anatomy of circulatory system
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LINA-PANDU-MARTHIN-MARSELLA-BOBY
ANATOMY OF CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
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The components
Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
HEART BLOOD
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Two Circuit Path
Pulmonary circuit
The right side of the
heartthe lungs the
left side of the heart.
Systemic circuit
The pathway between
the left and right sides ofthe heart.
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Circulatory routes
Simply put: heartarteriesarteriolescapillariesvenulesveinsheart
In a portal systemblood passes through two consecutive
capillary networks before returning to the heart An anastomosisis a point where two veins or arteries
merge with each other
Venous anastomosisprovide alternative routes ofdrainage from an organ, so blockage of a vein is seldom
life threatening Arterial anastomosisis where two arteries merge and
provide collateral (alternate) routes of blood supply
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Mediastinum
The mediastinum : superior
and inferior
The inferior mediastinum
subdivided by the pericardium
into anterior, middle, andposterior parts.
The pericardium and its
contents (the heart and roots
of its great vessels) constitute
the middle mediastinum
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The Cardiovascular System1
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HEART The heart pumps blood into large vessels
that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the
blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.
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2. Blood Vessels -A network of tubes Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart
Elastic Fibers
Circular Smooth Muscle Capillaries where gas exchange takes place.
One cell thick Serves the Respiratory System
VeinsVenules moves towards the heart
Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back
from legs One way values
When they break - varicose veins form
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Arteries
Arteries are more muscular than veins
3 types:
Conducting or elastic arteries-largest, expand
when ventricles contract (aorta is example)
Distributing or muscular arteries-distribute blood
to specific organs (brachial artery is example)
Resistance or small arteries-vary in location andnumber, smallest are arterioles
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Contain thin layer of endothelium designed for diffusion (tunicainterna)
Location for the exchange of gases
Few located in tendons, ligaments, and none in cartilage,epithelium, and cornea and lens of eye
Organized into capillary bedswhich increase the total surface areaand slows blood flow
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Veins and venules
Venulesare small veins that connect to capillaries
Venous sinuses-are veins with very thin walls, large
lumens, and no smooth muscle (coronary sinus, dural
sinus)
Veins have a much lower blood pressure than arteries
(usually about 10 mmHg)
Veins have thinner walls and collapse when empty
Veins can expand to accommodate more blood than
arteries (considered to be blood reservoirs) Upward flow of blood depends in part on the massage
action of skeletal muscle and on the presence of one
way venous valvesthat keep blood from dropping down
again when muscle relaxes
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These valves are not present in small veins and very
large veins, veins of the ventral body cavity, and veins of
the brain Varicose veinsare caused by pooling of the blood and
stretching of the vein
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Pulse points
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Paths of Circulation
1. Pulmonary circulation-begins withpulmonary trunkpulmonary arteries-
--lobar arteries in lungs----capillary
beds---venules---veins---pulmonaryveins---left atrium
2. Systemic circulation-blood flow to rest of
body, often named for location
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Pathway of Circulation
Oxygen-poor blooddraining from the bodythrough veins into thesuperior and inferior venacavaflows to the right
atrium, through thetricuspid valve, and intothe right ventricle.
As the right ventriclecontracts, oxygen-poor
blood passes through thepulmonary valveinto thepulmonary arteriesandon to the lungsto receiveoxygen.
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Pulmonary circuit
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Arteriole Venule
Tissue cellsVeinArtery capillaries
Capillaries
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Illu_capillary.jpghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Illu_capillary.jpg -
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Systemic circuit
composed of vessels that lead from the
heart to all body parts (except the
lungs) and back to the heart includes the aorta and its branches
includes the system of veins that
return blood to the right atrium
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Pathway of Circulation
Oxygen-rich blood fromthe lungs enters the heartthrough the pulmonaryveins, passing into the leftatrium.
Then through the mitralvalve to the left ventricle.Contraction of the leftventricle forces bloodthrough the aortic valve
into the aorta.
Various arteries branch offfrom the aorta to supplyblood to all parts of the
body.
