Anatomy and Physiology

Second Semester Review

Nervous System

Truth and Baloney:

The 3 main functions of the nervous system are sensory, integration and motor output.

Truth

Which is not an organ of the nervous system?

a. Brainb. Spinal cordc. Spinal columnd. Spinal nerves

c.

Is the organ part of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system?

Brain CNS

Spinal Cord CNS

Nerves PNS

Which of the following is not a component of nervous tissue?

a.Neuronsb.Neuroglial cellsc.Astrocytesd.Goblet cells

d.

Which of the following would be a cause of brain tumors?

A.Over reproduction of neurons

B.Over reproduction of neuroglial cells

C.Under reproduction of both neurons and neuroglial cells

D.Both A and B are correct

B.

Word Bank: Axon, Axon terminal, Cell body, Dendrite, Myelin sheath, Node of ranvier, Nucleus, and Schwann cell.

The electrochemical changes that occur along a nerve fiber are known as a nerve impulse.

True

Put the steps of a nerve impulse in order.

3 Sodium ions diffuse inward depolarizing the membrane

2 Threshold stimulus is received.

4 Potassium ions diffuse outward repolarizing the membrane.

5 The resulting action potential causes a current.

1 A nerve fiber maintains resting potential.

A neurotransmitter is a hormone that transports impulses across a synapse.

Baloney: chemical

A junction is a gap between neurons.

Baloney: synapse

The synaptic junctionWORD BANK

Axon

Dendrite

Mitochondria

Neurotransmitter

Receptor site

Synaptic gap

Synaptic vesicle

The spinal cord connects the brain to organs.

Baloney: peripheral nerves

A nerve pathway is the series of neurons an impulse travels through.

Truth

Reflexes protect our body from injury.

True

Match each structure to its function.

Cerebrum Controls involuntary actions

Cerebellum Interprets thoughts

Brain Stem Coordinates movements

Does the situation apply to the parasympathetic (P) or sympathetic (S) nervous system?

Fight or Flight

S

Rest and Digest

P

Endocrine system

Endocrine glands

a. are made of epithelial tissue

b. secrete hormones

c. are stimulated by the nervous system

d. all of the above

d.

A hormonea. is a secreted chemicalb. is received by receptors on

postsynaptic neuronsc. always acts quicklyd. all of the above

a.

The part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland.

Hypothalamus

The gland that controls many other glands.

Pituitary

A gland housing immune cells until old age.

Thymus

A gland involved in digestion in the small intestine.

Pancreas

A gland involved in the fight and flight response.

Adrenal

Comparing the endocrine and nervous system

Nervous or Endocrine?

Fast acting

Hormones

May last in system for days

Neurotransmitters

Target cells

Nervous

Endocrine

Endocrine

Nervous

Endocrine

Somatic and Special Senses

A stimulus is anything that causes a response.

True

Sensory receptors produce stimuli

False: receive

Which of the following are examples of sensory adaptation?

Not noticing a bad smell after a period of time.

Yes- senses tune out the smell to be aware of other odors in the area

Your eyes dilating after entering a dark room

No- this is a reflex

Shutting out the sound of the air blower when someone in the class is speaking.

Yes

Match each type of receptor with its stimulus.

Pain receptor changes in temperature

Chemoreceptor changes in light

Thermoreceptor tissue damage

Mechanoreceptor changes in pressure

Photoreceptor changes in chemical concentration

Which is not a somatic sense?

a. Pressure

b. Odor

c. Temperature

d. Pain

b.

Name the special senses.

Sight

Hearing

Taste

Smell

Blood and Cardiovascular

A function of the cardiovascular system is to transport wastes.

True: also nutrient, gases and fluids

The cardiovascular system is involved in temperature regulation.

True.

Which is not a cellular component of blood?a. Red blood cellb. White blood cellc. Blood plasmad. Platelets

c. Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood

Which component of blood helps clot the blood when you get a cut?

d. platelets

The main function of white blood cells is to transport oxygen.

Baloney: Red blood cells

Using blood as a diagnostic tool

If you are anemic which type of blood cell count will be low- red or white?

Red

Are blood cell counts quantitative or qualitative?

Quantitative

Antibodies on red blood cells tell us our blood type.

Baloney: Antigens

The pH factor determines if we have + or – blood type.

Baloney: Rh factor

How are blood type determined?

Blood transfusions

What blood type is the universal donor?

O-

What blood type is the universal recipient?

AB+

Trace the path of blood through the blood vessels beginning at the heart

4 Venule

5 Artery

3 Capillary

5 Vein

2 Arteriole

( Arteries / Capillaries ) are a good site for gas exchange because they have thin permeable walls.

