bricks on which it can be

supported a s shown in figure. Fill the bottle 3/4th by water. Place a

straw in it and through the straw drop in a small piece of

potassium permanganate. Slowly remove the straw and then light

the candle and watch what happens.

.(

Observation 1

(i) Which of these diagrams shows the movement of the pink

particles of potassium permanganate in the water?

(ii) What happens after a little while?

(iii) Complete the following using these words:

[upward, current, nearer, heated, hot, rising, cold, first,

sinks, temperature, downward]

Capsule :i Convection .

The layer of water to the candle flame gets heated

, - -. -- water is lighter than cold water. It rises -, cold water and takes its place. This in turn gets

and nses and the top layer of water sink. This carries on

till all the water is heated and is a t the same

The movement of the water is called . The

currents are water rising, while the currents

are ____.- water sinking. Together these are called convection

currents.

(i) Diagram (ii) shows the movement of the pink particles in the

water.

(ii) After a little while all the water turns pink and its movement

is not easily seen.

(iii) The layer of water nearer to the candle flame gets heated

first. Hot water is lighter than cold water. It rises upwards;

cold water sinks and takes its place. This in turn gets heated

and the top layers of cold water sink. This canies on till all

the water is at the same temperature.

The movement of water is called a current; the upward currents

are hot water rising, while the downward currents are cold water

sinking. Together these are called convection currents.

Capsule ! - -

Convection

Observation 2

This picture describes the apparatus used by ,,L- / scientists to find out if water is a good conductor of ,," ,, .

heat. Look at it carefully and answer the questions in i ~ / ' , ':

your notebook.

(i) What happens to the water near the flame?

(ii) Do you think the water at the bottom of the test tube is

getting heated? How do you know?

(iii) Do you think water is a good conductor of heat? Yes/No

(iv) Do you think water is heated by convection? (Hint: What

happens to the heated water?)

(v) Ice is wrapped up with a piece of wire. Why?

(vi) What might have happened if the test tube was heated at the

bottom?

(vii) What would have happened if the ice was allowed to float

and the test tube was heated from below?

(viii) Do you think this experiment can be done using wax instead

of ice?

Findings

(i) The water near the flame gets hot.

(ii) The ice has not melted, so heat is not flowing through the

waTeT.

(iii) No

(iv) Convection currents cannot take place. Heated water is

lighter and is already a t the top.

(v) The ice is wrapped up with a wire to make it sink.

(vi) The ice would melt because it would receive heat directly

from the warm water.

Capsule :i Convection ~ - -~

(vii) !F che test tube was heated from below, convection currents

\vodid be set up. Warm water would rise up carrying heat

w i if the ice was floating it would take in this heat and

T f l l ~ i i

(viii) i V a wiil also float in water like ice. A lump of wax must also

be wrapped in something heavy to make it sink. The

experiment can then be carried out.

Conclusion

The mo;ecules in liquids are loosely packed. When heated they get

more kinetic energy and are able to move away faster. They take

the he,=:. with, ihem in the form of Kinetic energy. The slower

molecuies sink to the bottom and get heated in turn. In this way as

convection currents are set up in the liquid, the whole of it is

slowly heated. A similar kind of heating takes place in gases, where

the molecuies are quite free to move. They travel taking heat with

them as ~inet ic energy.

Liquids m d gases get heated by convection. The molecules of these

liquids 2nd gases themselves move, carrying the heat with them.

Self check exercise

2. Mosr 1:qulds get heated by convection rather than conduction.

[TRUE/FALSE]

Capsulri 3 Convection ~~~~.~ ~ ~ -

3. Draw convection current in the following figure.

4. Based on the figure above complete the following sentences.

The air above the candle is . It and

escapes from the box through the hole. air from

outside comes into and takes its place. Thus a current is

setup inside the box.

5. In warm countries small windows called ventilators are usually

placed high up in the walls of the houses. Why ?

Capsule 4 Radiation

Capsule 4

RADIATION

The sun's heat reaches u s across many million miles of space in

which there is no air, there are no molecules to cany the heat.

