ancient egyptian pyramids & religion of the old kingdom

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Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

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Page 1: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Page 2: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Objectives: You Will Be Able Too..

• Discuss Egypt’s Old Kingdom.• Discuss how Egypt was ruled by all-powerful

pharaohs and the social structure.• Explain ancient Egypt’s religion and its relationship

to daily life.• Discuss why the pyramids were built.

Page 3: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

I. The Unification of Egypt

• 3100 B.C- Menes of Upper Egypt unites Upper and Lower Egypt.–First pharaoh of Egypt.–Founded Egypt’s first dynasty.–Moved capital to Memphis.–Pharaohs wear the double crown (red &

white) to symbolize unification.

Page 4: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

II. Early Egyptian Society

• 2700 B.C. begins the Old Kingdom period. 2700-2200 B.C.

Page 5: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

A. Rule by Pharaohs

• Pharaoh- kings and gods- all powerful.• Many responsibilities and blame for problems.• Hired government officials who were respected.• Most famous pharaoh- Khufu 2500’s B.C.

Page 6: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

B. The Social Structure

• Pharaoh at the top of society.• Upper Class- Nobles, priests, govt. officials.• Middle Class- scribes, craftsmen, merchants.• Lower Class- 80% of population, mostly farmers,

with slaves and servants below.

Page 7: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Egyptian Society page 91

Page 8: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Scribes

• Wrote magical texts

• Issued royal decrees

• Kept records for the government of Ancient Egypt

Page 9: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

III. Religion & the Afterlife• Egyptians had strong religious beliefs.• Worship was a part of everyday life.• Most religion focused on the afterlife.• Happy afterlife, ideal world, not gloomy.• Ka- person’s life force, at death left the body

and became a spirit.• The Ka Needed to be reunited with the

body.

Page 10: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

A. The Gods of Egypt

• Polytheistic.• Old Kingdom structured beliefs- same gods.• Built temples which collected payments.• Cities like Memphis became centers of worship.• Gods for everything- mixed human/animal features.• Major Gods- Re, Osiris, Isis, & Horus.

Page 11: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

B. Burial Practices

• Believed that a body had to be prepared before burial as the Ka needed to recognize the body.

• Embalming and mummification: preservation.• Only royalty and the elite could afford it.

– Complex, took several weeks.

• Peasants- shallow graves, natural preservation.• Tombs filled with items needed for the afterlife.

Page 12: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Gods and Goddesses

• Many gods and goddesses had only a local following

• Some were worshipped throughout the country

• The importance of the gods depended on the region and who was ruling at the time

Page 13: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Amon-Re

• A form of the sun god

• In many legends, he was the creator of all things

• Often depicted as a human with a hawk’s head

Page 14: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Osiris

• God of the underworld

• Often pictured as a mummified man wearing a tall white crown with two ostrich feathers

• Married to the goddess Isis

Page 15: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Isis

• The wife and sister of Osiris

• Represented the power of love over death

• Egyptian women believed Isis first taught them to grind corn, spin flax, and care for children

Page 16: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Horus

• The son of Osiris and Isis

• Depicted as a man with a falcon head wearing a crown with a cobra

• Believed to be the first divine king of Egypt

Page 17: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Set

• The god of disorder

• Depicted as a human with an animal head and an arrow-like tail

Page 18: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Anubis

• The god of embalming

• Presided over the mummification process

• Pictured as a human with the head of a jackal

Page 19: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Temples

• Temples were considered dwelling places of the gods

• Each city had a temple for the god of that city

• The temple was a cosmic center through which men talked to the gods

Page 20: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

The After-life• After death a

person’s mummy traveled to the underworld

• They passed through seven gates each requiring a magic spell

• Then they arrived at the Hall of Osiris

Page 21: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

The After-life• Here the dead person claimed their

innocence of crimes against man and the gods

• Then their heart was weighed against the feather of truth and justice

Page 22: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

The After-Life

• If their heart was equal to the weight of the feather the person achieved immortality and passed into the Happy Field of Food

• If it was not, they were devoured by the crocodile-shaped Eater of the Dead

Page 23: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

The Book of the dead• First appeared around 1600 B.C.• Text was the dead person’s guide

to a happy afterlife• Was intended to be read on the

journey to the underworld• Contained spells, passwords and

routes to help the dead overcome the obstacles of the underworld

Page 25: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom
Page 27: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Steps to Mummification

• Organs removed from body and stored in Canopic Jars

Page 28: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Steps to Mummification

• The body cavity was then packed with a salt called natron for 40 days

Page 29: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Steps to Mummification• After 40 days the body cavity was filled

with linen or sawdust, resin, and natron.• The body was then wrapped in linen with

amulets and charms hidden between the layers

Page 30: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Steps to Mummification

• The wrapped body, or mummy, was then placed in a coffin with portrait mask over the head

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Burial• The coffin was then placed in a tomb with

furniture, statues food and other items useful for the after life.

Page 34: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Burial• The final ceremony performed by the priest

was the Opening of the Mouth• This gave the deceased the ability to speak,

eat and have full use of the body in the after-life

Page 35: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

IV. The Pyramids

• Spectacular monuments to bury rulers.• Began during the Old Kingdom.• Great Pyramid at Giza- built for Khufu.• Engineering marvel- size showed importance.• Belief that the pharaoh was a link to the gods and

a happy afterlife.

Page 36: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Mastaba & Step Pyramid

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Page 39: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

How was a Pyramid Built?

• Built by farmers, artisans, and laborers during the floods (Inundation).

• Studied astronomy- entrance faced north.• Invented a calendar: 365 days, 12 months.• Advanced math- geometry, number system

based on 10, fractions.• Used ramps, sleds, and barges to move materials

hundreds of miles to the site.

Page 40: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Building the Pyramids pages 94-95

Page 41: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Building the Pyramids

Page 42: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

The Great Pyramid• Built c. 2540 for King Khufu at Giza .• Located about 10 miles from Cairo on the West

Bank of the Nile.• 2 million, 2.5 ton stone blocks. 500 feet tall.• Tallest structure in the world for 4000 years.• Built without using beasts of burden, special tools,

or even the wheel.

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Egyptian Writing(Hieroglyphics) P.103

Page 49: Ancient Egyptian Pyramids & Religion of the Old Kingdom

Conclusion

• Religion was very important to the ancient Egyptians

• Their beliefs about the after-life shaped everything from their architecture to their daily lives

The End