Anatomy Unit 1 Test Review

I. Anatomical Terms

-Superior, Inferior, Cranial, Caudal, Rostral, Anterior, Posterior, Dorsal, Ventral, Medial,

Lateral, Intermediate, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep,

-Body Planes - Frontal Plane, Transverse Plane, Sagittal Plane,

-Body Cavities –

- Dorsal

-Cranial

-Spinal

- Ventral

-Thoracic

-Pericardial

-Pleural

-Mediastinum

- Abdominopelvic

-Abdominal

-Pelvic

II. Tissues – a group of cells working together to perform a function

-Epithelial

-Linings and coverings (skin and membranes)

-Secretion and absorption

-No blood supply

-Connective – produces an extra-cellular matrix

-Bone

-Cartilage

-Blood

-Dense Connective Tissue – Ligaments and Tendons

-Adipose – fat

-Muscle

-Nervous

III. Bone Microanatomy

-Parts of a long bone – compact bone, spongy bone, cartilage, periosteum, Sharpey’s fibers,

red marrow, yellow marrow, epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity,

-Bone types – long, short, flat, irregular (give examples of each)

- Functions of processes and cavities

-Functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

IV. Ossification

- Role of cartilage

- Appositional vs. Longitudinal growth

- Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

- Purpose of bone remodeling

V. Names of Bones in Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

-Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeleton

-Parietal bone, occipital bone, frontal bone, temporal bone, mastoid process, styloid process,

zygomatic bone, maxilla, mandible, mental foramen, nasal bone, lacrimal bone, ethmoid

bone, sphenoid bone, vomer, zygomatic arch, foramen magnum, palatine bone, hyoid bone,

cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum, coccyx, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs,

costal cartilage, manubrium, sternum, xiphoid process, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, clavicle,

scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, carpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula,

tarsals, metatarsals, hamate, pisiform, triquetral, lunate, trapezoid, trapezium, scaphoid,

capitate, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform, navicular, talus,

cuboid, calcaneus, ilium, ischium, pubis

VI. Joints

- Functional classifications

- Structural classifications

- Structure of a synovial joint – tendons, ligaments, synovial fluid, cartilage

- Types of synovial joints – the name of each, type of movement allowed by each,

examples of where each type can be found in the body

VI. Fractures

- Simple vs. Compound

- Types – comminuted, compression, depression, impacted, spiral, greenstick

- Steps of fracture healing

VII. Bone Forensics

-How can you distinguish between a male and a female when looking at their skeletons? Pubic arch and

jaw line are the easiest ways.

Digestive System Review

-Know the structure, function, monomers/subunits, polymers, and examples of the 4 types of

macromolecules.

-Know what enzymes are, how they work, and the vocabulary associated with them.

-Know the molecular (coenzymes, cofactors, inhibitors) and environmental factors (temperature, pH,

substrate concentration) that influence enzyme function and how they influence enzyme function.

-Know the structures of the digestive system and their functions. Be able to label them on a drawing.

-Distinguish between chemical and mechanical digestion. Where and how does each occur?

-What is chyme?

-Know the 5 major enzymes involved in digestion. Know where they are produced, where they are used,

what substrates they act upon, and what products result from each.

-What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in the digestive system? Where is it produced? Where is it

used?

-What is the function of bile in the digestive system? Where is it produced? Where is it concentrated and

stored? Where is it used?

What are the fingerlike projections in the small intestine? What is their function? Why are they

important?

-Describe the relationship between humans and bacteria in the large intestine. What type of bacteria are

involved in this relationship?

-Describe the regulation of water reabsorption in the digestive system. Where does it occur? What

results if it’s not done correctly?

-What is hepatitis? Distinguish between Type A and Types B & C.

-What are cirrhosis and jaundice?

Urinary System Review

Explain the types of transport used to move substances into/out of the cell. Identify each as

passive or active transport and explain why. Give examples of substances that use each type.

This should include: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis &

exocytosis.

Explain the movement of water into/out of a cell based on the relative concentration of solute

inside & outside the cell. This should include discussion of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic

solutions.

What is homeostasis?

What is nitrogenous waste? Where does it come from? What type is initially made by your

cells? What does your body convert it to? Where and why does this conversion take place?

Describe the structure and function of the following parts of the kidney and be able to label them

on a diagram: hilum, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal capsule, renal pyramids, renal columns,

renal artery, renal vein, renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

Describe the function of the following parts of a nephron and be able to label them on a diagram:

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule,

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle (descending limb and ascending limb), distal

convoluted tubule, collecting duct

What are nephrons? How many are found in a typical kidney?

Describe blood pressure inside the glomerulus and explain why it is the way it is.

What is selective reabsorption? Where does it take place? What substances are involved? What

types of transport are used to move each of these substances back to the blood?

What is osmoregulation?

What is ADH? Where is it produced? What is its function? What happens when it is

present/absent? How does alcohol influence the production of ADH?

At what percentage must the kidneys be working in order for an individual to be considered

healthy?

What is dialysis? How does it work?

What substances are found in the urine of a healthy individual? What is indicated if the following

substances are found in the urine? Glucose, blood, protein

What type of drugs can be detected by urinalysis? How long can different types of drugs be

detected in the urine?

Integumentary System Review

-Describe the different types of membranes. What type of tissue are they made of? Where are they

found? What are their functions?

-Describe the layers of the skin. What types of tissue is each layer made of? Know the layers of the

epidermis and the dermis.

-What is keratin?

-Describe the following skin disorders and what causes them: athlete’s foot, boils/carbuncles, cold sores,

dermatitis, impetigo, psoriasis,

-How and where are new skin cells produced?

-Describe the location and function of the following skin appendages: hair, sebaceous glands, eccrine and

apocrine sweat glands (distinguish between the two), nails, arrector pili muscles,

-Know the following terms for discolored skin and possible causes: cyanosis, erythema, pallor/blanching,

carotenosis, jaundice, hemotomas,

-Describe the different levels of burns.

-Identify and describe the following part of the skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, sweat gland,

sebaceous gland, hair root, hair shaft, hair follicle, arrector pili