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Branches of Aorta
Ascending aorta-arises from the left ventricle
Branches into coronary arterieswhich supply the heartmuscle
Aortic arch gives off 3 branches: brachiocephalic trunk,
left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery brachiocephalic trunkwhich splits into right common carotid
artery(supplies right side of head and neck), and rightsubclavian artery(supplies right upper limb and some of thorax)
Descending aorta-passes downward behind the heart,
called thoracic aortaabove the diaphragm andabdominal aorta below it. It ends when it forks into leftand right common iliac arteries
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Arteries to Head and Neck and
Brain
Branches of subclavian and common carotid
arteries supply neck, head, and brain
Vertebral arteriesarise from subclavian arteries
and supply vertebrae and their ligaments andmuscles
Vertebral arteries unite to form basilar arteryin
brain, and terminates by branching into two
posterior cerebral arteries(these help form
Circle of Willis)
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Carotid arteries Left and right common carotid arteriesascend deeply in neck and divide
into external and internal carotid arteries
External carotid artery gives off branches that supply neck, face, jaw, scalp,
and base of skull
Internal carotid artery follows a deep pathway to the base of the skull and
enters cranial cavity and provides a major blood supply to the brain
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Circle of Willis
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Arteries of Shoulder and Upper Limb Subclavian arterycontinues into limb and becomes the axillary
artery(supplies axilla, and chest wall)
Axillary artery becomes the brachial artery(humerus to elbow)
Brachial artery gives rise to deep brachial arterywhich suppliestriceps muscle
Brachial artery divides at elbow into ulnar artery and radial artery
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Arteries to Pelvis and Lower Limb
Abdominal aorta divides into common iliac arteriesat
pelvic brim This divides into internal iliac artery(pelvic muscle,
viscera, gluteal muscles, and external genitalia)
Also divide into external iliac arterywhich is the main
blood supply to the lower extremity External iliac arterybecomes the femoral artery
Femoral branches into popliteal artery (behind knee)
Popliteal artery divides into anterior and posterior tibial
artery
Anterior tibial artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery
which supplies the instep and toes
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Posterior tibial arterydescends beneath the calf muscle
Largest branch from posterior tibial artery is the fibular
arterywhich travels along the fibula
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Abdominal aorta and major branchesThe gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries are part of the
celiac trunk.(splenic artery supplies spleen, gastric artery-stomach, renal artery-
kidney, common hepatic artery-liver)
ANATOMY : KIDNEY
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ANATOMY : KIDNEY
( ANTERIOR VIEW )
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ANATOMY : INTRARENAL ARTERIES
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Venous system
Returns blood to heart after gas, nutrients,
and wastes are exchanged between blood
and body cells
The veins from all systemic areas of the
body merge into either the superior vena
cava or inferior vena cava
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Major veins
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Deep veins of arm
V i f bd i l d th i
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Veins of theabdominal and thoracic
walls Veins from abdominal viscera originate in capillary
networks of stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleenand carry blood into the hepatic portal vein to the liver
From there blood enters hepatic sinusoids
Tributaries of this hepatic portal system include: rightand left gastric veins (stomach), superior mesentericvein (small intestine, ascending and transverse colon),splenic vein (spleen), inferior mesenteric vein(descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)
After entering hepatic sinusoids the blood travels intohepatic veins then into inferior vena cava
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Hepatic Portal System
Functions to filter deoxygenated but NUTRIENT RICHblood received from digestive system to get rid of toxinsand bacteria BEFORE it is distributed to rest of body
Liver receives venous blood from digestive organs viaportal vein
Portal vein divides into 2 branches (left and right) whichenter liver
These keep branching until they form the hepaticsinusoidswithin the lobes of the liver
The hepatic sinusoids unite to form the hepatic veinswhich exit the liver and enter the inferior vena cava
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Hepatic portal vein
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Veins that drain abdominal viscera
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ANATOMY : RENAL ARTERY & VEIN
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ANATOMY : RENAL ARTERY & VEIN
V i li b d l i
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Veins fromlowerlimb and pelvis
Deep veins of leg have names that correspond to arteries theyaccompany
These include anterior and posterior tibial veins
At knee these merge to form popliteal vein
This continues through thigh as the femoral vein, which becomes
the external iliac vein Superficial veinsof foot, leg, thigh connect to form a complex
network beneath the skin and drain into 2 major trunks: the great
and small saphenous veins
Small saphenousvein passes upward behind lateral malleolus and
eventually joins the popliteal vein The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body. It passes
along themedialside of the leg and thigh and eventuallyjoins the
femoral vein (use this one in coronary bypass surgery)
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Vessels leading to internal iliac veindrain the reproductive organs,
urinary, and digestive
Internal iliac veins originate deep in pelvis and ascend to unite with
the right and left iliac veins to form common iliac veins These merge to produce the inferior vena cava at the 5thlumbar
vertebra
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Veins that drain the lower extremity
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