You know that when heat travels by convection and conduction

both need the molecules of a substance or medium in order to

transfer the heat. Then what will be the mode of transfer of heat

from sun? It is called radiation where heat travels in the form of

rays from a distant source. It heats the object on which it falls,

but does not heat the medium surrounding it.

Ganga stood in front of a fire and placed her hand about 50 cm

above it. It felt warm. She could feel the heat of the fire when she

stood in front of it. She moved further away from it and felt less

warm. When a screen was placed in front of the fire she felt cold a t

once.

Capsule 4 Radiation

Now complete the following sentences using these words:

(two, air, warm, sinks, cold, radiation, rises, conductor, three,

convection, fire, increases, decreases)

Heat from the fire is obtained in ways. Although air is a

Poor , some amount of heat is taken up by it. Mostly

however air gets heated by . The warm air . This

explains why Ganga's hand felt warm when held above the fire. In

front Ganga felt the heat due to from the fire. Radiation

as the distance from the source increases. When the

screen was put in between she felt cold because the does

not heat up the between the and Ganga.

Findings

Heat from the fire is obtained in three ways. Although air is a poor

conductor, some amount of heat is taken up by it. Mostly however

convection heats up air. The warm air rises. This explains why

Ganga's hand felt warm when held above the fire. In front Ganga

felt the heat due to radiation from the fire. The further away she

moved from the fire the more cold she felt. Radiation decreases as

the distance from the source increases. When the screen was put

in between she felt cold because the radiation does not heat up the

air between the fire and Ganga.

Conclusion

Almost all hot bodies give off radiant heat. If you place your hand

a short distance to the side of kettle in which water is boiling you

can feel the heat. When heat travels by radiation it does not need

a medium and does not heat a medium through which it travels.

The heat rays travel in straight lines and heat the object on which

they fall.

Capsule 4 Radiation

Self check exercise

1 . Define radiation.

2. Heat always needs a medium to travel. [TRUE/FALSE]

3. The sun only warms the top layers of water in a pond. Why?

- -- - ---. - --- Answer Key

ANSWER KEY TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES

Capsule 1 - FLOW OF HEAT

1. Heat flows from a body a t a higher temperature to a body a t a

lower temperature.