( Arteries / Veins ) have thick walls that withstand the high pressure of blood as it is pumped from the heart.

Which is a more worrisome blood pressure?140/ 100

100/60

What is the name of this graph?EKG

Which pattern is normal?

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system?a. Lymphb. Lymph junctionsc. Lymph nodesd. Lymph vessels

b.

Lymphatic structures

WORD BANK

Lymph node

Lymph vessel

Right lymphatic duct

Spleen

Thoracic duct

Thymus

Tonsils

Lymph comes from

a. Tissue fluids

b. Organ fluids

c. Digestive fluids

d. Reproductive fluids

a.

Which is not true about lymph nodes.

a. They filter lymph

b. Serve as production site for antibodies

c. Remove phagocytized material

d. Produce red blood cells

d.

Specific defenses against disease include species resistance, mechanical barriers, fever and inflammation.

Baloney: Nonspecific defenses

The immune system can attack foreign invaders.

True

(Before birth / After birth ) the body determines what is self and non-self.

Macrophages attack cells which display (antibodies / antigens ) that are non-self.

Once macrophages enter the lymph system, ( Killer T-cells / Helper T-cells ) are activated.

Helper T-cells call out B cells to produce ( histamines / antibodies ) that inhibit the spread of the infection.

Killer T-cells ( destroy / isolate ) the infection.

Suppressor T-cells control ( killer T-cells / the infection ).

Some B-cell and Killer T-cells become (suppressor T-cell/ memory cells).

An example of natural immunity is a vaccine.

Baloney: acquired

Allergies are normal responses to foreign invaders.

Baloney: abnormal

Epinephrine is used to treat severe allergic reactions.

True

Respiratory system

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?

a.Take in carbon dioxide and remove oxygen

b.Warm and moisturize the air

c. Filter particles

d.Speech

a. Take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Respiratory System

NosePharynxLarynxEpiglottisTracheaBronchiAlveoliLungs

a. Small clusters involved in gas exchange

b. Branched airways leading to alveolic. Blocks material from entering trachead. Throate. Soft, spongy organsf. Where air enters the bodyg. Houses the vocal cordsh. Windpipe- filters incoming air

Ventilation

Which of the following would not be associated with inhalation?

a.Diaphragm

b.The medulla oblongata

c.The pons

d.The pectoralis minor muscles

The medulla

Exhalation

Muscles of exhalation relax due to elastic recoil.

True

Chemoreceptors keep alveoli from completely collapsing after an exhalation.

Baloney: Surfactant

What will happen to breathing rate in each of the following situations?

Fight or flight?Increase

Hyperventilation in fresh air?Decrease

An out of shape person climbing stairs?Increase

Digestive System

The purpose of the digestive system is to mechanically and chemically break down food for the purpose of absorption.

True

Digestion is aided by enzymes.

True

The biochemical broken down in the mouth?Carbohydrates

The biochemical broken down in the stomach?

Proteins

The biochemical broken down in the small intestine?

Lipids

Urinary System

The kidneys filter blood to remove ( wastes / nutrients )

The vas deferens and urethra are tubes in the male that transport ( urine / sperm ).

The renal corpuscle and renal tubule are found in the ( bladder / kidney ).

The renal corpuscle

( filters / selectively reabsorbs ).

The function of the urinary system is to maintain ( homeostasis / hematopoiesis ).

NephronWhich blood vessel is bringing unfiltered blood into the nephron?

12- This is the afferent arteriole

Structure 1 is the site of filtration. What is the name of this structure?

Glomerulus

What is the name given to the substances filtered from the blood and found in structure 3?

Filtrate

Together structures 1 and 3 are called the?

Renal corpuscle

Nephron After the blood is filtered, the proper quantities of substances needed to maintain homeostasis are added back into the blood. What is this step called?

Reabsorption

What substances are being reabsorbed back into the blood in this picture?

Na+, H2O, K+

The last step is called secretion. Where is secretion taking place?

Along the distal convoluted tubule

What product enters the collecting duct?

Urine

Reproductive System

You can live without your reproductive system.

True

The primary sex organ of the male is the penis.

Baloney: testes

The primary sex organ of the female is the ovary.

True

The menstrual cycle prepares the woman’s body for fertilization.

True

Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg.

True

A woman is considered pregnant once an embryo implants itself in the fallopian tubes.

Baloney: uterus

1

2

3

4

56

78

Keep Studying!!!!

This is not a complete study guide.

Review other power points.

Review old tests.

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