Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy – study of structure

Physiology – study of function

Structure is always related to function

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Levels of Organization

Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom

Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule

Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatusCell – muscle cell, nerve cellTissue – loose connective tissue, muscle tissue Organ – skin, femurOrgan System – skeletal system, digestive system

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Levels of Organization

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Homeostasis

Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes

•Receptors - provide information•Control center - tells what a particular value should be•Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment

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Homeostatic Mechanisms

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Body Cavities

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Organ Systems

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Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Terms of Relative Position• Superior versus Inferior•Anterior versus Posterior•Medial versus Lateral•Ipsilateral versus Contralateral•Proximal versus Distal•Superficial versus Deep

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Body Sections•Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median•Transverse / Cross•Coronal or Frontal•Oblique

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Abdominal Subdivisions

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Body Regions

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Clinical ApplicationMedical Imaging

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•Noninvasive procedures•Provide images of soft internal structures

Magnetic Resonance Imaging•Requires injection of dye•Produces computerized transverse, frontal, and sagittal sections of area being studied

Ultrasonography •Use of high-frequency sound waves•Relatively quick and inexpensive

In anatomy, this word means toward the front and in humans is synonymous with the word

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1. Dorsal

2. Abdominal

3. Anterior

4. Inferior

5. frontal

This word means 'closer to' and is the

opposite of 'distal.'

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1. Superior

2. Inferior

3. Posterior

4. Anterior

5. Proximal

This region of the body is also known as the wrist and may be

used to describe certain 'tunnel syndromes.'

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1. Popliteal

2. Plantar

3. Carpal

4. Mental

5. Brachial

This plane of the body separates it into right and left sides

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1. Midsaggital

2. Coronal

3. Transverse

4. Horizontal

5. Frontal

Your tonsils and spleen belong to this system.

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1. Exocrine

2. Endocrine

3. Lymphatic

4. Digestive

5. Nervous

Thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands are organs of this system

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1. Exocrine

2. Endocrine

3. Digestive

4. Urinary

5. reproductive

Your appendix is located in this quadrant of the abdomen."

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1. Upper right

2. Upper left

3. Lower right

4. Lower left

Your liver is located in this quadrant of the abdomen."

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1. Upper left

2. Upper right

3. Lower left

4. Lower right