2. Heat flows from hot coffee to metal spoon

3. FALSE

4. FALSE.

Capsule 2 - CONDUCTION

1 . Transference of neat energy from one part of a body to another

part or from one body to another body in contact with it,

without the actual movement of the molecules is called

conduction

2. Copper, iron, steel, aluminium, tin

3. a) Aluminium, steei, brass

b) Plastic, wood

5. The floor 1s at a iower temperature than the body and takes

away heat from :i

Capsule 3 - CONVECTION

1 . The transference of heat from one piace to another by the actual

movement of liquld or gas particles is called convection.

~~~ ~ ~~ ~~

Answer Key

2. True

4. The air above the candle is heated. It rises and escapes from

the box through the hole. Cold air from outside comes in and

takes its place. Thus, convection current is setup inside the

box.

5. Warm air in the room rises and escapes through the ventilators

high up in the walls.

Capsule 4 - RADIATIOA

1. Radiation 1s a way of transference of heat from a hot body to

a cold one without involving the particles of the medium.

2. False.

3. Heat reaches the surface layers of the pond by radiation

from the sun and warms it. Since hot water is lighter

convection current will not take place and top warm layer of

water remans as such.

SCHOOL OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY

1998

WORKBOOK ON SOUND

I I -- -- r This workbook is a supplement to enable students to test their knowledge and understanding of the topic Sound. Questions are framed so as to test the ability of pupils to apply the acquired knowledge in a new situation.

Prepared by: Ancey Varughese Guided by: Dr. Celine Pereira School of Pedagogical Sciences Lecturer

Mahatma (laricih~ University School of Pedagogical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University

SOUND

1. What is sound and how is it produced?

2. Suppose an explosion takes place on the moon. Do you think we can hear it? Explain.

3. What are the essential elements needed for producing sensation of sound?

4. Bats detect the presence of objects in their path. What is the principle behind this?

5. State two main characteristics of wave motion,

6. What are the two types of wave motions?

7. What is a transverse wave?

8. Write two characteristics of transverse waves

9. Give two examples of transverse waves.

10. What is a longitudinal wave?

1 I . State two characteristics of longitudinal waves.

12. Give two examples of longtudinal waves.

13. Define each of the following terms with reference to wave motion

- - ~ ~ - - --------.--...--.--..-.

(iii) Amplib&: -------- -- ----------------------------------------

(iv) Wave length: ---------------------------------- .-

14. What is the relation between wave velocity, frequency and wave length?

15. What is the relation between frequency and time period?

16. Explain the following.

(i) We hear the sound of thunder after the flash of lighting is seen.

(ii)We can see a fighter aeroplane before hearing its sound.

17. Differentiate between the sound waves and light waves.

18. Compare musical sound and noise.

19. What are the factors on which the loudness of sound depends?

20. What are the ways by which the pitch of a vibrating string can be altered?

21. Which of the two can be heard first, the sound of an approaching train through the rails or the same through the air?

22. What do you mean by quality or timbre of sound?

23. Write two ill effects of sound pollution.

24. Suggest some measures for reducing sound pollution.

25. Calculate the wavelength produced if the velocity of sound in air is 330 mls and the frequency is 825 Hz.

26. A wave has a wavelength of 4 m and frequency of 200 Hz. Find its time period and velocity.

27. What is the speed of a periodic wave disturbance if the frequency is 2.5 Hz and wavelength is 0.6 m.

28. Calculate the wavelength of water waves, which travel with a frequency of 0.5 Hz and speed of 4 m/s.

29. What is the wavelength of a periodic longitudinal wave in a coil spring of frequency 8 Hz and speed 20 d s .

30. The frequency of a radio wave is 600 KHz. Calculate the wavelength of the waves if the velocity is 3x10' m/s.

31. If the velocity of the sound in a medium is 1400 Hz and wavelength is 1 km, what will be its frequency? Can you hear the sound?

32. What is the frequency of a wave whose time period is O.OSs?

33. A water wave is having a wavelength of 2 cm and a frequency of 10 Hz. Find the speed of the wave.

34. The following diagram shows the side view of water waves in a tank. On dipping a stone into water, the disturbance move from A te B in 3s.

A

-1 0 m-

(i) Is there any flow of water in the direction of the wave?

(ii) What type of wave motion is this?

