Anatomy I: Lesson 2

Vertebrae Anatomy Objective: Students will identify the various vertebral anatomical structures in order differentiate between cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebra as well as between species

Vertebrae Anatomy

body (corpus)

◦ extremitas cran. (convex) & caud. (concave) discus intervertebralis, NO synovial joints !

arch (arcus): 2x pediculus + lamina

◦ DORSAL! – orientation

◦ incisura cran. + caud. foramen intervertebrale

(for. vertebrale laterale)

processes (processus)

◦ proc. spinosus, transversus, articularis

◦ proc. mamillaris (+cran. artic.), accessorius

What Aspect?

What Aspect?

Cervical Vertebrae

mobility

body very convex + concave

articular surfaces very large

- proc. transv. tuberculum dors. + ventr.

- for. transversarium? (cervical only)

- ALL SPECIES HAVE 7 CERVICAL VERTEBRA!

Cervical Vertebrae, C1

C1 – atlas, nodding movement ◦ body massa lat., proc. transv. wing (ala atlantis), no proc. articularis, proc. spinosus

tuberculum

◦ cran.: deep excavation for condylus occipitalis

◦ ventral: excavation: fossa alaris

◦ foramina (interspec. diff.)

for. alare fossa alaris

for. vertebrale lat. (MED!) canalis vertebralis

for. transversarium perforates proc. transv.

Cervical Vertebrae

C2 – axis, rotatory movement

cran. projection: dens axis ◦ interspec. diff.: shape of dens

fac. articul. cran.

proc. spinosus

C6 – tuberculum ventr. lamina ventralis

C7 – caud: attachment of 1st rib, NO for. transv.

Thoracic Vertebrae

attachment of ribs (small proc. transv.)

- on body: fovea costalis cran. + caud.

head of rib

- on proc. transv.: fovea costalis proc. transv.

tubercle of rib

high proc. spinosus

Lumbar and Sacral Vertebrae

lumbar vertebrae: large proc. transversus ◦ interspec. diff.: direction of proc. transv.

proc. spinosus: ratio (high)

sacral vertebrae: fused to form the sacrum ◦ interspec. diff.: position of wing, shape of bone,

fusion of proc spinosi

Costae - Ribs

ribs prox.:

- head (caput) body of vertebrae

- neck (collum)

- tubercle (tuberculum) proc. transversus

directed caudally! R/L?

- sulcus muscularis (craniolat.: expand thorax during respiration)

- sulcus costae (vessels + nerv: caudomed., protected)

sternum

- cran.: manubrium

- body (corpus)

- caud.: proc. xiphoideus

interspec. diff.: shape

(Eq: crista ventralis sterni)

Which Species?