anatomy: skeletal system functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

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Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

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Page 1: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Anatomy: Skeletal System

functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Page 2: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Skeletal System: Functions

Bones are living structures with 5 functions:

• protect internal organs

• support the body

• make blood cells

• store minerals

• provide for muscle attachment

Page 3: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Classification of bones

• Long bones• Short bones• Flat bones• Irregular

bones• Sesamoid

bones

Page 4: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Classification of bones

The femur is an example of a long bone

Page 5: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Classification of bones

These are short bones

Page 6: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Classification of bones

These are considered flat bones

Page 7: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Classification of bones

Vertebrae are irregular bones

Page 8: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Classification of bones

kneecap (patella) is a sesamoid bone

Page 9: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Review of bone tissue

1. Osteocyte 2. Canaliculi 3. Matrix 4. Haversian (central)

canal5. Lamella6. Haversian system

(osteon)

Page 10: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Parts of a bone

•Diaphysis - shaft of bone

•Epiphyses - ends of bone

•Articular cartilage - covers epiphysis at a joint

•Periosteum - membrane covers outer bone surface

•Endosteum - lines medullary cavity

 

 www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/

bisci004a/bone/bone.htm

                           

Page 11: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Parts of a bone

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Page 12: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

WHY WE NEED CALCIUM You may know that calcium plays an

important role in building healthy teeth and bones. What you may not know is that calcium is vital to every cell of the body for muscle function, nerve transmission, blood clotting and many other uses. When you don't get enough calcium in your diet, the calcium stored in your bones is "stolen" to supply the rest of your body. Hence, your bones suffer the consequences of a low-calcium diet. This is why the bones become more susceptible to fractures.

Page 13: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Where bones meet

A point where two or more bones connect is called a joint. There are two different types of joints in the body:

• Movable joints (like ball-and-socket, hinge, gliding and pivot joints)

• Immovable joints (like the bones of the skull and pelvis) which allow little or no movement

Page 14: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

There are approximately 206 bones in the body. How many of them can you identify on this skeleton?

Page 15: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Account for 206• 8 cranium (1 Occipital, 2 Parietal, 1Frontal, 2

Temporal, 1 Sphenoid, 1 Ethmoid)• 14 face (2 Nasal, 2 Maxillæ, 2 Lacrimal, 2

Zygomatic, 2 Palatine, 2 Inferior Nasal Conchæ, 1 Vomer, 1 Mandible)

• 6 ears• 1 hyoid• 26 Vertebral column-7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5

lumbar, (1)5 sacral, (1) 4 coccygeal• 25 Sternum and ribs• 64 Upper extremities• 62 Lower extremities

Page 16: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Skull

The skull is made up of 22 bones (8 paired and 6 unpaired) joined by tight sutures

• 8 bones to cranium• 14 bones in the face Other bones in the

area:• 6 bones (3 each) ears• 1 hyoid

Page 17: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

In the lateral view above label the following bones:Cranium•Frontal 1•Parietal 2•Temporal 2•Occipital 1•Sphenoid 1•Ethmoid 1

Page 18: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

In the lateral view above label the following bones:

Face

Maxilla 2

Zygomatic 2

Lacrimal 2

Nasal 2

Vomer 1 NS

Palatine 2 NS

Inferior nasal concha 2 NS

Mandible 1

Page 19: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Hyoid bone

Page 20: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bones of the ear

each ear malleusincusstapes

Page 21: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Vertebral column

Your back is made up of a series of bones called “vertebrae." Together they form a flexible column. (left)  There are a total of thirty-three vertebrae and they are grouped under the names cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.  There are 7 cervical region, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal

Page 22: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Lumbar vertebrae

fibrocartilage intervertebral disc

Page 23: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Name the vertebrae

1.2.3.4.5.

Page 24: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Scapula

Compare the shoulder joint (glenoid) with the hip joint (acetabulum)

Note the spine, acromion process & coracoid process.

Page 25: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Scapula and clavicle

Page 26: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Clavicle

Pectoral girdle for the humerus

Page 27: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Sternum and ribs

Notice the parts: manubrium, blade (gladiolus) and xiphoid process

The ribs enclose the thoracic cavity. What are true ribs, false ribs & floating ribs?

Page 28: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Upper limb

scapula clavicle humerus radius ulna

Page 29: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Shoulder joint

The shoulder joint is the joint with greatest ROM (range of motion) of any joint. But the wide range of motion is at the expense of stability. A lack of stability results in a joint that is loose with a tendency to dislocate (come out of its socket). The joint and the tendons about the joint are subjected to considerable wear and tear leading to degeneration of the joint surface giving rise to arthritis and tears in the supporting tendons .