(iii) Name the regions labelled as C and D.

35. Draw a dragram of a wave motion. Indicate crest, trough, amplitude, and wavelength in it.

36. Fill in the blanks.

(i) Sound needs a to propagate.

(ii) In a guitar, sound is produced by the vibration of

(iii) The number of times a body vibrates every second is called its

(iv) Sound of Frequencies above 20000 Hz is called as

(v) Sound travels in the form of

(vi) The greater the amplitude the greater is

(vii) Wavelength of a wave is denoted by

(viii) Speed of a supersonic plane is expressed in

(ix) 1 MHz ( I Mega hertz) = Hz.

(x) Light waves travel with a speed of

37. Indicate whether the statements are True or False. Use (4) marks.

(i) Sound produced in a flute is by the vibration of air column.

(Tme/False)

(ii) Sound travels through vacuum better than through solid.

(Tme/False)

(iii) A thick wire can produce a sound of higher frequency than a thin wire.

(TrueFalse)

(iv) Supersonic refers to speed of an object moving with a speed greater than

that of sound.

(TmetFalse)

(v) In a wave mot~on energy and momentum are propagated.

(TmeEalse)

(vi) There 1s pressure and density variation in longitudinal waves.

(T~e/False)

(vii) Sound waves are transverse. (Tme/False)

(viii) Sounds produced by a woman have a higher pitch than that of man.

(Tme/False)

(ix) Sounds above 120 dB causes pain to ear. (TrueFalse)

(x) Alexander Graham Bell is the inventor of telephone. (TrueIFalse)

38. Match the items in column I with those in column 11.

Column I

(i) 20-20000 Hz

(ii) Decibel

(iii) 3x10' m / s

(iv) Hertz

(v) Above 20000 Hz

Column II

(i) Unit of sound

(ii) Audible frequencies

(iii) Speed of sound in air

(iv) Speed of light

(v) Unit of velocity

(vi) Unit of frequency

(vii)Ultrasonic frequency

39. Provide scientific terms for the following.

(i) The maximum displacement of the particles of the medium from their

mean position when a wave propagates

(ii) The &stance between any two consecutive points, which are in the same

phase

(iii) When sound waves are propagated in air the region where particles are

most closely packed

(iv) The distance travelled by a wave in one second in a particular direction

(v) The property by which it is possible to distinguish two sounds of equal

pitch and loudness, but produced by two different sources is -

40. Choose the answer.

(i) You would expect sound to travel slowest in

A. Vacuum B. Air C. Water D. Steel

(ii) A t u ~ n g fork vibrating 3 12 times per second produces a note. A second tuning fork vibrating 256 times per second produces a note that is

A Lower in p~tch B. Higher in pitch C. Louder D. Softer

(iii) Waves transfer from one place to another

A. Mass B. Energy C. Velocity D. Wavelength

(iv) By the method of echo, speed of sound can be determined using the relation

(v) Bats detect the obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected

A. Infrasonic wave B. Electromagnetic wave C. Radio wave D. Ultrasonic wave

(vi) If a sound wave travels with a speed of 340 m/s and has a frequency of 170 Hz, the wavelength is

(vii) Sound waves are

A. Longitudinal C. Electromagnetic

B. Transverse D. None of the above

(viii) The relation between the wavelength, the velocity and frequency of a wave is given by

A. v- f'h B. v=Wf C.v=Elh D.vf=h

(ix) Increase in loudness of a sound means

A. Increase in wavelength of sound B. Increase in frequency of sound C. Increase in amplitude of sound D. Increase in velocity of sound

(x) Shrillness of a sound depends on

A. Amplitude B. Frequency C. Loudness D. Velocity

APPENDIX XV

A 1 0 H VERBAL GROUP TEST OF

IIPTELLIGElVCE

(FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF KERALA)

A. OUKUMAWM NAIR, M.A., H.&., M.Ed. LECTURER, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,

UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

READ CAREFULLY THE FOLLOWING

o This test will tell you how effectively you can use your power of reasoning to solve certain practical problems.

The test contains certain novel types of problems, in the form of designs. Try to solve them according to the directions, which will be given now.

There are four types of problems in this test. You have twenty problems under each type.

Start doing the problems only when the teacher before you says: "Staft" Stop working immediately as you hear him say: "Stop". Try to work at the problems with as much speed as you can.

Try to get the answers using the instructions. If you have difficulties, get them cleared by the teacher before the test begins.

Follow all the directions given by the teacher. If not, you may get wrong results.

