ancient civilizations

ArabsArabs = nomadic bedouins, Semitic speaking people who lived in Arabian PeninsulaHostile surroundings made the Arabs move constantly to continue to feed their animalsArabs organized into independent tribes to help each other with difficult livesSheikh = leader of tribeEarly Arabs herded sheep & farmed on the Arabian peninsulaAfter domestication of camel, expanded caravan trade from between Persian gulf & Mediterranean

www.knowmuhammad.org

Bedouins


Arabs Before Islam

Early Arabs were polytheistic, Allah = main god

Traced their ancestry to Abraham & his son Ishmael ,

who were believed to have built a shrine called the

Kaaba at Mecca

Black Stone, cornerstone of Kaaba, revered for its

association with Abraham


Muhammad

Muhammad is the final prophet, he believed in Jesus, Moses and all the prophets in the Old Testament.He called for believing and revering all the other prophets and their holy books.He led a simple life, never indulged himself in the then customs, used to retire from the world in a cave in Baca to worship the One God. He was predicted in the Holy Book and all the ancient Holy Books.In twenty three years, he could change the whole of the Peninsula into Islam.


Muhammad called for pure monotheism, he called for

the same God of the Holy Book.

His prophethood is supported by many evidences:

Physical evidences

Prophecies that came true in his time in our modern age

Mental evidence

The Holy Quran which proves its divinity through

scientific statements.

Muhammad


Mosque Of The Prophet

In Madinah


Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem:Where the Prophet Muhammad

Ascended Into Heaven


ISLAM Islam means the utter submission to God, it also means peace.Islam is the same religion that all the prophets called to.Islam is a universal religion that all the world should follow.The basic sources of Islam is the Holy Quran and the Sunna of the Prophet( traditional sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad)Islam arranges the relation between the Muslim and his Creator, the Muslim and his soceity, the Muslim nation and the other nations.


The Quran:

Holy Book Of Islam


The Quran, the last revealed word of God, is the primary source of every Muslim’s faith and practice. It deals with all the subjects which concern human beings: wisdom, doctrine, worship, transactions, law, etc., but its basic theme is the relationship between God and His creatures. At the same time, it provides guidelines and detailed teachings for a just society, proper human conduct, and an equitable economic system.

The Quran

Five Pillars of Islam

- Faith – Allah is the one true god and Muhammad is

his prophet.

- Prayer – five times a day toward Makkah .

- Alms Giving.

- Fasting – during Ramadan from sunrise to sunset.

- Pilgrimage - a hajj to Makkah once in lifetime


The Confession of Faith

There is no deity except Allah

(the One and Only God ,)

Muhammad is the Messenger

of Allah .


Celebrating The Last Day of Ramadan


Eid Al-Fter is celebrated on the last day of the fasting month of Ramdan, it starts with a certain prayer, people usually visit each other on that day, all Muslims should give alms to the poor.

Muslim Pilgrimageis the pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the largest

pilgrimages in the world, and is the fifth pillar of Islam, a religious duty that must be carried out at least once in their

lifetime by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so


Al-Haram Mosque Holds the Kaaba


Kaaba


Values:Honor parentsBe kind to neighborsProtect widows and orphansGive to the poorAnd many others

Forbids: Polytheism MurderStealingLyingAdultery

Forbids:GamblingPorkAlcohol

The Quran

Regulates:MarriageDivorceInheritance

Business

Endorses:Polygamy

Jihad when necessary


Creation of Arab Empire

After the death of the Prophet, Abu-Bakr became the leader of the Muslim nation.He was chosen to be the leader for his piousness and righteousness.He collected the Holy Quran after shortly after the death of the prophet.

By 650 Egypt, Syria, & Persian empire were part of Arab empire/ Done under leadership of Bakr


The Meaning of Jihad

1 .Jihad against oneself - the daily struggle against evil

and temptation in life .

2 .Jihad with knowledge - the struggle to use knowledge,

particularly from the Qur'an, to fight ignorance and to gain

converts to Islam not through battle, but through the power

of Qur'anic knowledge .

3 .Jihad with wealth - the struggle to give up material


wealth for the benefit of Islam, through charitable

donations .

4 .Jihad with the sword - the physical struggle to defend

Islam against harm from unbelievers. Muslims believe

that if they give their lives in this military jihad they will

be rewarded with eternal paradise .

