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ANATOMY ANDANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

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THIS IS THE STRUCTURE

AND FUNCTION OF THEBODY.

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A system is made up of several organs and tissues that work togetherto carry out a particular job(s).

The heart, together with otherorgans such as the blood vessels,form the circulatory system.

The biceps, triceps and all theother muscles of the body form themuscular system.

Body SystemsBody Systems

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The body has several systems which are involved in sport.Can you name them?

Circulatory RespiratoryMuscular

SkeletalDigestive Hormonal

Nervous

Body Systems involved in Sport &Body Systems involved in Sport &ExerciseExercise

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We have already looked at the physiology(function) of the body when we studied the

CIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY systems.

We will now look at the structure of the body,

and in particular:

1.BONES

2.FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON

3.JOINTS

4.MUSCLES

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BONESBONES

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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BONESAND THE SKELETON ?

1.MOVEMENT 

2.PROTECTION of vital organs.

3.THE PRODUCTION OF BLOOD in the BoneMarrow.

4.POSTURE

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Functions of the Skeleton - SummaryFunctions of the Skeleton - Summary

3. Blood ProductionRed blood cells are made

in the ribs and limb bones.

6. ProtectionThe rib cage protects thedelicate heart and lungs.

7. Movement The bones and joints workwith muscles to enable usto walk, run and sprint.

5. Support The vertebrae support the

head.

4. Support The bones of the legs

support the body.

1. ProtectionThe cranium protects the

soft tissue of the brain.

2. Movement The vertebrae allow us tobend, stretch and rotate

our body.

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ProtectionProtectionThe hard nature of bone means that the skeletoncan protect the more delicate parts of the body.

Examples:

The cranium (skull)

protects the softtissue of the brain.

The rib cage protectsthe delicate heart andlungs.

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Without the skeleton, the body would beflabby and shapeless.

Examples:

The bones of the legs support the body.

The vertebrae support the head.

SupportSupport

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The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move when

the muscles attached to them contract.

Example:

The bones and joints workwith musclesto enable us towalk, jog andsprint.

MovementMovement

The vertebraeallow us tobend, stretchand rotate ourbody.

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY-

FUNCTIONS OF THESKELETON

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WHAT BONES DO WE NEED TO KNOW ANDWHERE THEY ARE SITUATED ?

1.CRANIUM

2.CLAVICLE

3.SCAPULA

4.STERNUM

5.RIBS

6.VERTEBRAL COLUMN

7.HUMERUS

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8. RADIUS

9. ULNA

10. ILIUM

11. CARPALS

12. META CARPALS

13. PHALANGES

14. FEMUR

15. PATELLA

16. TIBIA

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17. FIBULA

18. TARSALS

19. META TARSALS

20. PHALANGES

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THE SKELETON- BONES

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PHALANGES

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PELVIS

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CRANIUM

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SPINE

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VERTEBRAE

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LEG

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LOWER ARM

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HAND

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WRIST 

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Bones start to grow inside the womb, where they begin as cartilage.

Cartilage

Periosteum

Bone Marrow

Spongy Bone

Compact Bone

What are Bones made of?What are Bones made of?

Vitamin D helps build bone.

Calcium is a mineral whichhelps keep bones strong.

Even as a fully-grown adult, the

bone structure is always changing, as vitamins and minerals areconstantly replaced.

As you get older this turns into hard bone by a process called ossification.

Bones will only grow properly as long ascertain minerals and vitamins areeaten:

A poor diet will result in soft bones, whilst a balanced diet and exercise

will make the bones harder.

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HOW DO WE CLASSIFY BONES ?

Bones are classified according to their function.

1. (Protection) FLAT BONES

2.(Protection) IRREGULAR BONES

3.(levers) LONG BONES

4.SHORT BONES

CAN YOU PUT THE BONES OF THE

SKELETON INTO THESE GROUPS.

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WHAT IS THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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WHAT IS THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

The vertebral column is very versatile. It hasstrength and is flexible. We can use it as alever and it also protects the spinal chord.

We have 12 ribs and it is their job to protectthe organs of the chest and the upper abdomen.

The vertebral column consists of 33 bones, orvertebrae, which are divided into 5 groups:

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1. 7 in the CERVICAL region which form theneck, and allow a variety of movement.

2. 12 in the THORACIC region.

3. 5 in the LUMBAR region.

4. 5 in the SACRUM

5. 4 in the COCCYX which used to form our tail.

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ll h b f l h

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All the vertebrae fit neatly together to protectthe spinal chord.

Between each vertebrae is anINTERVERTEBRAL disc. These discs are very

delicate and if put out of action by slipping outof place or tearing, the patient is said to have“slipped a disc”.

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY-

BONES OF THE SKELETON

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JOINTS OF THE BODY

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 JOINTS OF THE BODY

JOINT- A place where two or more bonesmeet.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS- in order to prevent painthrough the friction that might be caused bythe bones rubbing together, the ends of the

bones in a SYNOVIAL JOINT are covered witha layer of thick cartilage KNOWN ASHYALINE CARTILAGE.

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Th til i l ti d thi bl it t

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The cartilage is elastic and this enables it tocushion and therefore protect the ends of the

bones involved in the joint.

Surrounding a synovial joint is a tough capsule,

which is reinforced by LIGAMENTS.

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Inside the capsule is a SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

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Inside the capsule is a SYNOVIAL MEMBRANEwhich produces SYNOVIAL FLUID to lubricate

the joint.

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SYNOVIAL FLUID

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There are 3 types of joints:-

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There are 3 types of joints:

1. IMMOVABLE

2.SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE

3.FREELY MOVEABLE OR SYNOVIAL

There are 6 types of freely moveable or

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There are 6 types of freely moveable orsynovial joints joints in which we need to know

3 of them:

1. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS

2.HINGE JOINTS3.PIVOT JOINT 

4.CONDYLOID- AS IN WRIST (Movement in 2planes)

5.GLIDING- AS IN ANKLE AND HAND

-

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY-JOINTS OF THE SKELETON

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BALL AND SOCKET JOINT 

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HINGE JOINT 

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HINGE JOINT 

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CAN YOU PUT THE FOLLOWING JOINTS

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CAN YOU PUT THE FOLLOWING JOINTSINTO THE ABOVE CATEGORIES AND NAME

A SPORTING ACTION THAT USES THEJOINT ?

1 HIP

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1.HIP

2.SHOULDER

3.KNEE

4.ELBOW

5.NECK

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KNEE JOINT 

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WHAT SORT OF MOVEMENTS CAN BE DONE

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WHAT SORT OF MOVEMENTS CAN BE DONEAT A JOINT ?

•There are 6 principle movements at a joint.

•Can you name a joint that will perform this

movement and give examples in sport where thefollowing movements take place ?

1 FLEXION

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1.FLEXION

2.EXTENSION

3.ABDUCTION

4.ADDUCTION

5.ROTATION

6.CIRCUMDUCTION

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FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY-TYPES OF MOVEMENT 

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CAN YOU NAME THESE MOVEMENTS?

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Name each joint and the movement at it.

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REVISIONREVISION

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REVISIONREVISION

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JOINTS QUIZ