o Do not write or mark on the book or spoil it in any way. It has to be used with hundreds of other beside you. Answers should be entered only in the answer sheets.

P While working on the problems, do not look at the answer sheets of others or guess the answers.

Do not talk or interrupt when the test has begun.

TEST 1

A B C D E

(1

TEST I: FI)I1DmG OUT THE ANSWER AND MARKING THE ANSWER SHEET

Examine problem 1, given here. There are five figures in it, marked A, B, C, D AND E. You can group four of them according to a certain principle, while one will "stand out" from the group. You have to find out the figure, which does not belong to the figure.

In problem 1, figures A, B, D and E can be grouped together (all triangles) while figure C "stands out" (the only circle in the group). The answer to problem 1 is C. Mark C on the answer sheet against 1.

For problem 2, the figure, which "stands outn from the group, is D (this is the only shape in the group which is diagonally placed); mark D in the answer sheet against 2. When you have answered the first four problems like this, the teacher will give you the correct answers to problems 3 and 4. Check your answers.

The remaining 16 problems are on the next page. Wait for the teacher's directions to proceed to the next page.

TURN THE PAGE ONLY WHEN YOU ARE ASKED TO

PROBLEMS ANSWERS

A B C D

TEST II: FWfWG OUT THE ANSWER AND MARKING THE ANSWER SHEET

Examine problem 1, given here. The design consists of five small squares. The first four squares contain small figures within, while the last square is blank. You have to find out the figure which, when placed in the empty square, will complete the design. The answers are given on the right.

The figures in the design follow a certain law. Looking at the fwst four figures, you have to decide what would follow as the fifth figure. In problem 1, you will notice that all the four figures are circles. So, the fifth figure, which should follow, must also be a circle. Looking at the answers given (to the right of problem) you will notice that the answer is B. Mark B on the answer sheet against number 1.

For problem 2, the answer is B (the dark square and the square with a circle alternate in the design); mark B against 2 in the answer sheet.

When you have answered the first four problems like this, the teacher will give you the correct answers to problems 3 and 4. Check your answers.

The remaining 16 problems are on the next page. Wait for the teacher's directions to proceed to the next page.

TURN THE PAGE ONLY WHEN YOU ARE ASKED TO

PROBLEMS ANSWERS

PROBLEMS ANSWERS A B C D

TEST 111

PROBLEMS ANSWERS

A B C D

TEST Ill: F M W G OUT THE ANSWER AND MARKING THE ANSWER SHEET

Examine problem 1, given here. There are four squares in it. They are divided into two groups of two on the left and two on the right. Examine the two squares on the left. They indicate a relationship. Try to find out this relationship. The first figure is a big triangle while the second figure is a small triangle. How can you get the second figure from the first? The rule is "by making the first figure smaller". Now proceed to the other two squares in the problem. The fmt contains a large circle. The second is empty. Apply the rule, which you have just found out (for the first two squares) and decide the shape that must come in the blank square.

If you apply the rule correctly (making the first figure smaller to get the second) you will get the answer: a small circle. Looking at the four answers (given to the right of the problem), you will find that the correct answer is given there as A. Mark A against 1, in the answer sheet.

For problem 2, the answer is B (rule is: same shapes facing each other); mark B against 2, in the answer sheet.

When you have done the first four problems like this, the teacher will give you the correct answers to problems 3 and 4. Check your answers.

The remaining 16 problems are on the next page. Wait for the teacher's directions to proceed to the next page.

TURN THE PAGE ONLY WHEN YOU ARE ASKED TO

PROBLEMS

( 5 )

A B C D

ANSWERS

A B C D

I'KOBLEM PROBLEM

( 1 ) ( 2 )

ANSWERS ANSWERS

I'KOBLEM PROBLEM

ANSWERS ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 3

A B C D

ANSWERS

TEST N: FlNDtNG OUT THE ANSWER AND MARKING THE ANSWER SHEET

Examine problem 1, given above. There are nine squares in it, all together forming one design. The design is incomplete because the bottom right hand comer is left blank. You have to find out the figure which when put into the blank will complete the design.

