1) A glomerulus is A) the expanded end of a nephron. B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C) the source of erythropoietin. D) attached to the collecting duct. E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

2) Urine is eliminated through the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

3) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

4) In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells calledA) glomerulocytes.B) juxtaglomerular cells. C) tubular cells. D) macula densa cells. E) podocytes. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

5) You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of associated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.A) polycystic kidneyB) glomerulonephritisC) cystitis

D) diabetesE) renal calculiAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

6) The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by A) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine. B) releasing erythropoietin. C) releasing renin. D) regulating NaCl levels in the blood.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

7) How is the kidney involved with normal bone ossification and development?A) Growth hormone is produced by the kidneys.B) Osteoblasts migrate from the kidney into the bone.C) Growth factors from the kidney direct the growth the epiphyseal cartilage plate in the bone.D) Injury to bone triggers a response in the kidney, which makes more rennin hormone.E) The kidney produces calcitriol.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

8) The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by A) the overlying peritoneum. B) contact with adjacent visceral organs. C) supporting connective tissues. D) the renal fascia. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

9) The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement. A) polycystic kidney disease B) floating kidney C) pyelonephritis D) renal calculi E) renal failureAnswer: BLearning Outcome: 26-2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

10) The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx. A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)B) distal convoluted tubule C) papillary duct D) renal corpuscle E) ureter Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

11) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels?1. afferent arteriole2. arcuate artery3. interlobar artery4. renal artery5. glomerulus6. cortical radiate artery7. efferent arteriole8. peritubular capillaryA) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8 Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney

Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:

12) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

13) Identify the structure labeled "8." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

14) Identify the structure labeled "11." A) renal pelvis B) minor calyx

C) ureter D) major calyx E) renal column Answer: ALearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

15) Identify the structure labeled "9." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

16) Identify the structure labeled "3." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

17) Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule B) distal convoluted tubule C) collecting ducts D) proximal convoluted tubule E) glomerulus Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

18) The renal threshold for glucose is approximately ________ mg/dl. A) 75 B) 90 C) 100 D) 140

E) 180 Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

19) Substances larger than ________ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) glucose C) albumin D) amino acids E) urea Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

20) Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following except A) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. B) increase the glomerular filtration rate. C) trigger renin release. D) produce renal ischemia. E) reduce blood flow to kidneys. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

21) Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.A) 480B) 180C) 125D) 18E) 1.8Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

22) Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures?1. blood hydrostatic pressure 2. capsular hydrostatic pressure 3. capsular colloid osmotic pressure 4. blood colloid osmotic pressure 5. urinary bladder hydrostatic pressureA) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.C) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.

D) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.E) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

23) The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is A) blood colloid osmotic pressure.B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.C) osmotic pressure of the urine.D) capsular hydrostatic pressure. E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

24) A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due toA) excessive ADH secretion.B) absence of ADH.C) hematuric oliguria.D) overproduction of aldosterone.E) dilation of the afferent arterioles.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

25) Which of the following substances undergo tubular secretion? A) water B) glucose C) ammonium ions D) sodium ions E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Figure 26-2 The Nephron

Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:

26) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

27) Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2 Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

28) Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6 Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

29) Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? A) 1 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 and 6 E) 4, 5, and 6 Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

30) Where would penicillin be secreted? A) 6 B) 5 C) 4 D) 3 E) 3 and 4 Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

31) Where does secretion mostly occur? A) 5 B) 1 C) 3 D) 4 E) 2 Answer: ALearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

32) Which area is sensitive to aldosterone? A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 3 E) 5 Answer: ELearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

33) Where does osmosis of water in the countercurrent multiplier process occur? A) 5 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 1 Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

34) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. A) stratified squamous B) pseudostratified columnar C) simple cuboidal D) transitional E) simple columnar Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

35) The detrusor muscle A) moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. C) functions as the internal urinary sphincter. D) functions as the external urinary sphincter. E) surrounds the renal pelvis. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 26-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

36) The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

37) Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all of the following except A) a decline in the number of functional nephrons. B) a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate). C) increased sensitivity to ADH. D) problems with the micturition reflex. E) loss of sphincter muscle tone. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 26-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