5 .Jihad through righteousness - the struggle to

continuously undertake good deeds to please God and

benefit humanity.www.knowmuhammad.org

Arab Empire

First 2 caliphs after Abu Bakr were killed In 656

Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, became caliph but

was assassinated 5 years later


Ali's Shrine


Umayyad Dynasty

In 661, general Mu’awiyah became caliph. He Was known for only using force if necessary He spread Islam in Africa.He Occupied southern Spain/ By 725 Spain was Muslim stateArabs were defeated at Battle of Tours ending European expansion


Damascus:Umayyad Capital


Abbasid Dynasty

In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty & founded Abbasid which lasted until 1258In 762, Abbasid built new capital of Baghdad on the Tigris river/ location took advantage of river & caravan traffic.Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through golden age/ known for charity and patronage.His son, Al Ma’mun, was a great patron of learningBaghdad became center of a huge trade empire.


Baghdad


Abbasid Dynasty Falls

Abbasid experienced problems; fighting over succession of caliphVast wealth led to financial corruptionShortage of qualified Arabs to fill government positions allowed non-Arabs to become a dominant force in the military & bureaucracy which led disintegrationRulers of provinces began to break awaySpain, Morocco, Egypt = independent with own

caliphate


Samanid MosqueIn Bukhara

Umayyad MosqueIn Spain


Seljuk Turks & Crusades

Fatimid dynasty became center of Islamic civilization = important because it was located on Nile river = CairoCreated a strong army by non-native soldiers = Seljuk TurksSeljuk Turks = nomadic people from central Asia, converted to IslamTook over much of Abbasid empire & captured Baghdad; held political and military powerTurks took over Anatolian plateau, Byzantine empire turned west for help


Crusades

Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked Christian states of Europe for help against TurksEuropeans agreed and a series of Crusades began in 1096Crusaders put Muslims on defensive first

1169 ,Saladin took control of Egypt & ended Fatimid dynasty, took offensive @ Christians

1187 ,Saladin’s army destroyed the Christian forces in the kingdom of JerusalemMain effect of Crusades = centuries of mistrust between Muslims & Christians


Mongols

Pastoral people who came out of the Gobi desert in early 13th centuryWere highly destructive conquerors whose goal was to create such a terror that people would not fight backThey swept the world, including some parts of the Muslim world.

They embraced Islam, the first time the conquerors embraced the religion of the qonquered .


Mongols

Mongol leaders began to convert to Islam &

intermarried with local peoples

14th century, Mongol empire split into separate

kingdoms Islamic empire ended Because Mongols

had destroyed Baghdad, Cairo became center of

Islamic civilization


Genghis Khan United Mongol Cavalry



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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.angelfire.com/il/hanli/images/Hulagu1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/1146/&h=169&w=207&prev=/images?q=Hulagu&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8

Islamic Civilization

Arab empire was generally prosperous Based on extensive trade by ship & camel Camel caravans went to Morocco in far west to countries beyond Caspian SeaTrade began to prosper during Abassid dynastyLarge magnificent cities began to prosper……..Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, CordobaIslamic cities had their own physical appearancePalace & mosques = most impressive buildingsFountains, public baths, bazaars


BAZAARS


Islamic Society

Muslims live their lives in accordance with Allah’s teachings revealed in the QuranIslam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah/ was not always the case in the Arab empire = well defined upper class of ruling families & wealthy merchantsSlaves were not considered equal/Muslims could not be slaves/ Slaves came from south Africa or Asia, mostly captives of war/treated pretty well, many were set freeWomen were not treated equal, Quran does not tell men to do so


Islamic Achievements

Medicine : developed medicine as a field of study/ Ibn Sina wrote medical encyclopedia, Canon of Medicine, it showed how diseases could spreadHistory : Ibn Khaldun proposed cyclical history, cause & effect, wrote Muqaddimah- Intro to HistoryLiterature: Omar Khayyam wrote Rubaiyat/ Arabian Nights (1001 Nights) collection of folktales & fables that were first told orally & then written down over many yearsArt/Architecture : blends together Arabic, Turkish, & Persian traditions


Islamic Achievements

Art is expressed in Mosques/ decorations = arabesques- geometric patterns of Arabic letters, plants, & abstract figuresNo representation of Muhammad in any art/ prophet warned against imitating God by creating picturesGreat Mosque of Samarra is the largest Mosque ever built = present day Iraq, covers 10 acresMosque in Cordoba, Spain = 514 columns make building

into a forest of trees\Palaces reflected the glory of IslamAlhambra in Granada, Spain is finest Islamic palace


Ibn Sina


Islamic Art


ancient civilizations

Spiritual

islam islam

muhammad muhammad

pillar of islam

benefit of islam

pillars of islam

muhammad ishis prophet

final prophet

true god