To find out the answer, you may examine the three rows in the design. You will notice that the figures in the first and second rows are formed according to one principle (the squares in the first and second rows contain the same figures). The third row should also follow the same law. Apply this principle to the third row and guess the figure that will complete the third row. You will find that an X' mark in the blank square will complete the design. Then all the three rows will follow the same principle. Examine the four answers given. You will notice that B is the correct answer for this problem. Mark B against 1 in the answer sheet.

You may also find out the answer by considering the three columns in the design (instead of rows). A s before, you can find out the principle followed by the squares in the first and second columns, apply it to the third column and find out the missing figure. You will get the same answer as before.

You may do the problems either way, whichever, is convenient to you.

For problem 2, the answer is C (the same figure for each row and therefore the shape 'A' for all the squares in the last row). Mark C against 2, in the answer sheet.

When you have answered the first four problems like this, the teacher will give you the correct answers to problems 3 and 4. Check your answers.

The remaining 16 problems are on the next page. Wait for the teacher's directions to proceed to the next page.

TURN THE PAGE ONLY WHEN YOU ARE ASKED TO

KERALA NONVERBAL GROUP TEST OF INTELLIGENCE

RESPONSE SHEET FGf zudent Standard Swres obta~ned

School

Q.No.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

- -

Test 1 - Test U A B C D E A B C D A B C D A B C D

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Test 111 Test IV

APPENDIX XVI

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

TRIVANDRUM

GENERAL DATA SHEET rnMaq-ut

moovdnwjm o d o o ~ a w a 1o~rwwlrSyo mowl.,J pmmo ,,g)w~amanlsmmri @qmldh Wmmnmut a6h3sjmlslmIsmmri mlmuQ@ r r u o s r u w l ~ s a m o @ ~ oomlewm3 amomr~~mlernml~rn

opml mswo@o ( ) p s i &

APPENDIX XVII

KERALA UNIVERSITY SCIENCE INTEREST INVENTORY

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

nhjodmmbdm" d m [ d a m p @mo ~dru&mh@kua ng)Lmmxmo mo&dmAo

@ommi & m ~ d s I m ~ r m m l m ~ ~ &loo adoo&mcd mqm adepi&@ld o&osi

dmlmo~rmi . moamo auoojmlm~o mowoman mlmcd odag/oml&"soqsp 3 ~n l ru~ml&cd ~ 7 m 0 o . f~ ,os~mI~~d . mrua i i 4 Ldaml\&o m m & m m @ j o o&osi

m m i l ~ i d . 3 i~cupnml&@~o odgimmlm' mlmcdm" amladoom m~omm~ru io

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L ~ K u ~ ~ I ngjmoo6mmW d m ~ m m l m m ~ . m~de,mo ommomsimp-n ~drupm%w

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mmilwio o&os~mImlm~rmmi amomi&.

1. A oornai&~mja&o2J gdawocnld m m m l o ~ w s m ~mlacmowlmp.

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C m3dInnjmmlow mlmm idamm&cd dmlamowleo~&.

2. A cn&onn~d&mmmcd rmaspd cumimp

-- -

7. A mldlw nnmo mla&cd acmarnl~ mp%s=ilm~& B c&llnjm~rnmj bodnupcd ocmmmly' riupsAmp C didwnnmo m ~ m w m c d om6umld m~mlmm

8. A ngd.ml.mil. w l d nnaocnmodhp

B madmi ~ q 1 . m rmaomm3&p C amoosljm8 mdmln;i elld rmaocnmo&p

9. A rilmdinnmcd m o w l m p B q,wj3csml& a m o ~ o a @ d m p d p h & m c d N3wldf6)p

C mwdm" r n ~ d i & & & aowlmop

10. A ooa~mj~nn&~mnrnmlo~ mom&& mldmdlm~& B nnsla&od cn~annod&mmmcd mldmdlmp C &@rnq~~o&36"1 rnmpihm~dmcd mldm%&&

28. A q d s o amom1 d d w moajma@m&o rmomma@aup dg1 d o l m p B w l m m g j o s d l~mo amom1 rmacuwps ~dcudmmmlml do lm i& C d w l w &@I&@~s mlaummd d ~ d m & m d amoml d o l m p

B wlwlwmmo ~mmdh1smd @m3m)mi1om~Im,~@ dm'ktnmd mmql a3mp

C m3m3a3mil mmm@&os cmgddaoruomggIw~@ d m l ~ m m d mmql

34. A dorm0 m s l m ~ r m m ~ amoml mmqlwomjdh

B 11300 ~ m 3 m ~ r m m l d dam1 m m q l w o m p

KERALA UNIVERSITY SCIENCE INTEREST INVENTORY

RESPONSE SHEET ~~~~-

Name of student: Standard: Scores obtained Sex: M/F

APPENDIX XVIII

A TEST OF SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE BY

DR. A. SUKUMARAN NAlR & P.G. SOBHANA DEVl UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

TRIVANDRUM 1978

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SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDE SCALE

RESPONSE SEEET

Standard: Scores obtained Sex: ME

APPENDIX XIX

KERALA SCALE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION Dr. A. SUKUMARAN NAlR

PROFESSOR& HEADDEPT-OF EDUCATION

LlNMmsm OFCALICUT

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KERALA SCALE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

RESPONSE SHEET . - -

Name of student Standard: Scores obta~ned

School. --

APPENDIX XX

KERALA SELF-CONCEPT SCALE Dr. A. SUKUMARAN NAIR

PROFESSOR & HEAD. DEPT. OF EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

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KERALA SELF-CONCEPT SCALE RESPONSE SHEET

Name of student Standard: Scores obtained

School

r - Section A I Section B