anatomy & physiology - new

8/14/2019 Anatomy & Physiology - NEW

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Anatomy of Human Body


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Basic Definitions

Anatomy-Study of human organs, their

shape, size, position relative to other organs,

their tissues & cells.

Physiology-Study of functions

of human organs in normal conditions


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Anatomydeals with the structure

(morphology) of the body and its parts

Physiologystudies the functionsof these

parts

Two disciplines are closely interrelated

Introduction


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Cell

Simplest & smallest functional units

of living matter that can maintain life &

reproduce themselves.

Different types of cells

(e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, etc)


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Structureof Cell


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Cell

Simplest & smallest basic functional units

of living beings

Can maintain life & also reproduce

Different types of cells

Blood cell

Nerve cell


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Various Parts of Cell

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm which contains cell organelles

Nucleus


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Tissues

A group of cells with similar structure &

function is known as tissues

4 basic tissues in the human body are: Epithelial

Connective

Muscle Nervous


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Human Body

Human body has several levels of organization

The levels are

Chemical level Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

System level Organismic level


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Homeostasis

Cells in the body require a relatively stableenvironment to survive & function

Any change in their environment can causethe cells to reduce their level of function ordie.

The process of keeping the environment

stable is termed as homeostasis

Controlled by Nervous system & Endocrinesystem


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Classification of Systems

Systems involved in protection&

movement

Integumentary or Skin & Soft tissue, Skeletal,

Musculoskeletal System

Systems involved in controllinghomeostasis

Nervous & Endocrine system

Systems involved in maintaininghomeostasis

Cardiovascular, Lymphatic & Immune,

Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Excretory,

Reproductory systems


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Circulatory

Digestive

Endocrine

Immune

Integumentary Musculoskeletal

Nervous

Reproductive

Urinary

Haemopoetic


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Skin & Soft Tissue

The largest organ of the body

Made up of :

Epidermis Dermis

Subcutaneous tissue, which contains fat

Dermis contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat

glands & sebaceous glands


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Skin Structure


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Comprises of all the bones in the body

skeletal muscles, their associated cartilage

& joints of the body.Functions:

Supports & protects various organs of thebody

Assists in body movements & maintainsposture

Bone marrow forms cell components ofblood like RBCs, WBCs, Platelets etc.

Stores minerals like calcium


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Nervous System

Central nervous system(brain & spinal

cord)

Cranial nerves(connect the brain to the

head)

Peripheral nerves(cervical, thoracic,

lumbar, & sacral)


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Nervous System


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Cardiovascular System

Heart & blood vessels (arteries, arterioles,capillaries, venules & veins)

Arteries carry O2rich blood away from theheart to different parts of the body

Veins return CO2rich blood to the heart.


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Cardiovascular System


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Heart

L ATRIUMR ATRIUM

L VENTRICLER VENTRICLE


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Heart

BODY

LUNGS

LUNGS

BODY

RIGHT LEFT


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Heart


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Blood & Lymphatic System

Comprises of plasma (the liquid part), &cells

Plasma (55%) contains water, proteins, fat,

salt, sugar, hormones, waste of metabolismetc.

Cells (45%) are mainly RBCs, WBCs &platelets

Function is to carry oxygen Acid-Base

Inflammation & Immune mechanisms

Homeostasis


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Plasma

Liquid part of

blood

Red Blood

Cells

They carry

oxygen to all

parts of the

body

BLOOD


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BLOOD CELLS


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Gastrointestinal System

GIT comprises of mouth, esophagus,

stomach, small intestine & large intestine,

rectum & anus

Associate organs are: liver, gall

bladder,pancreas & salivary glands

Function:break down of food & absorptionof nutrients along with elimination of waste in

the form of feces( stools)


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Gastrointestinal System


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The Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra

Function :

Formation & excretion of urine

Regulates fluid & electrolyte balance

Maintains the acid-base balance & calciumbalance


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The Urinary System


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Thank You

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