Ancient Rome

Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History

Official Chronology

• April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome

Official Chronology

• April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome

• 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings

Official Chronology

• April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome

• 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings

• 509 B.C.E. - Republic

Official Chronology

• April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome

• 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings

• 509 B.C.E. - Republic

• 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii

Official Chronology

• April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome

• 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings

• 509 B.C.E. - Republic

• 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii

• 27 B.C.E. – Empire (Augustus)

Official Chronology

• April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome

• 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings

• 509 B.C.E. - Republic

• 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii

• 27 B.C.E. – Empire (Augustus)

• 330 C.E. – Constantinople Eastern capital

Official Chronology

• April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome

• 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings

• 509 B.C.E. - Republic

• 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii

• 27 B.C.E. – Empire (Augustus)

• 330 C.E. – Constantinople Eastern capital

• 476 C.E. – Fall of Rome

Religion

Roman Architecture

• Roman Innovations

• Domestic Architecture (Houses and Insulae)

• Public Architecture

Innovations in architecture

Arch

Voussoir

Arches

Barrel Vault

Centering

Groin Vault

Concrete – Opus Caementicium

Main Construction Models

Capitals

Composite Capital

Tuscan Doric Ionic Composite Corinthian

Domestic Architecture

Typical Domus

cubicula

House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, 300 BCE

House of the Faun, Pompeii, 2nd century BCE

House of the Vettii, Pompeii, 2nd century BCE

Insula Insulae (pl.)

Villas

Hadrian’s villa – Tivoli123-135 C.E.

Pecile

Canopus

Maritime Theater

Public Architecture

Fora, Basilica, Bath Complexes

Amphitheater, Circus

Aqueducts, Temples

Roman Forum (Forum Romanum)

Imperial Fora

Basilica

Basilica Ulpia, Forum of TrajanAppoloro of Damascus (98-117 C.E.)

Public Baths

Baths of Caracalla (211- 217 C.E.)

Frigidarium

Amphitheater

Coliseum, Rome (72-80 C.E.)

Circus Maximus

Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France, c.16 BCE

Temples

Greek Temple

Temples

Greek Temple Roman Temple

Temples

Roman Temple

Temples

Etruscan Temple Roman Temple

Temples

Parthenon

Temples

Parthenon Maison Carrée (Nîmes)

Temples

Temple of Veio Maison Carrée (Nîmes)

Temples

Maison Carrée (Nîmes)

Temples

Jefferson’s State Capitol in (Virginia) 1785 Maison Carrée (Nîmes)

Unites States Capitol, Washington, 1793.

Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France

Pantheon, 117 -125 C.E.

coffers

Oculus

Arch of Titus, 80 CE

Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE

Roman Painting

4 Pompeian Styles

Pompeian Style

• Eruption of Vesuvius – 79 CE

• Buon Fresco

• Small amount of wax to increase the surface shine

First Pompeian Style(from 2nd century B.C.E)

First Pompeian Style(from 2nd century B.C.E)

Painted regular squares meant to resemble marble facing

Samnite House, Pompei(2nd century B.C.E)

Second Pompeian Style(1st century B.C.E)

Villa Boscoreale, Boscoreale(40-30 B.C.E.)

Large mythological Scenes and/or landscapes. Illusionistic

Villa of Mysteries, Pompei(c.60-50 B.C.E)

Third Pompeian Style

Third Pompeian Style

Small scenes set in a field of colour and framed by delicate columns of tracery

Lucretius Fronto’s house, Pompeii,

4th Pompeian Style (50-79 BCE)

4th Pompeian Style (50-79 BCE)Combined elements from the 3 others

Casa dei Veitii, Pompeii

Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c.65-50 BCE

Villa della Farnesina, 19 CE, Palazzo Massimo

Villa della Farnesina, Criptoportico A 19 CE, Palazzo Massimo

Villa della Farnesina, Cubiculo B, 19 CE, Palazzo Massimo

Leucoteaand

Dionisios

Hercules strangling the Serpents, House of Vettii, Pompeii, 63-79 CE

Foreshortening

Still life with Peaches, c. 50 CE, ftomHerculanum

Mummy case of Artemidoros, from Fayum, AD 100-200

Encaustic: colored waxes burned into a wooden surface

Innovations in Roman Painting

• Encaustics

• Linear Perspective

• Atmospheric Perspective

• Foreshortening

Roman Sculpture

Portrait

Commemorative reliefs

Classical Greeks vsRepublican Romans

Greek Roman

Classical Greeks vsRepublican Romans

Greek Roman

Republican

509 – 27 BCE

Patrician with two ancestors

busts, 1st century BCE

Head of a Roman patrician, Republican Roman, c.75-50 BCE

Veristic sculpture

Capitoline Brutus, 4th

century BCE

Imperial

Augustus of Prima Porta,

20 CE

Augustus from via Labicana

Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, 164-166 CE

Ara Pacis, Rome, 13-9 CE

Tellus Relief, Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE

Procession, Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE

Procession, Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE

Arch of Titus, Roman Forum, 81 CE

Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, 81 CE

Trajan’s column, Rome, 113 CE

Ar

Late Imperial

Late Imperial Sculpture

• Lack of individuality

• Crowded composition

• Proportions are truncated

• No contrapposto

• Bodies lifeless behind masking draperies

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, c.250-260 CE

Tetrarchs

Instituted by Diocletian in 284 CE

4 Emperors in 4 cities

• Milan

• Trier (Germany)

• Thessaloniki (Greece)

• Nicomedia (Turkey)

The Tetrarchs, 300 CE

Monumental Head of Constantine, from the basilica of Constantine,

313 CE

Summary

• Great builders / New architectural forms • Concrete Revolution (domes, barrel vault and

groin vault)• Monumental buildings• Influence of Greek and Etruscan traditions• Painting: perspective and foreshortening• Sculpture: Veristic Portrait during Republican

time• Art of Propaganda during Empire• Large Impact on Western Art