Page 30: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Anatomy of shoulder

The shoulder is made up of three bones, the scapula, clavicle and humerus.

Page 31: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Torn rotator cuff

MRI of a torn rotator cuff. The supraspinatus tendon normally extends over the head of the humerus. Courtesy S. Sadiq, M.D.

Page 32: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

x-ray of elbow

Page 33: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Lower arm

• radius• ulna

Page 34: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bones of the wrist and hand Label:

phalanges metacarpals carpals

– Hamate – Capitate – Trapezoid – Trapezium – Triangular – Lunate – Scaphoid – Pisiform (not shown in

this posterior view)

Page 35: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Male pelvis, hip, os coxa

• ilium• ischium• pubis

Page 36: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Female pelvis

The pelvic girdle is formed from 2 pelvic bones joined to the sacrum (base of spinal cord). In front the pelvic bones are held together by the pubic symphysis joint. This joint allows only slight bending movement, but it softens and becomes more flexible in a female giving birth.

Page 37: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Acetabulum

This is a view of the right pelvic bone. It is formed from 3 fused bones: the ilium (green), ischium (yellow) and pubis (red). The 3 bones meet in the acetabulum (hip socket) at point A.

Page 38: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Leg bones

• Femur• Tibia• Fibula• Patella

Page 39: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

X-ray of knee

Page 40: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

knee surgery post-op 48 hours

Basically, the ACL runs in a left to right direction and provides support for pivoting motions. In most cases people can live with an ACL tear they just have to be careful and potentially limit certain activities

Page 41: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bones of the foot

• phalanges • metatarsals • tarsals: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Lateral

cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Medial cuneiform

Page 42: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Trauma

Fracture Definition - a break in the continuity of a bone or cartilage.

Classification • Closed fracture (simple) - no

communication with the outside environment.

• Open fracture (compound) - communication with the outside environment.

Page 43: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

Comminuted Fracture

This is a plain film of the left forearm and wrist which has at least five fragments of bone.

Page 44: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

A skeletally immature person suffered an ankle injury, resulting in a Salter-Harris Type III fracture. Note that the lateral aspect of the distal physis of the left tibia is separated with extension of the fracture line into the epiphyseal component of the distal tibia.

Page 45: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

Open fractures have contacted the environment. They are most commonly seen in vehicular or motorcycle accients and they are at high risk for infection or osteomyelitis.

Page 46: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

This is an image of a spiral fracture. Note the wavy appearance of the fracture due to torque through the bone. You often see spiral fractures in children when they twist an ankle or knee. This can be extremely alarming because a spiral fracture in children who are not yet walking can be due to child abuse.

Page 47: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

This is an image of a greenstick fracture. Due to the pliability of pediatric bone, the bone does not completely fracture. The medial side of the radius is open where as the lateral cortex has simply buckled.

Page 48: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

This is an example of a stress fracture of the tibia (arrows). Stress fractures are a common result of overuse or stress on the bone. It is desirable to catch them before they become complete fractures because they are non-displaced and in perfect anatomic alignment so they tend to heal well with appropriate treatment.

Page 49: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

This is a radiograph of the anterior superior illiac spine of the pelvis of a high school sprinter. Note the bony fragment that has dissociated from the pelvis (arrow). The patient pulled the bone fragment off the pelvis at the point of the Sartorious muscle attachment and subject to possible fracture at times of intense stress.

Page 50: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Bone fractures

This is an image of a both bone forearm fracture. The callus or fracture fragments have caused the bone to ossify between the radius and ulna fusing the forearm and preventing pronation or supination.

Page 51: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Dislocation of the elbow

Page 52: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Osteomyelitis (bone infection)

This is an advanced case of osteomyelitis that had been developing for approximately 3 to 4 months at the time of the plain film. Note the mixed lytic and sclerotic processes that are occurring in the bone.

Page 53: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD or osteoarthritis)

• Primary osteoarthritis - most common in the older age group as the result of wear and tear on articular cartilage over time.

• Secondary osteoarthritis - results from a previous process that damaged cartilage such as trauma, inflammatory arthritis.

• The most commonly involved joints in primary osteoarthritis are: – Distal interphalangeal joints – First carpometacarpal joint – Weight bearing joints: spine, hips, knees

Page 54: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Inflammatory Arthritis

• An inflammatory process with the target organ being the synovial membrane leading to pannus formation (inflammatory exudate in the lining of the synovial cells).