38) Each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree except the ________ system. A) urinary B) integumentary C) digestive D) endocrine E) respiratory Answer: DLearning Outcome: 26-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

39) Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer.1. lamina propria 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium2. muscularis externa 5. serosa3. submucosa 6. muscularis mucosaeA) 5, 2, 3, 6, 1, 4 B) 4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5 C) 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 5 D) 5, 4, 2, 6, 1, 3 E) 1, 4, 3, 6, 2, 5 Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

40) Digestion refers to the A) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.B) mechanical breakdown of food. C) chemical breakdown of food. D) mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

41) The activities of the digestive system are regulated by A) hormones. B) parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. C) the contents of the digestive tract. D) intrinsic nerve plexuses.E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

42) Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) submucosal plexus D) muscularis mucosa E) adventitia Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

43) Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the A) mucosa. B) submucosa. C) muscularis. D) adventitia. E) serosa. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

44) A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the A) anal canal. B) esophagus. C) stomach.

D) oropharynx. E) oral cavity. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

45) What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver? A) falciform ligament B) greater omentum C) mesentery proper D) lesser omentum E) diaphragm Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

46) A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would A) increase intestinal motility. B) decrease intestinal motility. C) increase gastric secretion. D) decrease gastric secretion. E) interfere with both intestinal motility and gastric secretion. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-1Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

47) ________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity. A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four E) Six to Ten Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

48) A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is theA) uvula. B) pharyngeal arch. C) palatoglossal arch. D) palatopharyngeal arch. E) epiglottis. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

49) The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called A) enamel. B) cementum. C) dentin. D) pulp. E) periodontium. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

50) A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands wouldA) occur when too much protein is ingested. B) cause mumps. C) interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. D) prevent emulsification of lipids. E) inhibit the secretion of saliva from other glands.Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

51) In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the ________ glands.A) mandibular B) sublingual C) parotid D) submandibular E) lingual Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

52) Which of the following is not a function of the tongue? A) manipulation to assist with chewing B) mechanical processing C) passing food across occlusal surfaces D) secretion of mucins E) All of these are functions of the tongue.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

53) Functions of teeth include A) tearing. B) crushing. C) cutting.

D) clipping. E) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

54) ________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. A) Canines B) Bicuspids C) Cuspids D) Incisors E) Molars Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

55) ________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding. A) Molars B) Cuspids C) Eye teeth D) Canines E) Dentins Answer: ALearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

56) The epithelium lining the oropharynx isA) simple squamous.B) simple cuboidal.C) simple columnar.D) stratified squamous.E) pseudostratified squamous.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-3Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

57) Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in A) mastication. B) moving the tongue. C) swallowing. D) esophageal peristalsis. E) opening the cardiac sphincter. Answer: C

Learning Outcome: 24-4Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

58) Parietal cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastrin. C) mucus. D) hydrochloric acid. E) enteropeptidase. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

59) The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the A) cardia. B) pylorus. C) fundus. D) antrum. E) body. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

60) The pylorus empties into theA) ileum. B) colon. C) cecum. D) jejunum. E) duodenum. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

61) During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, A) the stomach responds to distention. B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells. C) increased production of gastric juice occurs. D) the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. E) production of gastric juice slows down. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-5

Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

62) All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it A) precedes the gastric phase. B) functions to control the rate of gastric emptying. C) involves both neural and endocrine reflexes. D) helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficiency. E) begins when chyme enters the small intestine. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

63) All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it A) has a simple columnar epithelium. B) is covered by a thick, viscous mucus. C) is constantly being replaced. D) contains gastric pits. E) recycles bile. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

64) Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6): 1. intestinal phase 4. prepares stomach for arrival of food2. gastric phase 5. stomach empties and decreases secretions3. cephalic phase 6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme A) 1 and 4; 2 and 5; 3 and 6 B) 1 and 6; 2 and 4; 3 and 5 C) 1 and 5; 2 and 4; 3 and 6 D) 1 and 6; 2 and 5; 3 and 4 E) 1 and 5; 2 and 6; 3 and 4 Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

65) A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in A) a lower pH during gastric digestion. B) a higher pH during gastric digestion. C) decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells. D) increased protein digestion in the stomach.

