Ancient Greek Pottery

The Importance of Pottery Storage containers,

cookware and dishes were as necessary for the Ancient Greeks as they are for us.

Without much glass and with metal expensive, clay was a very handy material.

Clay Clay is inexpensive and readily available. It is weathered rock that has crumbled to

dust. Found in its original location, it is called

primary clay. In the Mediterranean region, most clay

has been deposited by glaciers and is known as secondary clay.

The impurities in clay give it varying colors. For instance, red clay contains iron.

Clay It is easily worked

and can be shaped as desired.

Once fired it is quite strong and waterproof.

It makes an ideal material for containers of all sorts.

Working With Clay

The first step is to remove rocks, shells and other materials.

This is done by mixing the clay with water in a process called levigation or elutriation.

This allows the impurities to sink to the bottom of the mixing tub. The more often this is done, the smoother the clay becomes.

Throwing pots The clay is next kneaded

and placed on a wheel. As the wheel spins, the

potter shapes the clay and forms it into the desired shapes.

Large pots are made in sections. Handles, feet and spouts were also fabricated separately.

Sections are glued together with a layer of thin, watery, clay, known as a slip.

Decoration Once made, the

entire pot is painted with a thin black slip. How this slip is applied will create an image.

The entire object is then fired – in 3 stages.

Pottery Art Only men were allowed to make pots

in Ancient Greece, though women were permitted to paint them.

Pottery was frequently made by slaves.

What survives is often not high art. Really valuable containers tended to be made of bronze, silver or gold. However, little of this survives because the metal was reused. Pottery fragments, having no real value, survive.

Pottery Art Despite it being a

lesser form than metal-craft, some excellent creations exist.

Greek pottery and painting evolved into a significant art form.

Form and Function

Pots were shaped according to their function.

Form & Function

Large storage containers were called amphora and are made with two carrying handles..

Form and Function

Small storage boxes were called pyxis.

Form and Function

Small vases for perfume or oil were called Alabastron.

Form and Function

Athletes kept their oil supply in small containers called Aryballos

Form and Function

Hydria were used to carry water from wells, springs or rivers.

Form and Function

Kraters were bowls to mix water and wine in.

Form and Function

Wine was ladled from kraters into shallow wine cups called kylix.

Form and Function

It was also poured directly out of wine jugs called oinochoe.

Form and Function

Lekythos were used to store oil

Periods and Styles Pottery is one of the

oldest surviving art forms from Ancient Greece.

Works and fragments survive from the 2nd millennium BC to the end of the 1st century BC.

Greek pottery was traded throughout the Mediterranean world and beyond.

Periods and StylesMinoan & Mycenaean

Minoan & Mycenaean pottery is the oldest that we know of.

It was exuberantly decorated.

It tends have as a trait “horror vacui” or fear of leaving open space.

Periods and StylesGeometric

The next style to pervade exhibits a different sensibility.

From the end of the 2nd millennium the geometric style dominates.

Regular geometric patterns and shapes, not animal forms, are pervasive.

Periods and StylesOrientalizing

Contact with Asia brought new innovation in design.

The next stage is therefore known as the orientalizing period.

Plants and animals reappear in the bands of design.

Periods Periods and StylesOrientalizing

During the orientalizing period (roughly 725-650 BC) the black figure technique is employed in Corinth.

In the 7th century BC, this spreads to Athens.

Periods and StylesArchaic

The Archaic style existed from around 700 to 480 BC.

Mythology and life became important subjects.

Some artists signed their work.

Periods and StylesBlack-Figure

The Black-figure style really did not dominate until the 6th century BC.

Artists painted black images silhouetted against the natural red clay background.

Details were inserted by etching the black figures.

White or purple paint could then be added.

Periods and StylesRed-Figure

The red-figure style appeared between 530-525 BC.

It was achieved by simply reversing the manner of black figure painting.

The red figures are reserved and the background is painted.

This is more difficult but it allowed the design to be seen better at a distance and it leaves the contour of the pot more visible.

Periods and StylesClassical

Interestingly, the classical period saw change, but not necessarily any improvement in technique.

Some observers actually feel that things worsen as greater freedom brings less balance.

Some suggest that pottery artists were trying to outdo the painters of the day. However, this cannot be confirmed or denied, since no paintings have survived.

Periods and StylesClassical – White Ground

One significant innovation is the painting of a large part of the pot with a white background.

This creates almost a canvas upon which the artist can easily work.

The End

By the end of the 5th century BC, pottery painting seems to lose its status as an art form. Some suggest that metal bowls and vases were now favored by the rich.

Outside Greece, local manufacturing continued, particularly in what is now Southern Italy.

In the 3rd century BC, the painting of pottery before firing seems to end. Decoration was now separate from potting entirely.