Page 55: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Rheumatoid arthritis

Diagnosis usually made by plain film

Osteopenia - a demineralization of the bone - is the result of increased blood flow, due to inflammation, which washes out the calcium.

Page 56: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis affecting the hands

Page 57: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Tumor involving bone• Primary tumors

Benign – Osteoid (e.g., osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma) – Chondroid (e.g., enchondroma) – Fibrous (e.g., non-ossifying fibroma) – Mixed (e.g., osteochondroma) Malignant – Osteoid (e.g., osteosarcoma) – Chondroid (e.g., chondrosarcoma) – Fibrous (e.g., fibrosarcoma) – Mixed (e.g. dedifferenciated chondrosarcoma) – Metastatic tumors

Page 58: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Benign Versus Malignant Tumor

• Left image is an enchondroma in a metacarpal bone. It is a sharply marginated, lucent structure. It is a slow growing tumor.

• The right image, however, is an osteosarcoma in the femur. The tumor is growing beyond the margins of the bone and it is difficult to discern the full extent of the tumor. These features suggest it is an aggressively growing tumor.

Page 59: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Ankle sprain

A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments connect one bone to another bone at a joint and help keep the bones from moving out of place. The most common site of sprains is the ankle

Page 60: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Ankle sprain

Although ligament damage frequently occurs during athletics or exercise, ankles are just as often injured stepping off a curb, into a pothole, or onto uneven ground.

Page 61: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Ankle sprain Upon physical examination, the

ankle will exhibit swelling and discoloration (black and blue) over the outside part of the joint. Touching of the area will result in a variable amount of discomfort. Frequently, there is instability notes on the drawer test as the heel structures are moved forward and back as the leg is stabilized. Range of motion (ROM) in the ankle can be limited due to pain and swelling, but strength is not usually affected. X-rays are essential, as the possibility of a fracture must be ruled out.

Page 62: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Ankle sprain-Grade I

• Mild sprain, mild pain, little swelling, and joint stiffness may be apparent

• Stretch and/or minor tear of the ligament without laxity (loosening)

• Usually affects the anterior talofibular ligament

• Minimum or no loss of function • Can return to activity within a few days

of the injury (with a brace or taping)

Page 63: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Ankle sprain-Grade II

Page 64: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Ankle sprain-Grade II

• Moderate to severe pain, swelling, and joint stiffness are present

• Partial tear of the lateral ligament(s) • Moderate loss of function with difficulty

on toe raises and walking • Takes up to 2-3 months before

regaining close to full strength and stability in the joint

Page 65: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

Ankle sprain-Grade III• Severe pain may be present initially, followed by little

or no pain due to total disruption of the nerve fibers • Swelling may be profuse and joint becomes stiff some

hours after the injury • Complete rupture of the ligaments of the lateral

complex Usually requires some form of immobilization lasting several weeks

• Complete loss of function and necessity for crutches • Usually managed conservatively with rehabilitation

exercises, but a small percentage may require surgery • Recovery can be as long as 4 months

Page 66: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

How can ankle sprains be treated?

Many doctors suggest using the RICE approach—

Rest Ice Compression Elevation

                                           

Page 67: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

RICE approach Rest• Rest--You may need to rest your ankle, either completely or partly,

depending on how serious your sprain is. Use crutches for as long as it hurts you to stand on your foot.

• Ice--Using ice packs, ice slush baths or ice massages can decrease the swelling, pain, bruising and muscle spasms. Keep using ice for up to 3 days after the injury.

• Compression--Wrapping your ankle may be the best way to avoid swelling and bruising. You'll probably need to keep your ankle wrapped for 1 or 2 days after the injury and perhaps for up to a week or more.

• Elevation--Raising your ankle to or above the level of your heart will help prevent the swelling from getting worse and will help reduce bruising. Try to keep your ankle elevated for about 2 to 3 hours a day if possible.

Page 68: Anatomy: Skeletal System functions, names and numbers of bones, problems

References

The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration, edited by Peter Cull (Park Ridge, NJ: Parthenon, 1989) members.aol.com/Attic21/Anatomy/skullans.html

Virtual Hospital ® is the Apprentice's Assistant www.vh.org/.../Lectures/icmrad/ skeletal/Parts/Compound.html

The Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma www.nismat.org/ptcor/ ankle_sprain/