E) decreased gastrin production. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Figure 24-1 The Stomach (dissected)

Use Figure 24-1 to answer the following questions:

66) What is the function of the structure labeled "6"? A) strains materials entering the stomach B) regulates gastric emptying C) mixes stomach juice into food D) controls contraction of stomach muscles E) prevents food from entering the esophagus Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

67) Identify the structure labeled "4." A) longitudinal muscle layer B) circular muscle layer C) oblique muscle layer D) submucosa

E) rugae Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-5Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

68) The villi are most developed in the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) gallbladder. E) cecum. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

69) Which of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine? A) the circular folds B) the villiC) the microvilli D) intestinal movements E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

70) The middle segment of the small intestine is the A) ileum. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) pylorus. E) cecum. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

71) The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is A) enterocrinin. B) secretin. C) cholecystokinin. D) GIP. E) gastrin. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

72) The gastroileal reflex

A) empties the duodenum. B) promotes gastric secretion. C) decreases peristaltic activity. D) moves some chyme to the colon. E) is relayed through the CNS. Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

73) Enterogastric reflexes A) inhibit gastric motility. B) inhibit gastric secretion. C) are triggered by chyme entering the duodenum. D) involve the enteric nervous system. E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

74) In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the A) blood levels of secretin rise. B) blood levels of cholecystokinin fall. C) blood levels of gastrin rise. D) blood levels of enterocrinin fall. E) liver releases enzymes for chemical digestion. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

75) A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect A) acid production by the stomach. B) the composition of pancreatic secretions. C) the delivery of bile. D) digestion of lipids and proteins. E) All of the answers are correct.Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

76) If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of A) bilirubin. B) amylase. C) cholecystokinin. D) secretin. E) gastrin. Answer: B

Learning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

77) In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid A) rich in enzymes. B) rich in bicarbonate ion. C) rich in bile. D) rich in mucus. E) that contains only amylase. Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

78) Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? A) increased clotting time B) jaundice C) portal hypertension and ascites D) decrease in plasma protein productionE) All of the answers are correct. Answer: ELearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

Figure 24-2 The Wall of the Small Intestine

Use Figure 24-2 to answer the following questions:

79) What is the function of the structure labeled "7"? A) production of sodium bicarbonate B) production of lipase C) protection from bacteria D) production of hydrochloric acid E) production of pepsinogen Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

80) Which structure controls the contraction of the muscularis externa? A) 2 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11 Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

81) Contraction of the muscle layer labeled "9" causes the digestive tract to A) constrict. B) shorten. C) dilate. D) fold for increased surface area. E) secrete enzymes. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

82) Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the A) anus. B) anal canal. C) rectum. D) sigmoid colon. E) rectal column. Answer: CLearning Outcome: 24-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

83) Carbohydrate digestion begins in the A) mouth. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) duodenum. E) ileum. Answer: ALearning Outcome: 24-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

84) Which of the following is false concerning the process known as cotransport? A) Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported. B) More than one molecule or ion is moved through the cell membrane at one time. C) ATP is not required by the transport protein. D) Molecules can be moved against a concentration gradient.Answer: ALearning Outcome: 24-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

85) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)?A) where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenumB) carries absorbed sugars and amino acidsC) stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluidD) causes gallbladder to contractE) stimulates gastric secretion Answer: D

Learning Outcome: 24-7Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

86) A viral infection that often involves the parotid glands, which swell noticeably, is A) parotiditis.B) mumps.C) dysphagia.D) polyps.E) gingivitis.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-2Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

87) Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as A) hepatitis C.B) ascites.C) hepatitis B.D) cirrhosis.E) gastritis.Answer: BLearning Outcome: 24-6Bloom's Taxonomy: Application

88) Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called A) chylomicrons.B) countertransporters.C) vesicles.D) micelles.E) varicosities.Answer: DLearning Outcome: 24-8Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge